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    /*
 * Copyright (c) 2012, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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package java8.util.stream;

import java.util.AbstractMap;
import java.util.AbstractSet;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.EnumSet;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;

import java8.util.Maps;
import java8.util.Objects;
import java8.util.DoubleSummaryStatistics;
import java8.util.IntSummaryStatistics;
import java8.util.LongSummaryStatistics;
import java8.util.function.BiConsumer;
import java8.util.function.BiFunction;
import java8.util.function.BinaryOperator;
import java8.util.function.BinaryOperators;
import java8.util.function.Consumer;
import java8.util.function.Function;
import java8.util.function.Functions;
import java8.util.function.Predicate;
import java8.util.function.Supplier;
import java8.util.function.ToDoubleFunction;
import java8.util.function.ToIntFunction;
import java8.util.function.ToLongFunction;
import java8.util.stream.Collector.Characteristics;
import java8.util.Optional;
import java8.util.StringJoiner;
import java8.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMaps;

/**
 * Implementations of {@link Collector} that implement various useful reduction
 * operations, such as accumulating elements into collections, summarizing
 * elements according to various criteria, etc.
 *
 * 
    The following are examples of using the predefined collectors to perform
 * common mutable reduction tasks:
 *
 * 
    {@code
 *     // Accumulate names into a List
 *     List list = people.stream().map(Person::getName).collect(Collectors.toList());
 *
 *     // Accumulate names into a TreeSet
 *     Set set = people.stream().map(Person::getName).collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
 *
 *     // Convert elements to strings and concatenate them, separated by commas
 *     String joined = things.stream()
 *                           .map(Object::toString)
 *                           .collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
 *
 *     // Compute sum of salaries of employee
 *     int total = employees.stream()
 *                          .collect(Collectors.summingInt(Employee::getSalary));
 *
 *     // Group employees by department
 *     Map> byDept
 *         = employees.stream()
 *                    .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Employee::getDepartment));
 *
 *     // Compute sum of salaries by department
 *     Map totalByDept
 *         = employees.stream()
 *                    .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Employee::getDepartment,
 *                                                   Collectors.summingInt(Employee::getSalary)));
 *
 *     // Partition students into passing and failing
 *     Map> passingFailing =
 *         students.stream()
 *                 .collect(Collectors.partitioningBy(s -> s.getGrade() >= PASS_THRESHOLD));
 *
 * }
    
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
public final class Collectors {

    static final Set CH_CONCURRENT_ID
            = Collections.unmodifiableSet(EnumSet.of(Collector.Characteristics.CONCURRENT,
                                                     Collector.Characteristics.UNORDERED,
                                                     Collector.Characteristics.IDENTITY_FINISH));
    static final Set CH_CONCURRENT_NOID
            = Collections.unmodifiableSet(EnumSet.of(Collector.Characteristics.CONCURRENT,
                                                     Collector.Characteristics.UNORDERED));
    static final Set CH_ID
            = Collections.unmodifiableSet(EnumSet.of(Collector.Characteristics.IDENTITY_FINISH));
    static final Set CH_UNORDERED_ID
            = Collections.unmodifiableSet(EnumSet.of(Collector.Characteristics.UNORDERED,
                                                     Collector.Characteristics.IDENTITY_FINISH));
    static final Set CH_NOID = Collections.emptySet();

    private Collectors() { }

    /**
     * Returns a new {@code Collector} described by the given {@code supplier},
     * {@code accumulator}, and {@code combiner} functions.  The resulting
     * {@code Collector} has the {@code Collector.Characteristics.IDENTITY_FINISH}
     * characteristic.
     *
     * @param supplier The supplier function for the new collector
     * @param accumulator The accumulator function for the new collector
     * @param combiner The combiner function for the new collector
     * @param characteristics The collector characteristics for the new
     *                        collector
     * @param  The type of input elements for the new collector
     * @param  The type of intermediate accumulation result, and final result,
     *           for the new collector
     * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null
     * @return the new {@code Collector}
     */
    public static Collector of(Supplier supplier,
                                              BiConsumer accumulator,
                                              BinaryOperator combiner,
                                              Characteristics... characteristics) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(supplier);
        Objects.requireNonNull(accumulator);
        Objects.requireNonNull(combiner);
        Objects.requireNonNull(characteristics);
        Set cs = (characteristics.length == 0)
                                  ? Collectors.CH_ID
                                  : Collections.unmodifiableSet(EnumSet.of(Collector.Characteristics.IDENTITY_FINISH,
                                                                           characteristics));
        return new Collectors.CollectorImpl<>(supplier, accumulator, combiner, cs);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new {@code Collector} described by the given {@code supplier},
     * {@code accumulator}, {@code combiner}, and {@code finisher} functions.
     *
     * @param supplier The supplier function for the new collector
     * @param accumulator The accumulator function for the new collector
     * @param combiner The combiner function for the new collector
     * @param finisher The finisher function for the new collector
     * @param characteristics The collector characteristics for the new
     *                        collector
     * @param  The type of input elements for the new collector
     * @param  The intermediate accumulation type of the new collector
     * @param  The final result type of the new collector
     * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null
     * @return the new {@code Collector}
     */
    public static Collector of(Supplier supplier,
                                                 BiConsumer accumulator,
                                                 BinaryOperator combiner,
                                                 Function finisher,
                                                 Characteristics... characteristics) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(supplier);
        Objects.requireNonNull(accumulator);
        Objects.requireNonNull(combiner);
        Objects.requireNonNull(finisher);
        Objects.requireNonNull(characteristics);
        Set cs = Collectors.CH_NOID;
        if (characteristics.length > 0) {
            cs = EnumSet.noneOf(Characteristics.class);
            Collections.addAll(cs, characteristics);
            cs = Collections.unmodifiableSet(cs);
        }
        return new Collectors.CollectorImpl<>(supplier, accumulator, combiner, finisher, cs);
    }

    /**
     * Construct an {@code IllegalStateException} with appropriate message.
     *
     * @param k the duplicate key
     * @param u 1st value to be accumulated/merged
     * @param v 2nd value to be accumulated/merged
     */
    private static IllegalStateException duplicateKeyException(
            Object k, Object u, Object v) {
        return new IllegalStateException(String.format(
            "Duplicate key %s (attempted merging values %s and %s)",
            k, u, v));
    }

    /**
     * {@code BinaryOperator} that merges the contents of its right
     * argument into its left argument, throwing {@code IllegalStateException}
     * if duplicate keys are encountered.
     *
     * @param  type of the map keys
     * @param  type of the map values
     * @param  type of the map
     * @return a merge function for two maps
     */
    private static >
    BinaryOperator uniqKeysMapMerger() {
        return (m1, m2) -> {
            for (Map.Entry e : m2.entrySet()) {
                K k = e.getKey();
                V v = Objects.requireNonNull(e.getValue());
                V u = null;
                if (m1 instanceof ConcurrentMap) {
                    u = ((ConcurrentMap) m1).putIfAbsent(k, v);
                } else {
                    u = Maps.putIfAbsent(m1, k, v);
                }
                if (u != null) {
                    throw duplicateKeyException(k, u, v);
                }
            }
            return m1;
        };
    }

    /**
     * {@code BiConsumer} that accumulates (key, value) pairs
     * extracted from elements into the map, throwing {@code IllegalStateException}
     * if duplicate keys are encountered.
     *
     * @param keyMapper a function that maps an element into a key
     * @param valueMapper a function that maps an element into a value
     * @param  type of elements
     * @param  type of map keys
     * @param  type of map values
     * @return an accumulating consumer
     */
    private static 
    BiConsumer, T> uniqKeysMapAccumulator(Function keyMapper,
                                                    Function valueMapper) {
        return (map, element) -> {
            K k = keyMapper.apply(element);
            V v = Objects.requireNonNull(valueMapper.apply(element));
            V u = null;
            if (map instanceof ConcurrentMap) {
                u = ((ConcurrentMap) map).putIfAbsent(k, v);
            } else {
                u = Maps.putIfAbsent(map, k, v);
            }
            if (u != null) {
                throw duplicateKeyException(k, u, v);
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Simple implementation class for {@code Collector}.
     *
     * @param  the type of elements to be collected
     * @param  the type of the result
     */
    static class CollectorImpl implements Collector {
        private final Supplier supplier;
        private final BiConsumer accumulator;
        private final BinaryOperator combiner;
        private final Function finisher;
        private final Set characteristics;

