net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.metrics.JavaMetrics Maven / Gradle / Ivy
/*
* BSD-style license; for more info see http://pmd.sourceforge.net/license.html
*/
package net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.metrics;
import static net.sourceforge.pmd.internal.util.PredicateUtil.always;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.mutable.MutableInt;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.ast.Node;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.ast.NodeStream;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.document.FileLocation;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.ast.ASTAssignableExpr.ASTNamedReferenceExpr;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.ast.ASTExecutableDeclaration;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.ast.ASTFieldDeclaration;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.ast.ASTMethodDeclaration;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.ast.ASTTypeDeclaration;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.ast.JavaNode;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.ast.ModifierOwner;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.metrics.internal.AtfdBaseVisitor;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.metrics.internal.ClassFanOutVisitor;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.metrics.internal.CognitiveComplexityVisitor;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.metrics.internal.CognitiveComplexityVisitor.State;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.metrics.internal.CycloVisitor;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.metrics.internal.NcssVisitor;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.metrics.internal.NpathBaseVisitor;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.internal.JavaRuleUtil;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.symbols.JClassSymbol;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.symbols.JFieldSymbol;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.symbols.JVariableSymbol;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.metrics.Metric;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.metrics.MetricOption;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.metrics.MetricOptions;
import net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.metrics.MetricsUtil;
/**
* Built-in Java metrics. See {@link Metric} and {@link MetricsUtil}
* for usage doc.
*
* @see "Michele Lanza and Radu Marinescu. Object-Oriented Metrics in Practice:
* Using Software Metrics to Characterize, Evaluate, and Improve the Design
* of Object-Oriented Systems. Springer, Berlin, 1 edition, October 2006."
*/
public final class JavaMetrics {
/**
* Number of usages of foreign attributes, both directly and through accessors.
* "Foreign" hier means "not belonging to {@code this}", although field accesses
* to fields declared in the enclosing class are not considered foreign.
*
* High values of ATFD (> 3 for an operation) may suggest that the
* class or operation breaks encapsulation by relying on the internal
* representation of the classes it uses instead of the services they provide.
*/
public static final Metric ACCESS_TO_FOREIGN_DATA =
Metric.of(JavaMetrics::computeAtfd, isJavaNode(),
"Access To Foreign Data", "ATFD");
/**
* Number of independent paths through a block of code.
* Formally, given that the control flow graph of the block has n
* vertices, e edges and p connected components, the cyclomatic complexity
* of the block is given by {@code CYCLO = e - n + 2p}. In practice
* it can be calculated by counting control flow statements following
* the standard rules given below.
*
* The standard version of the metric complies with McCabe’s original definition:
*
* - Methods have a base complexity of 1.
*
- +1 for every control flow statement (if, case, catch, throw,
* do, while, for, break, continue) and conditional expression (?:).
* Notice switch cases count as one, but not the switch itself: the
* point is that a switch should have the same complexity value as
* the equivalent series of if statements.
*
- else, finally and default do not count;
*
- +1 for every boolean operator ({@code &&}, {@code ||}) in
* the guard condition of a control flow statement. That’s because
* Java has short-circuit evaluation semantics for boolean operators,
* which makes every boolean operator kind of a control flow statement in itself.
*
*
* Code example:
*
{@code
* class Foo {
* void baseCyclo() { // Cyclo = 1
* highCyclo();
* }
*
* void highCyclo() { // Cyclo = 10
* int x = 0, y = 2;
* boolean a = false, b = true;
*
* if (a && (y == 1 ? b : true)) { // +3
* if (y == x) { // +1
* while (true) { // +1
* if (x++ < 20) { // +1
* break; // +1
* }
* }
* } else if (y == t && !d) { // +2
* x = a ? y : x; // +1
* } else {
* x = 2;
* }
* }
* }
* }
* }
*
* @see CycloOption
*/
public static final Metric CYCLO =
Metric.of(JavaMetrics::computeCyclo, asMethodOrCtor(),
"Cyclomatic Complexity", "Cyclo");
/**
* Cognitive complexity is a measure of how difficult it is for humans
* to read and understand a method. Code that contains a break in the
* control flow is more complex, whereas the use of language shorthands
* doesn't increase the level of complexity. Nested control flows can
* make a method more difficult to understand, with each additional
* nesting of the control flow leading to an increase in cognitive
* complexity.
