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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<ruleset name="Design"
xmlns="http://pmd.sourceforge.net/ruleset/2.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://pmd.sourceforge.net/ruleset/2.0.0 https://pmd.sourceforge.io/ruleset_2_0_0.xsd">
<description>
Rules that help you discover design issues.
</description>
<rule name="AvoidDeeplyNestedIfStmts"
language="apex"
since="5.5.0"
message="Deeply nested if..then statements are hard to read"
class="net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.apex.rule.design.AvoidDeeplyNestedIfStmtsRule"
externalInfoUrl="${pmd.website.baseurl}/pmd_rules_apex_design.html#avoiddeeplynestedifstmts">
<description>
Avoid creating deeply nested if-then statements since they are harder to read and error-prone to maintain.
</description>
<priority>3</priority>
<example>
<![CDATA[
public class Foo {
public void bar(Integer x, Integer y, Integer z) {
if (x>y) {
if (y>z) {
if (z==x) {
// !! too deep
}
}
}
}
}
]]>
</example>
</rule>
<rule name="UnusedMethod"
language="apex"
since="7.0.0"
message="Unused methods make understanding code harder"
class="net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.apex.rule.design.UnusedMethodRule"
externalInfoUrl="${pmd.website.baseurl}/pmd_rules_apex_design.html#unusedmethod">
<description>< is used to make this possible and this needs
additional configuration. The environment variable `PMD_APEX_ROOT_DIRECTORY` needs to be set prior to executing
PMD. With this variable the root directory of the Salesforce metadata, where `sfdx-project.json` resides, is
specified. ApexLink can then load all the classes in the project and figure out, whether a method is used or not.
For an accurate analysis it is important that the `PMD_APEX_ROOT_DIRECTORY` contains a complete set of metadata that
may be referenced from the Apex source code, such as Custom Objects, Visualforce Pages, Flows and Labels. The
`PMD_APEX_ROOT_DIRECTORY` directory must contain a `sfdx-project.json`, but metadata may be either in the
[SFDX Source format](https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.sfdx_dev.meta/sfdx_dev/sfdx_dev_source_file_format.htm)
or the older MDAPI format. The `packageDirectories` entries in `sfdx-project.json` are used to determine which
directories to search for metadata, if a `.forceignore` file is present it will be respected.
If the Apex code references external packages via namespace(s) you should declare these in your `sfdx-project.json`
file using the 'plugins' syntax shown in the example below to avoid errors. Here's an example of a
well-formed `sfdx-project.json`:
```json
{
"packageDirectories": [
{
"path": "src",
"default": true
}
],
"namespace": "my_namespace",
"sfdcLoginUrl": "https://login.salesforce.com",
"sourceApiVersion": "52.0",
"plugins": {
"dependencies": [
{"namespace": "aa"}
]
}
}
```
]]>
</description>
<priority>3</priority>
<example>
<![CDATA[
public class Triangle {
private Double side1;
private Double side2;
private Double side3;
public Triangle(Double side1, Double side2, Double side3) {
this.side1 = side1;
this.side2 = side2;
this.side3 = side3;
}
// Method is not invoked so can be removed
public Double area() {
return (side1 + side2 + side3)/2;
}
}
]]>
</example>
</rule>
<rule name="CyclomaticComplexity"
language="apex"
message="The {0} ''{1}'' has a{2} cyclomatic complexity of {3}."
since="6.0.0"
class="net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.apex.rule.design.CyclomaticComplexityRule"
externalInfoUrl="${pmd.website.baseurl}/pmd_rules_apex_design.html#cyclomaticcomplexity">
<description>
The complexity of methods directly affects maintenance costs and readability. Concentrating too much decisional logic
in a single method makes its behaviour hard to read and change.
Cyclomatic complexity assesses the complexity of a method by counting the number of decision points in a method,
plus one for the method entry. Decision points are places where the control flow jumps to another place in the
program. As such, they include all control flow statements, such as 'if', 'while', 'for', and 'case'.
Generally, numbers ranging from 1-4 denote low complexity, 5-7 denote moderate complexity, 8-10 denote
high complexity, and 11+ is very high complexity. By default, this rule reports methods with a complexity >= 10.
Additionally, classes with many methods of moderate complexity get reported as well once the total of their
methods' complexities reaches 40, even if none of the methods was directly reported.
Reported methods should be broken down into several smaller methods. Reported classes should probably be broken down
into subcomponents.