        CollectorImpl(Supplier supplier,
                      BiConsumer accumulator,
                      BinaryOperator combiner,
                      Function finisher,
                      Set characteristics) {
            this.supplier = supplier;
            this.accumulator = accumulator;
            this.combiner = combiner;
            this.finisher = finisher;
            this.characteristics = characteristics;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        CollectorImpl(Supplier supplier,
                      BiConsumer accumulator,
                      BinaryOperator combiner,
                      Set characteristics) {
            this(supplier, accumulator, combiner, a -> (R)a/*castingIdentity()*/, characteristics);
        }

        @Override
        public BiConsumer accumulator() {
            return accumulator;
        }

        @Override
        public Supplier supplier() {
            return supplier;
        }

        @Override
        public BinaryOperator combiner() {
            return combiner;
        }

        @Override
        public Function finisher() {
            return finisher;
        }

        @Override
        public Set characteristics() {
            return characteristics;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that accumulates the input elements into a
     * new {@code Collection}, in encounter order.  The {@code Collection} is
     * created by the provided factory.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the type of the resulting {@code Collection}
     * @param collectionFactory a supplier providing a new empty {@code Collection}
     *                          into which the results will be inserted
     * @return a {@code Collector} which collects all the input elements into a
     * {@code Collection}, in encounter order
     */
    public static >
    Collector toCollection(Supplier collectionFactory) {
        return new CollectorImpl<>(collectionFactory, Collection::add,
                                   (r1, r2) -> { r1.addAll(r2); return r1; },
                                   CH_ID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that accumulates the input elements into a
     * new {@code List}. There are no guarantees on the type, mutability,
     * serializability, or thread-safety of the {@code List} returned; if more
     * control over the returned {@code List} is required, use {@link #toCollection(Supplier)}.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @return a {@code Collector} which collects all the input elements into a
     * {@code List}, in encounter order
     */
    public static 
    Collector> toList() {
        return new CollectorImpl<>((Supplier>) ArrayList::new, List::add,
                                   (left, right) -> { left.addAll(right); return left; },
                                   CH_ID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that accumulates the input elements into a
     * new {@code Set}. There are no guarantees on the type, mutability,
     * serializability, or thread-safety of the {@code Set} returned; if more
     * control over the returned {@code Set} is required, use
     * {@link #toCollection(Supplier)}.
     *
     * 
    This is an {@link Collector.Characteristics#UNORDERED unordered}
     * Collector.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @return a {@code Collector} which collects all the input elements into a
     * {@code Set}
     */
    public static 
    Collector> toSet() {
        return new CollectorImpl<>((Supplier>) HashSet::new, Set::add,
                                   (left, right) -> {
                                        if (left.size() < right.size()) {
                                           right.addAll(left); return right;
                                        } else {
                                           left.addAll(right); return left;
                                        }
                                    },
                                    CH_UNORDERED_ID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that concatenates the input elements into a
     * {@code String}, in encounter order.
     *
     * @return a {@code Collector} that concatenates the input elements into a
     * {@code String}, in encounter order
     */
    public static Collector joining() {
        return new CollectorImpl(
                StringBuilder::new, StringBuilder::append,
                (r1, r2) -> { r1.append(r2); return r1; },
                StringBuilder::toString, CH_NOID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that concatenates the input elements,
     * separated by the specified delimiter, in encounter order.
     *
     * @param delimiter the delimiter to be used between each element
     * @return A {@code Collector} which concatenates CharSequence elements,
     * separated by the specified delimiter, in encounter order
     */
    public static Collector joining(CharSequence delimiter) {
        return joining(delimiter, "", "");
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that concatenates the input elements,
     * separated by the specified delimiter, with the specified prefix and
     * suffix, in encounter order.
     *
     * @param delimiter the delimiter to be used between each element
     * @param  prefix the sequence of characters to be used at the beginning
     *                of the joined result
     * @param  suffix the sequence of characters to be used at the end
     *                of the joined result
     * @return A {@code Collector} which concatenates CharSequence elements,
     * separated by the specified delimiter, in encounter order
     */
    public static Collector joining(CharSequence delimiter,
                                                             CharSequence prefix,
                                                             CharSequence suffix) {
        return new CollectorImpl<>(
                () -> new StringJoiner(delimiter, prefix, suffix),
                StringJoiner::add, StringJoiner::merge,
                StringJoiner::toString, CH_NOID);
    }

    /**
     * {@code BinaryOperator} that merges the contents of its right
     * argument into its left argument, using the provided merge function to
     * handle duplicate keys.
     *
     * @param  type of the map keys
     * @param  type of the map values
     * @param  type of the map
     * @param mergeFunction A merge function suitable for
     * {@link Map#merge(Object, Object, BiFunction) Map.merge()}
     * @return a merge function for two maps
     */
    private static >
    BinaryOperator mapMerger(final BinaryOperator mergeFunction) {
        return (m1, m2) -> {
            for (Map.Entry e : m2.entrySet()) {
                Maps.merge(m1, e.getKey(), e.getValue(), mergeFunction);
            }
            return m1;
        };
    }

    private static >
    BinaryOperator mapMergerConcurrent(final BinaryOperator mergeFunction) {
        return (m1, m2) -> {
            for (Map.Entry e : m2.entrySet()) {
                ConcurrentMaps.merge(m1, e.getKey(), e.getValue(), mergeFunction);
            }
            return m1;
        };
    }

    /**
     * Adapts a {@code Collector} accepting elements of type {@code U} to one
     * accepting elements of type {@code T} by applying a mapping function to
     * each input element before accumulation.
     *
     * 
    API Note:
    
     * The {@code mapping()} collectors are most useful when used in a
     * multi-level reduction, such as downstream of a {@code groupingBy} or
     * {@code partitioningBy}.  For example, given a stream of
     * {@code Person}, to accumulate the set of last names in each city:
     * 
    {@code
     *     Map> lastNamesByCity
     *         = people.stream().collect(groupingBy(Person::getCity,
     *                                              mapping(Person::getLastName, toSet())));
     * }
    
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  type of elements accepted by downstream collector
     * @param      intermediate accumulation type of the downstream collector
     * @param  result type of collector
     * @param mapper a function to be applied to the input elements
     * @param downstream a collector which will accept mapped values
     * @return a collector which applies the mapping function to the input
     * elements and provides the mapped results to the downstream collector
     */
    public static 
    Collector mapping(Function mapper,
                               Collector downstream) {
        BiConsumer downstreamAccumulator = downstream.accumulator();
        return new CollectorImpl<>(downstream.supplier(),
                                   (r, t) -> downstreamAccumulator.accept(r, mapper.apply(t)),
                                   downstream.combiner(), downstream.finisher(),
                                   downstream.characteristics());
    }

    /**
     * Adapts a {@code Collector} accepting elements of type {@code U} to one
     * accepting elements of type {@code T} by applying a flat mapping function
     * to each input element before accumulation.  The flat mapping function
     * maps an input element to a {@link Stream stream} covering zero or more
     * output elements that are then accumulated downstream.  Each mapped stream
     * is {@link java8.util.stream.BaseStream#close() closed} after its contents
     * have been placed downstream.  (If a mapped stream is {@code null}
     * an empty stream is used, instead.)
     *
     * 
    API Note:
    