*
* Information about Cognitive complexity can be found in the original paper here:
* CognitiveComplexity
*
*
Basic Idea
*
* - Ignore structures that allow multiple statements to be readably shorthanded into one
*
- Increment (add one) for each break in the linear flow of the code
*
- Increment when flow-breaking structures are nested
*
*
* Increments
* There is an increment for each of the following:
*
* - `if`, `else if`, `else`, ternary operator
*
- `switch`
*
- `for`, `foreach`
*
- `while`, `do while`
*
- `catch`
*
- `goto LABEL`, `break LABEL`, `continue LABEL`
*
- sequences of binary logical operators
*
- each method in a recursion cycle
*
*
* Nesting level
* The following structures increment the nesting level:
*
* - `if`, `else if`, `else`, ternary operator
*
- `switch`
*
- `for`, `foreach`
*
- `while`, `do while`
*
- `catch`
*
- nested methods and method-like structures such as lambdas
*
*
* Nesting increments
* The following structures receive a nesting increment commensurate with their nested depth
* inside nested structures:
*
* - `if`, ternary operator
*
- `switch`
*
- `for`, `foreach`
*
- `while`, `do while`
*
- `catch`
*
*
* Code example
* {@code
* class Foo {
* void myMethod () {
* try {
* if (condition1) { // +1
* for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { // +2 (nesting=1)
* while (condition2) { } // +3 (nesting=2)
* }
* }
* } catch (ExcepType1 | ExcepType2 e) { // +1
* if (condition2) { } // +2 (nesting=1)
* }
* } // Cognitive Complexity 9
* }
* }
*/
public static final Metric COGNITIVE_COMPLEXITY =
Metric.of(JavaMetrics::computeCognitive, asMethodOrCtor(),
"Cognitive Complexity", "CognitiveComp");
/**
* This counts the number of other classes a given class or operation
* relies on. Classes from the package {@code java.lang} are ignored
* by default (can be changed via options). Also primitives are not
* included into the count.
*
* Code example:
*
{@code
* import java.util.*;
* import java.io.IOException;
*
* public class Foo { // total 8
* public Set set = new HashSet(); // +2
* public Map map = new HashMap(); // +2
* public String string = ""; // from java.lang -> does not count by default
* public Double number = 0.0; // from java.lang -> does not count by default
* public int[] intArray = new int[3]; // primitive -> does not count
*
* \@Deprecated // from java.lang -> does not count by default
* public void foo(List list) throws Exception { // +1 (Exception is from java.lang)
* throw new IOException(); // +1
* }
*
* public int getMapSize() {
* return map.size(); // +1 because it uses the Class from the 'map' field
* }
* }
* }
*
* @see ClassFanOutOption
*/
public static final Metric FAN_OUT =
Metric.of(JavaMetrics::computeFanOut, isJavaNode(),
"Fan-Out", "CFO");
/**
* Simply counts the number of lines of code the operation or class
* takes up in the source. This metric doesn’t discount comments or blank lines.
* See {@link #NCSS} for a less biased metric.
*/
public static final Metric LINES_OF_CODE =
Metric.of(JavaMetrics::computeLoc, isJavaNode(),
"Lines of code", "LOC");
/**
* Number of statements in a class or operation. That’s roughly
* equivalent to counting the number of semicolons and opening braces
* in the program. Comments and blank lines are ignored, and statements
* spread on multiple lines count as only one (e.g. {@code int\n a;}
* counts a single statement).
*
* The standard version of the metric is based off [JavaNCSS](http://www.kclee.de/clemens/java/javancss/):
*
* - +1 for any of the following statements: {@code if}, {@code else},
* {@code while}, {@code do}, {@code for}, {@code switch}, {@code break},
* {@code continue}, {@code return}, {@code throw}, {@code synchronized},
* {@code catch}, {@code finally}.