</description>
<priority>3</priority>
<example>
<![CDATA[
public class Complicated {
public void example() { // This method has a cyclomatic complexity of 12
int x = 0, y = 1, z = 2, t = 2;
boolean a = false, b = true, c = false, d = true;
if (a && b || b && d) {
if (y == z) {
x = 2;
} else if (y == t && !d) {
x = 2;
} else {
x = 2;
}
} else if (c && d) {
while (z < y) {
x = 2;
}
} else {
for (int n = 0; n < t; n++) {
x = 2;
}
}
}
}
]]>
</example>
</rule>
<rule name="CognitiveComplexity"
language="apex"
message="The {0} ''{1}'' has a{2} cognitive complexity of {3}, current threshold is {4}"
since="6.22.0"
class="net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.apex.rule.design.CognitiveComplexityRule"
externalInfoUrl="${pmd.website.baseurl}/pmd_rules_apex_design.html#cognitivecomplexity">
<description><![CDATA[
Methods that are highly complex are difficult to read and more costly to maintain. If you include too much decisional
logic within a single method, you make its behavior hard to understand and more difficult to modify.
Cognitive complexity is a measure of how difficult it is for humans to read and understand a method. Code that contains
a break in the control flow is more complex, whereas the use of language shorthands doesn't increase the level of
complexity. Nested control flows can make a method more difficult to understand, with each additional nesting of the
control flow leading to an increase in cognitive complexity.
Information about Cognitive complexity can be found in the original paper here:
<https://www.sonarsource.com/docs/CognitiveComplexity.pdf>
By default, this rule reports methods with a complexity of 15 or more. Reported methods should be broken down into less
complex components.
]]>
</description>
<priority>3</priority>
<example>
<![CDATA[
public class Foo {
// Has a cognitive complexity of 0
public void createAccount() {
Account account = new Account(Name = 'PMD');
insert account;
}
// Has a cognitive complexity of 1
public Boolean setPhoneNumberIfNotExisting(Account a, String phone) {
if (a.Phone == null) { // +1
a.Phone = phone;
update a;
return true;
}
return false;
}
// Has a cognitive complexity of 4
public void updateContacts(List<Contact> contacts) {
List<Contact> contactsToUpdate = new List<Contact>();
for (Contact contact : contacts) { // +1
if (contact.Department == 'Finance') { // +2 (nesting = 1)
contact.Title = 'Finance Specialist';
contactsToUpdate.add(contact);
} else if (contact.Department == 'Sales') { // +1
contact.Title = 'Sales Specialist';
contactsToUpdate.add(contact);
}
}
update contactsToUpdate;
}
}
]]>
</example>
</rule>
<rule name="ExcessiveClassLength"
language="apex"
since="5.5.0"
message="Avoid really long classes."
class="net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.apex.rule.design.ExcessiveClassLengthRule"
externalInfoUrl="${pmd.website.baseurl}/pmd_rules_apex_design.html#excessiveclasslength">
<description>
Excessive class file lengths are usually indications that the class may be burdened with excessive
responsibilities that could be provided by external classes or functions. In breaking these methods
apart the code becomes more managable and ripe for reuse.
</description>
<priority>3</priority>
<example>
<![CDATA[
public class Foo {
public void bar1() {
// 1000 lines of code
}
public void bar2() {
// 1000 lines of code
}
public void bar3() {
// 1000 lines of code
}
public void barN() {
// 1000 lines of code
}
}
]]>
</example>
</rule>
<rule name="ExcessiveParameterList"
language="apex"
since="5.5.0"
message="Avoid long parameter lists."
class="net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.apex.rule.design.ExcessiveParameterListRule"
externalInfoUrl="${pmd.website.baseurl}/pmd_rules_apex_design.html#excessiveparameterlist">
<description>
Methods with numerous parameters are a challenge to maintain, especially if most of them share the
same datatype. These situations usually denote the need for new objects to wrap the numerous parameters.
</description>
<priority>3</priority>
<example>
<![CDATA[
// too many arguments liable to be mixed up
public void addPerson(Integer birthYear, Integer birthMonth, Integer birthDate, Integer height, Integer weight, Integer ssn) {
// ...
}
// preferred approach
public void addPerson(Date birthdate, BodyMeasurements measurements, int ssn) {
// ...
}
]]>
</example>
</rule>
<rule name="ExcessivePublicCount"
language="apex"
since="5.5.0"
message="The class {0} has {1} public methods, attributes, and properties (limit: {2})"
class="net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.apex.rule.design.ExcessivePublicCountRule"
externalInfoUrl="${pmd.website.baseurl}/pmd_rules_apex_design.html#excessivepubliccount">
<description>
Classes with large numbers of public methods, attributes, and properties require disproportionate testing efforts
since combinatorial side effects grow rapidly and increase risk. Refactoring these classes into
smaller ones not only increases testability and reliability but also allows new variations to be
developed easily.