     * The {@code flatMapping()} collectors are most useful when used in a
     * multi-level reduction, such as downstream of a {@code groupingBy} or
     * {@code partitioningBy}.  For example, given a stream of
     * {@code Order}, to accumulate the set of line items for each customer:
     * 
    {@code
     *     Map> itemsByCustomerName
     *         = orders.stream().collect(groupingBy(Order::getCustomerName,
     *                                              flatMapping(order -> order.getLineItems().stream(), toSet())));
     * }
    
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  type of elements accepted by downstream collector
     * @param      intermediate accumulation type of the downstream collector
     * @param  result type of collector
     * @param mapper a function to be applied to the input elements, which
     * returns a stream of results
     * @param downstream a collector which will receive the elements of the
     * stream returned by mapper
     * @return a collector which applies the mapping function to the input
     * elements and provides the flat mapped results to the downstream collector
     * @since 9
     */
    public static 
    Collector flatMapping(Function> mapper,
                                   Collector downstream) {
        BiConsumer downstreamAccumulator = downstream.accumulator();
        return new CollectorImpl<>(downstream.supplier(),
                            (r, t) -> {
                                Stream result = null;
                                try {
                                    result = mapper.apply(t);
                                    if (result != null) {
                                        result.sequential().forEach(u -> downstreamAccumulator.accept(r, u));
                                    }
                                } finally {
                                    if (result != null) {
                                        try {
                                            result.close();
                                        } catch (Exception ignore) {
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            },
                            downstream.combiner(), downstream.finisher(),
                            downstream.characteristics());
    }

    /**
     * Adapts a {@code Collector} to one accepting elements of the same type
     * {@code T} by applying the predicate to each input element and only
     * accumulating if the predicate returns {@code true}.
     *
     * 
    API Note:
    
     * The {@code filtering()} collectors are most useful when used in a
     * multi-level reduction, such as downstream of a {@code groupingBy} or
     * {@code partitioningBy}.  For example, given a stream of
     * {@code Employee}, to accumulate the employees in each department that have a
     * salary above a certain threshold:
     * 
    {@code
     *     Map> wellPaidEmployeesByDepartment
     *         = employees.stream().collect(groupingBy(Employee::getDepartment,
     *                                              filtering(e -> e.getSalary() > 2000, toSet())));
     * }
    
     * A filtering collector differs from a stream's {@code filter()} operation.
     * In this example, suppose there are no employees whose salary is above the
     * threshold in some department.  Using a filtering collector as shown above
     * would result in a mapping from that department to an empty {@code Set}.
     * If a stream {@code filter()} operation were done instead, there would be
     * no mapping for that department at all.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param      intermediate accumulation type of the downstream collector
     * @param  result type of collector
     * @param predicate a predicate to be applied to the input elements
     * @param downstream a collector which will accept values that match the
     * predicate
     * @return a collector which applies the predicate to the input elements
     * and provides matching elements to the downstream collector
     * @since 9
     */
    public static 
    Collector filtering(Predicate predicate,
                                 Collector downstream) {
        BiConsumer downstreamAccumulator = downstream.accumulator();
        return new CollectorImpl<>(downstream.supplier(),
                                   (r, t) -> {
                                       if (predicate.test(t)) {
                                           downstreamAccumulator.accept(r, t);
                                       }
                                   },
                                   downstream.combiner(), downstream.finisher(),
                                   downstream.characteristics());
    }

    /**
     * Adapts a {@code Collector} to perform an additional finishing
     * transformation.  For example, one could adapt the {@link #toList()}
     * collector to always produce an immutable list with:
     * 
    {@code
     *     List list
     *         = people.stream().collect(collectingAndThen(toList(), Collections::unmodifiableList));
     * }
    
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param      intermediate accumulation type of the downstream collector
     * @param  result type of the downstream collector
     * @param  result type of the resulting collector
     * @param downstream a collector
     * @param finisher a function to be applied to the final result of the downstream collector
     * @return a collector which performs the action of the downstream collector,
     * followed by an additional finishing step
     */
    public static Collector collectingAndThen(Collector downstream,
                                                                Function finisher) {
        Set characteristics = downstream.characteristics();
        if (characteristics.contains(Collector.Characteristics.IDENTITY_FINISH)) {
            if (characteristics.size() == 1) {
                characteristics = Collectors.CH_NOID;
            } else {
                characteristics = EnumSet.copyOf(characteristics);
                characteristics.remove(Collector.Characteristics.IDENTITY_FINISH);
                characteristics = Collections.unmodifiableSet(characteristics);
            }
        }
        return new CollectorImpl<>(downstream.supplier(),
                                   downstream.accumulator(),
                                   downstream.combiner(),
                                   Functions.andThen(downstream.finisher(), (finisher)),
                                   characteristics);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} accepting elements of type {@code T} that
     * counts the number of input elements.  If no elements are present, the
     * result is 0.
     *
     * 
    Implementation Requirements:
    
     * This produces a result equivalent to:
     * 
    {@code
     *     reducing(0L, e -> 1L, Long::sum)
     * }
    
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @return a {@code Collector} that counts the input elements
     */
    public static  Collector
    counting() {
        return summingLong(e -> 1L);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that produces the minimal element according
     * to a given {@code Comparator}, described as an {@code Optional}.
     *
     * 
    Implementation Requirements:
    
     * This produces a result equivalent to:
     * 
    {@code
     *     reducing(BinaryOperator.minBy(comparator))
     * }
    
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param comparator a {@code Comparator} for comparing elements
     * @return a {@code Collector} that produces the minimal value
     */
    public static  Collector>
    minBy(Comparator comparator) {
        return reducing(BinaryOperators.minBy(comparator));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that produces the maximal element according
     * to a given {@code Comparator}, described as an {@code Optional}.
     *
     * 
    Implementation Requirements:
    
     * This produces a result equivalent to:
     * 
    {@code
     *     reducing(BinaryOperator.maxBy(comparator))
     * }
    
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param comparator a {@code Comparator} for comparing elements
     * @return a {@code Collector} that produces the maximal value
     */
    public static  Collector>
    maxBy(Comparator comparator) {
        return reducing(BinaryOperators.maxBy(comparator));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that produces the sum of a integer-valued
     * function applied to the input elements.  If no elements are present,
     * the result is 0.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param mapper a function extracting the property to be summed
     * @return a {@code Collector} that produces the sum of a derived property
     */
    public static  Collector
    summingInt(ToIntFunction mapper) {
        return new CollectorImpl<>(
                () -> new int[1],
                (a, t) -> { a[0] += mapper.applyAsInt(t); },
                (a, b) -> { a[0] += b[0]; return a; },
                a -> a[0], CH_NOID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that produces the sum of a long-valued
     * function applied to the input elements.  If no elements are present,
     * the result is 0.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param mapper a function extracting the property to be summed
     * @return a {@code Collector} that produces the sum of a derived property
     */
    public static  Collector
    summingLong(ToLongFunction mapper) {
        return new CollectorImpl<>(
                () -> new long[1],
                (a, t) -> { a[0] += mapper.applyAsLong(t); },
                (a, b) -> { a[0] += b[0]; return a; },
                a -> a[0], CH_NOID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that produces the sum of a double-valued
     * function applied to the input elements.  If no elements are present,
     * the result is 0.
     *
     * 
    The sum returned can vary depending upon the order in which
     * values are recorded, due to accumulated rounding error in
     * addition of values of differing magnitudes. Values sorted by increasing
     * absolute magnitude tend to yield more accurate results.  If any recorded
     * value is a {@code NaN} or the sum is at any point a {@code NaN} then the
     * sum will be {@code NaN}.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param mapper a function extracting the property to be summed
     * @return a {@code Collector} that produces the sum of a derived property
     */
    public static  Collector
    summingDouble(ToDoubleFunction mapper) {
        /*
         * In the arrays allocated for the collect operation, index 0
         * holds the high-order bits of the running sum, index 1 holds
         * the low-order bits of the sum computed via compensated
         * summation, and index 2 holds the simple sum used to compute
         * the proper result if the stream contains infinite values of
         * the same sign.
         */
        return new CollectorImpl<>(
                () -> new double[3],
                (a, t) -> { double val = mapper.applyAsDouble(t);
                            sumWithCompensation(a, val);
                            a[2] += val;},
                (a, b) -> { sumWithCompensation(a, b[0]);
                            a[2] += b[2];
                            return sumWithCompensation(a, b[1]); },
                a -> computeFinalSum(a),
                CH_NOID);
    }