*
- +1 for each assignment, variable declaration (except for loop initializers)
* or statement expression. We count variables declared on the same line (e.g.
* {@code int a, b, c;}) as a single statement.
*
- Contrary to Sonarqube, but as JavaNCSS, we count type declarations (class, interface, enum, annotation),
* and method and field declarations.
*
- Contrary to JavaNCSS, but as Sonarqube, we do not count package
* declaration and import declarations as statements. This makes it
* easier to compare nested classes to outer classes. Besides, it makes
* for class metric results that actually represent the size of the class
* and not of the file. If you don’t like that behaviour, use the {@link NcssOption#COUNT_IMPORTS} option.
*
*
* {@code
* import java.util.Collections; // +0
* import java.io.IOException; // +0
*
* class Foo { // +1, total Ncss = 12
*
* public void bigMethod() // +1
* throws IOException {
* int x = 0, y = 2; // +1
* boolean a = false, b = true; // +1
*
* if (a || b) { // +1
* try { // +1
* do { // +1
* x += 2; // +1
* } while (x < 12);
*
* System.exit(0); // +1
* } catch (IOException ioe) { // +1
* throw new PatheticFailException(ioe); // +1
* }
* } else {
* assert false; // +1
* }
* }
* }
* }
*/
public static final Metric NCSS =
Metric.of(JavaMetrics::computeNcss, isJavaNode(),
"Non-commenting source statements", "NCSS");
/**
* Number of acyclic execution paths through a piece of code. This
* is related to cyclomatic complexity, but the two metrics don’t
* count the same thing: NPath counts the number of distinct full
* paths from the beginning to the end of the method, while Cyclo
* only counts the number of decision points. NPath is not computed
* as simply as {@link #CYCLO}. With NPath, two decision points appearing
* sequentially have their complexity multiplied.
*
* The fact that NPath multiplies the complexity of statements makes
* it grow exponentially: 10 {@code if .. else} statements in a row
* would give an NPath of 1024, while Cyclo would evaluate to 20.
* Methods with an NPath complexity over 200 are generally considered
* too complex.
*
*
We compute NPath recursively, with the following set of rules:
*
* - An empty block has a complexity of 1.
*
- The complexity of a block is the product of the NPath complexity
* of its statements, calculated as follows:
*
* - The complexity of for, do and while statements is 1, plus the
* complexity of the block, plus the complexity of the guard condition.
*
- The complexity of a cascading if statement ({@code if .. else if ..})
* is the number of if statements in the chain, plus the complexity of
* their guard condition, plus the complexity of the unguarded else block
* (or 1 if there is none).
*
- The complexity of a switch statement is the number of cases,
* plus the complexity of each case block. It’s equivalent to the
* complexity of the equivalent cascade of if statements.
*
- The complexity of a ternary expression ({@code ? :}) is the complexity
* of the guard condition, plus the complexity of both expressions.
* It’s equivalent to the complexity of the equivalent {@code if .. else} construct.
*
- The complexity of a {@code try .. catch} statement is the complexity
* of the {@code try} block, plus the complexity of each catch block.
*
- The complexity of a return statement is the complexity of the
* expression (or 1 if there is none).
*
- All other statements have a complexity of 1 and are discarded
* from the product.
*
*
*
*/
public static final Metric NPATH =
Metric.of(JavaMetrics::computeNpath, asMethodOrCtor(),
"NPath Complexity", "NPath");
public static final Metric NUMBER_OF_ACCESSORS =
Metric.of(JavaMetrics::computeNoam, asClass(always()),
"Number of accessor methods", "NOAM");
public static final Metric NUMBER_OF_PUBLIC_FIELDS =
Metric.of(JavaMetrics::computeNopa, asClass(always()),
"Number of public attributes", "NOPA");
/**
* The relative number of method pairs of a class that access in common
* at least one attribute of the measured class. TCC only counts direct
* attribute accesses, that is, only those attributes that are accessed
* in the body of the method.