</description>
<priority>3</priority>
<example>
<![CDATA[
public class Foo {
public String value;
public Bar something;
public Variable var;
// [... more more public attributes ...]
public void doWork() {}
public void doMoreWork() {}
public void doWorkAgain() {}
// [... more more public methods ...]
public String property1 { get; set; }
// [... more more public properties ...]
}
]]>
</example>
</rule>
<rule name="NcssConstructorCount"
language="apex"
since="5.5.0"
message="The constructor has an NCSS line count of {0}"
class="net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.apex.rule.design.NcssConstructorCountRule"
externalInfoUrl="${pmd.website.baseurl}/pmd_rules_apex_design.html#ncssconstructorcount">
<description>
This rule uses the NCSS (Non-Commenting Source Statements) algorithm to determine the number of lines
of code for a given constructor. NCSS ignores comments, and counts actual statements. Using this algorithm,
lines of code that are split are counted as one.
</description>
<priority>3</priority>
<example>
<![CDATA[
public class Foo extends Bar {
//this constructor only has 1 NCSS lines
public Foo() {
super();
super.foo();
}
}
]]>
</example>
</rule>
<rule name="NcssMethodCount"
language="apex"
since="5.5.0"
message="The method ''{0}()'' has an NCSS line count of {1} (limit: {2})"
class="net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.apex.rule.design.NcssMethodCountRule"
externalInfoUrl="${pmd.website.baseurl}/pmd_rules_apex_design.html#ncssmethodcount">
<description>
This rule uses the NCSS (Non-Commenting Source Statements) algorithm to determine the number of lines
of code for a given method. NCSS ignores comments, and counts actual statements. Using this algorithm,
lines of code that are split are counted as one.
</description>
<priority>3</priority>
<example>
<![CDATA[
public class Foo extends Bar {
//this method only has 1 NCSS lines
public Integer method() {
super.method();
return 1;
}
}
]]>
</example>
</rule>
<rule name="NcssTypeCount"
language="apex"
since="5.5.0"
message="The type has an NCSS line count of {0}"
class="net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.apex.rule.design.NcssTypeCountRule"
externalInfoUrl="${pmd.website.baseurl}/pmd_rules_apex_design.html#ncsstypecount">
<description>
This rule uses the NCSS (Non-Commenting Source Statements) algorithm to determine the number of lines
of code for a given type. NCSS ignores comments, and counts actual statements. Using this algorithm,
lines of code that are split are counted as one.
</description>
<priority>3</priority>
<example>
<![CDATA[
//this class only has 6 NCSS lines
public class Foo extends Bar {
public Foo() {
super();
super.foo();
}
}
]]>
</example>
</rule>
<rule name="StdCyclomaticComplexity"
language="apex"
since="5.5.0"
message="The {0} ''{1}'' has a Standard Cyclomatic Complexity of {2}."
class="net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.apex.rule.design.StdCyclomaticComplexityRule"
externalInfoUrl="${pmd.website.baseurl}/pmd_rules_apex_design.html#stdcyclomaticcomplexity">
<description>
Complexity directly affects maintenance costs is determined by the number of decision points in a method
plus one for the method entry. The decision points include 'if', 'while', 'for', and 'case labels' calls.
Generally, numbers ranging from 1-4 denote low complexity, 5-7 denote moderate complexity, 8-10 denote
high complexity, and 11+ is very high complexity.
</description>
<priority>3</priority>
<example>
<![CDATA[
// This has a Cyclomatic Complexity = 12
public class Foo {
1 public void example() {
2 if (a == b || (c == d && e == f)) {
3 if (a1 == b1) {
fiddle();
4 } else if a2 == b2) {
fiddle();
} else {
fiddle();
}
5 } else if (c == d) {
6 while (c == d) {
fiddle();
}
7 } else if (e == f) {
8 for (int n = 0; n < h; n++) {
fiddle();
}
} else {
switch (z) {
9 case 1:
fiddle();
break;
10 case 2:
fiddle();
break;
11 case 3:
fiddle();
break;
12 default:
fiddle();
break;
}
}
}
]]>
</example>
</rule>
<rule name="TooManyFields"
language="apex"
since="5.5.0"
message="Too many fields"
class="net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.apex.rule.design.TooManyFieldsRule"
externalInfoUrl="${pmd.website.baseurl}/pmd_rules_apex_design.html#toomanyfields">
<description>
Classes that have too many fields can become unwieldy and could be redesigned to have fewer fields,
possibly through grouping related fields in new objects. For example, a class with individual
city/state/zip fields could park them within a single Address field.
</description>
<priority>3</priority>
<example>
<![CDATA[
public class Person {
// too many separate fields
Integer birthYear;
Integer birthMonth;
Integer birthDate;
Double height;
Double weight;
}
public class Person {
// this is more manageable
Date birthDate;
BodyMeasurements measurements;
}
]]>
</example>
</rule>
</ruleset>