    /**
     * Incorporate a new double value using Kahan summation /
     * compensation summation.
     *
     * High-order bits of the sum are in intermediateSum[0], low-order
     * bits of the sum are in intermediateSum[1], any additional
     * elements are application-specific.
     *
     * @param intermediateSum the high-order and low-order words of the intermediate sum
     * @param value the name value to be included in the running sum
     */
    static double[] sumWithCompensation(double[] intermediateSum, double value) {
        double tmp = value - intermediateSum[1];
        double sum = intermediateSum[0];
        double velvel = sum + tmp; // Little wolf of rounding error
        intermediateSum[1] = (velvel - sum) - tmp;
        intermediateSum[0] = velvel;
        return intermediateSum;
    }

    /**
     * If the compensated sum is spuriously NaN from accumulating one
     * or more same-signed infinite values, return the
     * correctly-signed infinity stored in the simple sum.
     */
    static double computeFinalSum(double[] summands) {
        // Better error bounds to add both terms as the final sum
        double tmp = summands[0] + summands[1];
        double simpleSum = summands[summands.length - 1];
        if (Double.isNaN(tmp) && Double.isInfinite(simpleSum)) {
            return simpleSum;
        } else {
            return tmp;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that produces the arithmetic mean of an integer-valued
     * function applied to the input elements.  If no elements are present,
     * the result is 0.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param mapper a function extracting the property to be averaged
     * @return a {@code Collector} that produces the arithmetic mean of a
     * derived property
     */
    public static  Collector
    averagingInt(ToIntFunction mapper) {
        return new CollectorImpl<>(
                () -> new long[2],
                (a, t) -> { a[0] += mapper.applyAsInt(t); a[1]++; },
                (a, b) -> { a[0] += b[0]; a[1] += b[1]; return a; },
                a -> (a[1] == 0) ? 0.0d : (double) a[0] / a[1], CH_NOID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that produces the arithmetic mean of a long-valued
     * function applied to the input elements.  If no elements are present,
     * the result is 0.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param mapper a function extracting the property to be averaged
     * @return a {@code Collector} that produces the arithmetic mean of a
     * derived property
     */
    public static  Collector
    averagingLong(ToLongFunction mapper) {
        return new CollectorImpl<>(
                () -> new long[2],
                (a, t) -> { a[0] += mapper.applyAsLong(t); a[1]++; },
                (a, b) -> { a[0] += b[0]; a[1] += b[1]; return a; },
                a -> (a[1] == 0) ? 0.0d : (double) a[0] / a[1], CH_NOID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that produces the arithmetic mean of a double-valued
     * function applied to the input elements.  If no elements are present,
     * the result is 0.
     *
     * 
    The average returned can vary depending upon the order in which
     * values are recorded, due to accumulated rounding error in
     * addition of values of differing magnitudes. Values sorted by increasing
     * absolute magnitude tend to yield more accurate results.  If any recorded
     * value is a {@code NaN} or the sum is at any point a {@code NaN} then the
     * average will be {@code NaN}.
     *
     * 
    Implementation Note:
     The {@code double} format can represent all
     * consecutive integers in the range -253 to
     * 253. If the pipeline has more than 253
     * values, the divisor in the average computation will saturate at
     * 253, leading to additional numerical errors.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param mapper a function extracting the property to be averaged
     * @return a {@code Collector} that produces the arithmetic mean of a
     * derived property
     */
    public static  Collector
    averagingDouble(ToDoubleFunction mapper) {
        /*
         * In the arrays allocated for the collect operation, index 0
         * holds the high-order bits of the running sum, index 1 holds
         * the low-order bits of the sum computed via compensated
         * summation, and index 2 holds the number of values seen.
         */
        return new CollectorImpl<>(
                () -> new double[4],
                (a, t) -> { double val = mapper.applyAsDouble(t); sumWithCompensation(a, val); a[2]++; a[3]+= val;},
                (a, b) -> { sumWithCompensation(a, b[0]); sumWithCompensation(a, b[1]); a[2] += b[2]; a[3] += b[3]; return a; },
                a -> (a[2] == 0) ? 0.0d : (computeFinalSum(a) / a[2]),
                CH_NOID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} which performs a reduction of its
     * input elements under a specified {@code BinaryOperator} using the
     * provided identity.
     *
     * 
    API Note:
    
     * The {@code reducing()} collectors are most useful when used in a
     * multi-level reduction, downstream of {@code groupingBy} or
     * {@code partitioningBy}.  To perform a simple reduction on a stream,
     * use {@link Stream#reduce(Object, BinaryOperator)}} instead.
     *
     * @param  element type for the input and output of the reduction
     * @param identity the identity value for the reduction (also, the value
     *                 that is returned when there are no input elements)
     * @param op a {@code BinaryOperator} used to reduce the input elements
     * @return a {@code Collector} which implements the reduction operation
     *
     * @see #reducing(BinaryOperator)
     * @see #reducing(Object, Function, BinaryOperator)
     */
    public static  Collector
    reducing(T identity, BinaryOperator op) {
        return new CollectorImpl<>(
                boxSupplier(identity),
                (a, t) -> { a[0] = op.apply(a[0], t); },
                (a, b) -> { a[0] = op.apply(a[0], b[0]); return a; },
                a -> a[0],
                CH_NOID);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static  Supplier boxSupplier(final T identity) {
        return () -> (T[]) new Object[] { identity };
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} which performs a reduction of its
     * input elements under a specified {@code BinaryOperator}.  The result
     * is described as an {@code Optional}.
     *
     * 
    API Note:
    
     * The {@code reducing()} collectors are most useful when used in a
     * multi-level reduction, downstream of {@code groupingBy} or
     * {@code partitioningBy}.  To perform a simple reduction on a stream,
     * use {@link Stream#reduce(BinaryOperator)} instead.
     *
     * 
    For example, given a stream of {@code Person}, to calculate tallest
     * person in each city:
     * 
    {@code
     *     Comparator byHeight = Comparator.comparing(Person::getHeight);
     *     Map> tallestByCity
     *         = people.stream().collect(groupingBy(Person::getCity, reducing(BinaryOperator.maxBy(byHeight))));
     * }
    
     *
     * @param  element type for the input and output of the reduction
     * @param op a {@code BinaryOperator} used to reduce the input elements
     * @return a {@code Collector} which implements the reduction operation
     *
     * @see #reducing(Object, BinaryOperator)
     * @see #reducing(Object, Function, BinaryOperator)
     */
    public static  Collector>
    reducing(final BinaryOperator op) {
        class OptionalBox implements Consumer {
            T value = null;
            boolean present = false;

            @Override
            public void accept(T t) {
                if (present) {
                    value = op.apply(value, t);
                }
                else {
                    value = t;
                    present = true;
                }
            }
        }

        return new CollectorImpl>(
                OptionalBox::new, OptionalBox::accept,
                (a, b) -> { if (b.present) a.accept(b.value); return a; },
                a -> Optional.ofNullable(a.value), CH_NOID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} which performs a reduction of its
     * input elements under a specified mapping function and
     * {@code BinaryOperator}. This is a generalization of
     * {@link #reducing(Object, BinaryOperator)} which allows a transformation
     * of the elements before reduction.
     *
     * 
    API Note:
    