*
* The value is a double between 0 and 1.
*
*
TCC is taken to be a reliable cohesion metric for a class.
* High values (>70%) indicate a class with one basic function,
* which is hard to break into subcomponents. On the other hand, low
* values (<50%) may indicate that the class tries to do too much
* and defines several unrelated services, which is undesirable.
*/
public static final Metric TIGHT_CLASS_COHESION =
Metric.of(JavaMetrics::computeTcc, asClass(it -> !it.isInterface()),
"Tight Class Cohesion", "TCC");
/**
* Sum of the statistical complexity of the operations in the class.
* We use CYCLO to quantify the complexity of an operation.
*
* WMC uses the same options as CYCLO, which are provided to CYCLO when computing it ({@link CycloOption}).
*/
public static final Metric WEIGHED_METHOD_COUNT =
Metric.of(JavaMetrics::computeWmc, asClass(it -> !it.isInterface()),
"Weighed Method Count", "WMC");
/**
* Number of “functional” public methods divided by the total number
* of public methods. Our definition of “functional method” excludes
* constructors, getters, and setters.
*
* The value is a double between 0 and 1.
*
*
This metric tries to quantify whether the measured class’ interface
* reveals more data than behaviour. Low values (less than 30%) indicate
* that the class reveals much more data than behaviour, which is a
* sign of poor encapsulation.
*/
public static final Metric WEIGHT_OF_CLASS =
Metric.of(JavaMetrics::computeWoc, asClass(it -> !it.isInterface()),
"Weight Of Class", "WOC");
private JavaMetrics() {
// utility class
}
private static Function isJavaNode() {
return n -> n instanceof JavaNode ? (JavaNode) n : null;
}
private static Function asMethodOrCtor() {
return n -> n instanceof ASTExecutableDeclaration ? (ASTExecutableDeclaration) n : null;
}
private static Function filterMapNode(Class klass, Predicate pred) {
return n -> n.asStream().filterIs(klass).filter(pred).first();
}
private static Function asClass(Predicate pred) {
return filterMapNode(ASTTypeDeclaration.class, pred);
}
private static int computeNoam(ASTTypeDeclaration node, MetricOptions ignored) {
return node.getDeclarations()
.filterIs(ASTMethodDeclaration.class)
.filter(JavaRuleUtil::isGetterOrSetter)
.count();
}
private static int computeNopa(ASTTypeDeclaration node, MetricOptions ignored) {
return node.getDeclarations()
.filterIs(ASTFieldDeclaration.class)
.filter(it -> it.hasVisibility(ModifierOwner.Visibility.V_PUBLIC))
.flatMap(ASTFieldDeclaration::getVarIds)
.count();
}
private static int computeNcss(JavaNode node, MetricOptions options) {
MutableInt result = new MutableInt(0);
node.acceptVisitor(new NcssVisitor(options, node), result);
return result.getValue();
}
private static int computeLoc(JavaNode node, MetricOptions ignored) {
// the report location is now not necessarily the entire node.
FileLocation loc = node.getTextDocument().toLocation(node.getTextRegion());
return 1 + loc.getEndLine() - loc.getStartLine();
}
private static int computeCyclo(JavaNode node, MetricOptions options) {
MutableInt counter = new MutableInt(0);
node.acceptVisitor(new CycloVisitor(options, node), counter);
return counter.getValue();
}
private static BigInteger computeNpath(JavaNode node, MetricOptions ignored) {
return node.acceptVisitor(NpathBaseVisitor.INSTANCE, null);
}
private static int computeCognitive(JavaNode node, MetricOptions ignored) {
State state = new State(node);
node.acceptVisitor(CognitiveComplexityVisitor.INSTANCE, state);
return state.getComplexity();
}
private static int computeWmc(ASTTypeDeclaration node, MetricOptions options) {
return (int) MetricsUtil.computeStatistics(CYCLO, node.getOperations(), options).getSum();
}
private static double computeTcc(ASTTypeDeclaration node, MetricOptions ignored) {
List> usagesByMethod = attributeAccessesByMethod(node);
int numPairs = numMethodsRelatedByAttributeAccess(usagesByMethod);
int maxPairs = maxMethodPairs(usagesByMethod.size());
if (maxPairs == 0) {
return 0;
}
return numPairs / (double) maxPairs;
}
/**
* Collects the attribute accesses by method into a map, for TCC.