     * The {@code reducing()} collectors are most useful when used in a
     * multi-level reduction, downstream of {@code groupingBy} or
     * {@code partitioningBy}.  To perform a simple map-reduce on a stream,
     * use {@link Stream#map(Function)} and {@link Stream#reduce(Object, BinaryOperator)}
     * instead.
     *
     * 
    For example, given a stream of {@code Person}, to calculate the longest
     * last name of residents in each city:
     * 
    {@code
     *     Comparator byLength = Comparator.comparing(String::length);
     *     Map longestLastNameByCity
     *         = people.stream().collect(groupingBy(Person::getCity,
     *                                              reducing("", Person::getLastName, BinaryOperator.maxBy(byLength))));
     * }
    
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the type of the mapped values
     * @param identity the identity value for the reduction (also, the value
     *                 that is returned when there are no input elements)
     * @param mapper a mapping function to apply to each input value
     * @param op a {@code BinaryOperator} used to reduce the mapped values
     * @return a {@code Collector} implementing the map-reduce operation
     *
     * @see #reducing(Object, BinaryOperator)
     * @see #reducing(BinaryOperator)
     */
    public static 
    Collector reducing(U identity,
                                Function mapper,
                                BinaryOperator op) {
        return new CollectorImpl<>(
                boxSupplier(identity),
                (a, t) -> { a[0] = op.apply(a[0], mapper.apply(t)); },
                (a, b) -> { a[0] = op.apply(a[0], b[0]); return a; },
                a -> a[0], CH_NOID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} implementing a "group by" operation on
     * input elements of type {@code T}, grouping elements according to a
     * classification function, and returning the results in a {@code Map}.
     *
     * 
    The classification function maps elements to some key type {@code K}.
     * The collector produces a {@code Map>} whose keys are the
     * values resulting from applying the classification function to the input
     * elements, and whose corresponding values are {@code List}s containing the
     * input elements which map to the associated key under the classification
     * function.
     *
     * 
    There are no guarantees on the type, mutability, serializability, or
     * thread-safety of the {@code Map} or {@code List} objects returned.
     * 
    Implementation Requirements:
    
     * This produces a result similar to:
     * 
    {@code
     *     groupingBy(classifier, toList())
     * }
    
     *
     * 
    Implementation Note:
    
     * The returned {@code Collector} is not concurrent.  For parallel stream
     * pipelines, the {@code combiner} function operates by merging the keys
     * from one map into another, which can be an expensive operation.  If
     * preservation of the order in which elements appear in the resulting {@code Map}
     * collector is not required, using {@link #groupingByConcurrent(Function)}
     * may offer better parallel performance.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the type of the keys
     * @param classifier the classifier function mapping input elements to keys
     * @return a {@code Collector} implementing the group-by operation
     *
     * @see #groupingBy(Function, Collector)
     * @see #groupingBy(Function, Supplier, Collector)
     * @see #groupingByConcurrent(Function)
     */
    public static  Collector>>
    groupingBy(Function classifier) {
        return groupingBy(classifier, toList());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} implementing a cascaded "group by" operation
     * on input elements of type {@code T}, grouping elements according to a
     * classification function, and then performing a reduction operation on
     * the values associated with a given key using the specified downstream
     * {@code Collector}.
     *
     * 
    The classification function maps elements to some key type {@code K}.
     * The downstream collector operates on elements of type {@code T} and
     * produces a result of type {@code D}. The resulting collector produces a
     * {@code Map}.
     *
     * 
    There are no guarantees on the type, mutability,
     * serializability, or thread-safety of the {@code Map} returned.
     *
     * 
    For example, to compute the set of last names of people in each city:
     * 
    {@code
     *     Map> namesByCity
     *         = people.stream().collect(groupingBy(Person::getCity,
     *                                              mapping(Person::getLastName, toSet())));
     * }
    
     *
     * 
    Implementation Note:
    
     * The returned {@code Collector} is not concurrent.  For parallel stream
     * pipelines, the {@code combiner} function operates by merging the keys
     * from one map into another, which can be an expensive operation.  If
     * preservation of the order in which elements are presented to the downstream
     * collector is not required, using {@link #groupingByConcurrent(Function, Collector)}
     * may offer better parallel performance.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the type of the keys
     * @param      the intermediate accumulation type of the downstream collector
     * @param  the result type of the downstream reduction
     * @param classifier a classifier function mapping input elements to keys
     * @param downstream a {@code Collector} implementing the downstream reduction
     * @return a {@code Collector} implementing the cascaded group-by operation
     * @see #groupingBy(Function)
     *
     * @see #groupingBy(Function, Supplier, Collector)
     * @see #groupingByConcurrent(Function, Collector)
     */
    public static 
    Collector> groupingBy(Function classifier,
                                          Collector downstream) {
        return groupingBy(classifier, HashMap::new, downstream);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} implementing a cascaded "group by" operation
     * on input elements of type {@code T}, grouping elements according to a
     * classification function, and then performing a reduction operation on
     * the values associated with a given key using the specified downstream
     * {@code Collector}.  The {@code Map} produced by the Collector is created
     * with the supplied factory function.
     *
     * 
    The classification function maps elements to some key type {@code K}.
     * The downstream collector operates on elements of type {@code T} and
     * produces a result of type {@code D}. The resulting collector produces a
     * {@code Map}.
     *
     * 
    For example, to compute the set of last names of people in each city,
     * where the city names are sorted:
     * 
    {@code
     *     Map> namesByCity
     *         = people.stream().collect(groupingBy(Person::getCity, TreeMap::new,
     *                                              mapping(Person::getLastName, toSet())));
     * }
    
     *
     * 
    Implementation Note:
    
     * The returned {@code Collector} is not concurrent.  For parallel stream
     * pipelines, the {@code combiner} function operates by merging the keys
     * from one map into another, which can be an expensive operation.  If
     * preservation of the order in which elements are presented to the downstream
     * collector is not required, using {@link #groupingByConcurrent(Function, Supplier, Collector)}
     * may offer better parallel performance.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the type of the keys
     * @param      the intermediate accumulation type of the downstream collector
     * @param  the result type of the downstream reduction
     * @param  the type of the resulting {@code Map}
     * @param classifier a classifier function mapping input elements to keys
     * @param downstream a {@code Collector} implementing the downstream reduction
     * @param mapFactory a supplier providing a new empty {@code Map}
     *                   into which the results will be inserted
     * @return a {@code Collector} implementing the cascaded group-by operation
     *
     * @see #groupingBy(Function, Collector)
     * @see #groupingBy(Function)
     * @see #groupingByConcurrent(Function, Supplier, Collector)
     */
    public static >
    Collector groupingBy(final Function classifier,
                                  Supplier mapFactory,
                                  Collector downstream) {
        Supplier downstreamSupplier = downstream.supplier();
        final BiConsumer downstreamAccumulator = downstream.accumulator();
        BiConsumer, T> accumulator = (m, t) -> {
            K key = Objects.requireNonNull(classifier.apply(t), "element cannot be mapped to a null key");
            A container = Maps.computeIfAbsent(m, key, k -> downstreamSupplier.get());
            downstreamAccumulator.accept(container, t);
        };
        BinaryOperator> merger = Collectors.>mapMerger(downstream.combiner());
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Supplier> mangledFactory = (Supplier>) mapFactory;

        if (downstream.characteristics().contains(Collector.Characteristics.IDENTITY_FINISH)) {
            return new CollectorImpl<>(mangledFactory, accumulator, merger, CH_ID);
        }
        else {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Function downstreamFinisher = (Function) downstream.finisher();
            Function, M> finisher = intermediate -> {
                Maps.replaceAll(intermediate, (k, v) -> downstreamFinisher.apply(v));
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                M castResult = (M) intermediate;
                return castResult;
            };
            return new CollectorImpl<>(mangledFactory, accumulator, merger, finisher, CH_NOID);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a concurrent {@code Collector} implementing a "group by"
     * operation on input elements of type {@code T}, grouping elements
     * according to a classification function.
     *
     * 
    This is a {@link Collector.Characteristics#CONCURRENT concurrent} and
     * {@link Collector.Characteristics#UNORDERED unordered} Collector.
     *
     * 
    The classification function maps elements to some key type {@code K}.
     * The collector produces a {@code ConcurrentMap>} whose keys are the
     * values resulting from applying the classification function to the input
     * elements, and whose corresponding values are {@code List}s containing the
     * input elements which map to the associated key under the classification
     * function.
     *
     * 
    There are no guarantees on the type, mutability, or serializability
     * of the {@code ConcurrentMap} or {@code List} objects returned, or of the
     * thread-safety of the {@code List} objects returned.
     * 
    Implementation Requirements:
    
     * This produces a result similar to:
     * 
    {@code
     *     groupingByConcurrent(classifier, toList())
     * }
    
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the type of the keys
     * @param classifier a classifier function mapping input elements to keys
     * @return a concurrent, unordered {@code Collector} implementing the group-by operation
     *
     * @see #groupingBy(Function)
     * @see #groupingByConcurrent(Function, Collector)
     * @see #groupingByConcurrent(Function, Supplier, Collector)
     */
    public static 
    Collector>>
    groupingByConcurrent(Function classifier) {
        return groupingByConcurrent(classifier, ConcurrentHashMap::new, toList());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a concurrent {@code Collector} implementing a cascaded "group by"
     * operation on input elements of type {@code T}, grouping elements
     * according to a classification function, and then performing a reduction
     * operation on the values associated with a given key using the specified
     * downstream {@code Collector}.
     *
     * 
    This is a {@link Collector.Characteristics#CONCURRENT concurrent} and
     * {@link Collector.Characteristics#UNORDERED unordered} Collector.
     *
     * 
    The classification function maps elements to some key type {@code K}.
     * The downstream collector operates on elements of type {@code T} and
     * produces a result of type {@code D}. The resulting collector produces a
     * {@code ConcurrentMap}.
     * 
     * 
    There are no guarantees on the type, mutability, or serializability
     * of the {@code ConcurrentMap} returned.
     *
     * 
    For example, to compute the set of last names of people in each city,
     * where the city names are sorted:
     * 
    {@code
     *     ConcurrentMap> namesByCity
     *         = people.stream().collect(groupingByConcurrent(Person::getCity,
     *                                                        mapping(Person::getLastName, toSet())));
     * }
    
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the type of the keys
     * @param      the intermediate accumulation type of the downstream collector
     * @param  the result type of the downstream reduction
     * @param classifier a classifier function mapping input elements to keys
     * @param downstream a {@code Collector} implementing the downstream reduction
     * @return a concurrent, unordered {@code Collector} implementing the cascaded group-by operation
     *
     * @see #groupingBy(Function, Collector)
     * @see #groupingByConcurrent(Function)
     * @see #groupingByConcurrent(Function, Supplier, Collector)
     */
    public static 
    Collector> groupingByConcurrent(Function classifier,
                                                              Collector downstream) {
        return groupingByConcurrent(classifier, ConcurrentHashMap::new, downstream);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a concurrent {@code Collector} implementing a cascaded "group by"
     * operation on input elements of type {@code T}, grouping elements
     * according to a classification function, and then performing a reduction
     * operation on the values associated with a given key using the specified
     * downstream {@code Collector}.  The {@code ConcurrentMap} produced by the
     * Collector is created with the supplied factory function.
     *
     * 
    This is a {@link Collector.Characteristics#CONCURRENT concurrent} and
     * {@link Collector.Characteristics#UNORDERED unordered} Collector.
     *
     * 
    The classification function maps elements to some key type {@code K}.
     * The downstream collector operates on elements of type {@code T} and
     * produces a result of type {@code D}. The resulting collector produces a
     * {@code ConcurrentMap}.
     *
     * 
    For example, to compute the set of last names of people in each city,
     * where the city names are sorted:
     * 
    {@code
     *     ConcurrentMap> namesByCity
     *         = people.stream().collect(groupingByConcurrent(Person::getCity, ConcurrentSkipListMap::new,
     *                                                        mapping(Person::getLastName, toSet())));
     * }
    
     *
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the type of the keys
     * @param      the intermediate accumulation type of the downstream collector
     * @param  the result type of the downstream reduction
     * @param  the type of the resulting {@code ConcurrentMap}
     * @param classifier a classifier function mapping input elements to keys
     * @param downstream a {@code Collector} implementing the downstream reduction
     * @param mapFactory a supplier providing a new empty {@code ConcurrentMap}
     *                   into which the results will be inserted
     * @return a concurrent, unordered {@code Collector} implementing the cascaded group-by operation
     *
     * @see #groupingByConcurrent(Function)
     * @see #groupingByConcurrent(Function, Collector)
     * @see #groupingBy(Function, Supplier, Collector)
     */
    public static >
    Collector groupingByConcurrent(final Function classifier,
                                            Supplier mapFactory,
                                            Collector downstream) {
        Supplier downstreamSupplier = downstream.supplier();
        final BiConsumer downstreamAccumulator = downstream.accumulator();
        BinaryOperator> merger = Collectors.>mapMergerConcurrent(downstream.combiner());
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Supplier> mangledFactory = (Supplier>) mapFactory;
        BiConsumer, T> accumulator;
        if (downstream.characteristics().contains(Collector.Characteristics.CONCURRENT)) {
            accumulator = (m, t) -> {
                K key = Objects.requireNonNull(classifier.apply(t), "element cannot be mapped to a null key");
                A resultContainer = ConcurrentMaps.computeIfAbsent(m, key, k -> downstreamSupplier.get());
                downstreamAccumulator.accept(resultContainer, t);
            };
        }
        else {
            accumulator = (m, t) -> {
                K key = Objects.requireNonNull(classifier.apply(t), "element cannot be mapped to a null key");
                A resultContainer = ConcurrentMaps.computeIfAbsent(m, key, k -> downstreamSupplier.get());
                synchronized (resultContainer) {
                    downstreamAccumulator.accept(resultContainer, t);
                }
            };
        }

        if (downstream.characteristics().contains(Collector.Characteristics.IDENTITY_FINISH)) {
            return new CollectorImpl<>(mangledFactory, accumulator, merger, CH_CONCURRENT_ID);
        }
        else {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Function downstreamFinisher = (Function) downstream.finisher();
            Function, M> finisher = intermediate -> {
                ConcurrentMaps.replaceAll(intermediate, (k, v) -> downstreamFinisher.apply(v));
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                M castResult = (M) intermediate;
                return castResult;
            };
            return new CollectorImpl<>(mangledFactory, accumulator, merger, finisher, CH_CONCURRENT_NOID);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} which partitions the input elements according
     * to a {@code Predicate}, and organizes them into a
     * {@code Map>}.
     *
     * The returned {@code Map} always contains mappings for both
     * {@code false} and {@code true} keys.
     * There are no guarantees on the type, mutability,
     * serializability, or thread-safety of the {@code Map} or {@code List}
     * returned.
     *
     * 
    API Note:
    
     * If a partition has no elements, its value in the result Map will be
     * an empty List.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param predicate a predicate used for classifying input elements
     * @return a {@code Collector} implementing the partitioning operation
     *
     * @see #partitioningBy(Predicate, Collector)
     */
    public static 
    Collector>> partitioningBy(Predicate predicate) {
        return partitioningBy(predicate, toList());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} which partitions the input elements according
     * to a {@code Predicate}, reduces the values in each partition according to
     * another {@code Collector}, and organizes them into a
     * {@code Map} whose values are the result of the downstream
     * reduction.
     *
     * 
    
     * The returned {@code Map} always contains mappings for both
     * {@code false} and {@code true} keys.
     * There are no guarantees on the type, mutability,
     * serializability, or thread-safety of the {@code Map} returned.
     *
     * 
    API Note:
    