*/
private static List> attributeAccessesByMethod(ASTTypeDeclaration type) {
final List> map = new ArrayList<>();
final JClassSymbol typeSym = type.getSymbol();
for (ASTMethodDeclaration decl : type.getDeclarations(ASTMethodDeclaration.class)) {
Set attrs = new HashSet<>();
decl.descendants().crossFindBoundaries()
.filterIs(ASTNamedReferenceExpr.class)
.forEach(it -> {
JVariableSymbol sym = it.getReferencedSym();
if (sym instanceof JFieldSymbol && typeSym.equals(((JFieldSymbol) sym).getEnclosingClass())) {
attrs.add(sym.getSimpleName());
}
});
map.add(attrs);
}
return map;
}
/**
* Gets the number of pairs of methods that use at least one attribute in common.
*
* @param usagesByMethod Map of method name to names of local attributes accessed
*
* @return The number of pairs
*/
private static int numMethodsRelatedByAttributeAccess(List> usagesByMethod) {
int methodCount = usagesByMethod.size();
int pairs = 0;
if (methodCount > 1) {
for (int i = 0; i < methodCount - 1; i++) {
for (int j = i + 1; j < methodCount; j++) {
if (!Collections.disjoint(usagesByMethod.get(i),
usagesByMethod.get(j))) {
pairs++;
}
}
}
}
return pairs;
}
/**
* Calculates the number of possible method pairs of two methods.
*
* @param methods Number of methods in the class
*
* @return Number of possible method pairs
*/
private static int maxMethodPairs(int methods) {
return methods * (methods - 1) / 2;
}
/**
* Options for {@link #NCSS}.
*/
public enum NcssOption implements MetricOption {
/** Counts import and package statement. This makes the metric JavaNCSS compliant. */
COUNT_IMPORTS("countImports");
private final String vName;
NcssOption(String valueName) {
this.vName = valueName;
}
@Override
public String valueName() {
return vName;
}
}
/**
* Options for {@link #CYCLO}.
*/
public enum CycloOption implements MetricOption {
/** Do not count the paths in boolean expressions as decision points. */
IGNORE_BOOLEAN_PATHS("ignoreBooleanPaths"),
/** Consider assert statements as if they were {@code if (..) throw new AssertionError(..)}. */
CONSIDER_ASSERT("considerAssert");
private final String vName;
CycloOption(String valueName) {
this.vName = valueName;
}
@Override
public String valueName() {
return vName;
}
}
private static int computeAtfd(JavaNode node, MetricOptions ignored) {
MutableInt result = new MutableInt(0);
node.acceptVisitor(new AtfdBaseVisitor(), result);
return result.getValue();
}
private static double computeWoc(ASTTypeDeclaration node, MetricOptions ignored) {
NodeStream methods =
node.getDeclarations()
.filterIs(ASTMethodDeclaration.class)
.filter(it -> !it.hasVisibility(ModifierOwner.Visibility.V_PRIVATE));
int notSetter = methods.filter(it -> !JavaRuleUtil.isGetterOrSetter(it)).count();
int total = methods.count();
if (total == 0) {
return 0;
}
return notSetter / (double) total;
}
private static int computeFanOut(JavaNode node, MetricOptions options) {
Set cfo = new HashSet<>();
node.acceptVisitor(ClassFanOutVisitor.getInstance(options), cfo);
return cfo.size();
}
/**
* Options for {@link #FAN_OUT}.
*/
public enum ClassFanOutOption implements MetricOption {
/** Whether to include classes in the {@code java.lang} package. */
INCLUDE_JAVA_LANG("includeJavaLang");
private final String vName;
ClassFanOutOption(String valueName) {
this.vName = valueName;
}
@Override
public String valueName() {
return vName;
}
}
}