     * If a partition has no elements, its value in the result Map will be
     * obtained by calling the downstream collector's supplier function and then
     * applying the finisher function.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param      the intermediate accumulation type of the downstream collector
     * @param  the result type of the downstream reduction
     * @param predicate a predicate used for classifying input elements
     * @param downstream a {@code Collector} implementing the downstream
     *                   reduction
     * @return a {@code Collector} implementing the cascaded partitioning
     *         operation
     *
     * @see #partitioningBy(Predicate)
     */
    public static 
    Collector> partitioningBy(final Predicate predicate,
            final Collector downstream) {
        final BiConsumer downstreamAccumulator = downstream.accumulator();
        BiConsumer, T> accumulator = (result, t) ->
                downstreamAccumulator.accept(predicate.test(t) ? result.forTrue : result.forFalse, t);
                final BinaryOperator op = downstream.combiner();
        BinaryOperator> merger = (left, right) ->
                new Partition<>(op.apply(left.forTrue, right.forTrue),
                                op.apply(left.forFalse, right.forFalse));
        Supplier> supplier = () ->
                new Partition<>(downstream.supplier().get(),
                                downstream.supplier().get());
        if (downstream.characteristics().contains(Collector.Characteristics.IDENTITY_FINISH)) {
            return new CollectorImpl<>(supplier, accumulator, merger, CH_ID);
        }
        else {
            Function, Map> finisher = par ->
                    new Partition<>(downstream.finisher().apply(par.forTrue),
                                    downstream.finisher().apply(par.forFalse));
            return new CollectorImpl<>(supplier, accumulator, merger, finisher, CH_NOID);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that accumulates elements into a
     * {@code Map} whose keys and values are the result of applying the provided
     * mapping functions to the input elements.
     *
     * 
    If the mapped keys contain duplicates (according to
     * {@link Object#equals(Object)}), an {@code IllegalStateException} is
     * thrown when the collection operation is performed.  If the mapped keys
     * may have duplicates, use {@link #toMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator)}
     * instead.
     * 
     * 
    There are no guarantees on the type, mutability, serializability,
     * or thread-safety of the {@code Map} returned.
     *
     * 
    API Note:
    
     * It is common for either the key or the value to be the input elements.
     * In this case, the utility method
     * {@link java8.util.function.Functions#identity()} may be helpful.
     * For example, the following produces a {@code Map} mapping
     * students to their grade point average:
     * 
    {@code
     *     Map studentToGPA =
     *         students.stream().collect(toMap(Functions.identity(),
     *                                         student -> computeGPA(student)));
     * }
    
     * And the following produces a {@code Map} mapping a unique identifier to
     * students:
     * 
    {@code
     *     Map studentIdToStudent =
     *         students.stream().collect(toMap(Student::getId,
     *                                         Functions.identity()));
     * }
    
     *
     * 
    Implementation Note:
    
     * The returned {@code Collector} is not concurrent.  For parallel stream
     * pipelines, the {@code combiner} function operates by merging the keys
     * from one map into another, which can be an expensive operation.  If it is
     * not required that results are inserted into the {@code Map} in encounter
     * order, using {@link #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function)}
     * may offer better parallel performance.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the output type of the key mapping function
     * @param  the output type of the value mapping function
     * @param keyMapper a mapping function to produce keys
     * @param valueMapper a mapping function to produce values
     * @return a {@code Collector} which collects elements into a {@code Map}
     * whose keys and values are the result of applying mapping functions to
     * the input elements
     *
     * @see #toMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator)
     * @see #toMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator, Supplier)
     * @see #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function)
     */
    public static 
    Collector> toMap(Function keyMapper,
                                    Function valueMapper) {
        return new CollectorImpl<>(HashMap::new,
                uniqKeysMapAccumulator((Function) keyMapper, (Function) valueMapper),
                uniqKeysMapMerger(),
                CH_ID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that accumulates elements into a
     * {@code Map} whose keys and values are the result of applying the provided
     * mapping functions to the input elements.
     *
     * 
    If the mapped keys contain duplicates (according to
     * {@link Object#equals(Object)}), the value mapping function is applied to
     * each equal element, and the results are merged using the provided merging function.
     * 
     * 
    There are no guarantees on the type, mutability, serializability,
     * or thread-safety of the {@code Map} returned.
     *
     * 
    API Note:
    
     * There are multiple ways to deal with collisions between multiple elements
     * mapping to the same key.  The other forms of {@code toMap} simply use
     * a merge function that throws unconditionally, but you can easily write
     * more flexible merge policies.  For example, if you have a stream
     * of {@code Person}, and you want to produce a "phone book" mapping name to
     * address, but it is possible that two persons have the same name, you can
     * do as follows to gracefully deal with these collisions, and produce a
     * {@code Map} mapping names to a concatenated list of addresses:
     * 
    {@code
     *     Map phoneBook =
     *         people.stream().collect(toMap(Person::getName,
     *                                       Person::getAddress,
     *                                       (s, a) -> s + ", " + a));
     * }
    
     *
     * 
    Implementation Note:
    
     * The returned {@code Collector} is not concurrent.  For parallel stream
     * pipelines, the {@code combiner} function operates by merging the keys
     * from one map into another, which can be an expensive operation.  If it is
     * not required that results are merged into the {@code Map} in encounter
     * order, using {@link #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator)}
     * may offer better parallel performance.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the output type of the key mapping function
     * @param  the output type of the value mapping function
     * @param keyMapper a mapping function to produce keys
     * @param valueMapper a mapping function to produce values
     * @param mergeFunction a merge function, used to resolve collisions between
     *                      values associated with the same key, as supplied
     *                      to {@link Maps#merge(Map, Object, Object, BiFunction)}
     * @return a {@code Collector} which collects elements into a {@code Map}
     * whose keys are the result of applying a key mapping function to the input
     * elements, and whose values are the result of applying a value mapping
     * function to all input elements equal to the key and combining them
     * using the merge function
     *
     * @see #toMap(Function, Function)
     * @see #toMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator, Supplier)
     * @see #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator)
     */
    public static 
    Collector> toMap(Function keyMapper,
                                    Function valueMapper,
                                    BinaryOperator mergeFunction) {
        return toMap(keyMapper, valueMapper, mergeFunction, HashMap::new);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} that accumulates elements into a
     * {@code Map} whose keys and values are the result of applying the provided
     * mapping functions to the input elements.
     *
     * 
    If the mapped keys contain duplicates (according to
     * {@link Object#equals(Object)}), the value mapping function is applied to
     * each equal element, and the* results are merged using the provided merging
     * function.  The {@code Map} is created by a provided supplier function.
     *
     * 
    Implementation Note:
    
     * The returned {@code Collector} is not concurrent.  For parallel stream
     * pipelines, the {@code combiner} function operates by merging the keys
     * from one map into another, which can be an expensive operation.  If it is
     * not required that results are merged into the {@code Map} in encounter
     * order, using {@link #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator, Supplier)}
     * may offer better parallel performance.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the output type of the key mapping function
     * @param  the output type of the value mapping function
     * @param  the type of the resulting {@code Map}
     * @param keyMapper a mapping function to produce keys
     * @param valueMapper a mapping function to produce values
     * @param mergeFunction a merge function, used to resolve collisions between
     *                      values associated with the same key, as supplied
     *                      to {@link Maps#merge(Map, Object, Object, BiFunction)}
     * @param mapFactory a supplier providing a new empty {@code Map}
     *                   into which the results will be inserted
     * @return a {@code Collector} which collects elements into a {@code Map}
     * whose keys are the result of applying a key mapping function to the input
     * elements, and whose values are the result of applying a value mapping
     * function to all input elements equal to the key and combining them
     * using the merge function
     *
     * @see #toMap(Function, Function)
     * @see #toMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator)
     * @see #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator, Supplier)
     */
    public static >
    Collector toMap(final Function keyMapper,
                             final Function valueMapper,
                             final BinaryOperator mergeFunction,
                             Supplier mapFactory) {
        BiConsumer accumulator
                = (map, element) -> Maps.merge(map, keyMapper.apply(element), valueMapper.apply(element), mergeFunction);
        return new CollectorImpl<>(mapFactory, accumulator, mapMerger(mergeFunction), CH_ID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a concurrent {@code Collector} that accumulates elements into a
     * {@code ConcurrentMap} whose keys and values are the result of applying
     * the provided mapping functions to the input elements.
     *
     * 
    If the mapped keys contain duplicates (according to
     * {@link Object#equals(Object)}), an {@code IllegalStateException} is
     * thrown when the collection operation is performed.  If the mapped keys
     * may have duplicates, use
     * {@link #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator)} instead.
     * 
     * 
    There are no guarantees on the type, mutability, or serializability
     * of the {@code ConcurrentMap} returned.
     *
     * 
    API Note:
    
     * It is common for either the key or the value to be the input elements.
     * In this case, the utility method
     * {@link java8.util.function.Functions#identity()} may be helpful.
     * For example, the following produces a {@code ConcurrentMap} mapping
     * students to their grade point average:
     * 
    {@code
     *     ConcurrentMap studentToGPA =
     *         students.stream().collect(toConcurrentMap(Functions.identity(),
     *                                                   student -> computeGPA(student)));
     * }
    
     * And the following produces a {@code ConcurrentMap} mapping a
     * unique identifier to students:
     * 
    {@code
     *     ConcurrentMap studentIdToStudent =
     *         students.stream().collect(toConcurrentMap(Student::getId,
     *                                                   Functions.identity()));
     * }
    
     *
     * 
    This is a {@link Collector.Characteristics#CONCURRENT concurrent} and
     * {@link Collector.Characteristics#UNORDERED unordered} Collector.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the output type of the key mapping function
     * @param  the output type of the value mapping function
     * @param keyMapper the mapping function to produce keys
     * @param valueMapper the mapping function to produce values
     * @return a concurrent, unordered {@code Collector} which collects elements into a
     * {@code ConcurrentMap} whose keys are the result of applying a key mapping
     * function to the input elements, and whose values are the result of
     * applying a value mapping function to the input elements
     *
     * @see #toMap(Function, Function)
     * @see #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator)
     * @see #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator, Supplier)
     */
    public static 
    Collector> toConcurrentMap(Function keyMapper,
                                                        Function valueMapper) {
        return new CollectorImpl<>(ConcurrentHashMap::new,
                uniqKeysMapAccumulator((Function) keyMapper, (Function) valueMapper),
                uniqKeysMapMerger(),
                CH_CONCURRENT_ID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a concurrent {@code Collector} that accumulates elements into a
     * {@code ConcurrentMap} whose keys and values are the result of applying
     * the provided mapping functions to the input elements.
     *
     * 
    If the mapped keys contain duplicates (according to {@link Object#equals(Object)}),
     * the value mapping function is applied to each equal element, and the
     * results are merged using the provided merging function.
     * 
     * 
    There are no guarantees on the type, mutability, or serializability
     * of the {@code ConcurrentMap} returned.
     * 
     * 
    API Note:
    
     * There are multiple ways to deal with collisions between multiple elements
     * mapping to the same key.  The other forms of {@code toConcurrentMap} simply use
     * a merge function that throws unconditionally, but you can easily write
     * more flexible merge policies.  For example, if you have a stream
     * of {@code Person}, and you want to produce a "phone book" mapping name to
     * address, but it is possible that two persons have the same name, you can
     * do as follows to gracefully deal with these collisions, and produce a
     * {@code ConcurrentMap} mapping names to a concatenated list of addresses:
     * 
    {@code
     *     ConcurrentMap phoneBook =
     *         people.stream().collect(toConcurrentMap(Person::getName,
     *                                                 Person::getAddress,
     *                                                 (s, a) -> s + ", " + a));
     * }
    
     *
     * 
    This is a {@link Collector.Characteristics#CONCURRENT concurrent} and
     * {@link Collector.Characteristics#UNORDERED unordered} Collector.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the output type of the key mapping function
     * @param  the output type of the value mapping function
     * @param keyMapper a mapping function to produce keys
     * @param valueMapper a mapping function to produce values
     * @param mergeFunction a merge function, used to resolve collisions between
     *                      values associated with the same key, as supplied
     *                      to {@link ConcurrentMaps#merge(ConcurrentMap, Object, Object, BiFunction)}
     * @return a concurrent, unordered {@code Collector} which collects elements into a
     * {@code ConcurrentMap} whose keys are the result of applying a key mapping
     * function to the input elements, and whose values are the result of
     * applying a value mapping function to all input elements equal to the key
     * and combining them using the merge function
     *
     * @see #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function)
     * @see #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator, Supplier)
     * @see #toMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator)
     */
    public static 
    Collector>
    toConcurrentMap(Function keyMapper,
                    Function valueMapper,
                    BinaryOperator mergeFunction) {
        return toConcurrentMap(keyMapper, valueMapper, mergeFunction, ConcurrentHashMap::new);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a concurrent {@code Collector} that accumulates elements into a
     * {@code ConcurrentMap} whose keys and values are the result of applying
     * the provided mapping functions to the input elements.
     *
     * 
    If the mapped keys contain duplicates (according to {@link Object#equals(Object)}),
     * the value mapping function is applied to each equal element, and the
     * results are merged using the provided merging function.  The
     * {@code ConcurrentMap} is created by a provided supplier function.
     *
     * 
    This is a {@link Collector.Characteristics#CONCURRENT concurrent} and
     * {@link Collector.Characteristics#UNORDERED unordered} Collector.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param  the output type of the key mapping function
     * @param  the output type of the value mapping function
     * @param  the type of the resulting {@code ConcurrentMap}
     * @param keyMapper a mapping function to produce keys
     * @param valueMapper a mapping function to produce values
     * @param mergeFunction a merge function, used to resolve collisions between
     *                      values associated with the same key, as supplied
     *                      to {@link ConcurrentMaps#merge(ConcurrentMap, Object, Object, BiFunction)}
     * @param mapFactory a supplier providing a new empty {@code ConcurrentMap}
     *                   into which the results will be inserted
     * @return a concurrent, unordered {@code Collector} which collects elements into a
     * {@code ConcurrentMap} whose keys are the result of applying a key mapping
     * function to the input elements, and whose values are the result of
     * applying a value mapping function to all input elements equal to the key
     * and combining them using the merge function
     *
     * @see #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function)
     * @see #toConcurrentMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator)
     * @see #toMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator, Supplier)
     */
    public static >
    Collector toConcurrentMap(final Function keyMapper,
                                       final Function valueMapper,
                                       final BinaryOperator mergeFunction,
                                       Supplier mapFactory) {
        BiConsumer accumulator
                = (map, element) -> ConcurrentMaps.merge(map, keyMapper.apply(element), valueMapper.apply(element), mergeFunction);
        return new CollectorImpl<>(mapFactory, accumulator, mapMergerConcurrent(mergeFunction), CH_CONCURRENT_ID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} which applies an {@code int}-producing
     * mapping function to each input element, and returns summary statistics
     * for the resulting values.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param mapper a mapping function to apply to each element
     * @return a {@code Collector} implementing the summary-statistics reduction
     *
     * @see #summarizingDouble(ToDoubleFunction)
     * @see #summarizingLong(ToLongFunction)
     */
    public static 
    Collector summarizingInt(ToIntFunction mapper) {
        return new CollectorImpl(
                IntSummaryStatistics::new,
                (r, t) -> r.accept(mapper.applyAsInt(t)),
                (l, r) -> { l.combine(r); return l; }, CH_ID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} which applies an {@code long}-producing
     * mapping function to each input element, and returns summary statistics
     * for the resulting values.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param mapper the mapping function to apply to each element
     * @return a {@code Collector} implementing the summary-statistics reduction
     *
     * @see #summarizingDouble(ToDoubleFunction)
     * @see #summarizingInt(ToIntFunction)
     */
    public static 
    Collector summarizingLong(ToLongFunction mapper) {
        return new CollectorImpl(
                LongSummaryStatistics::new,
                (r, t) -> r.accept(mapper.applyAsLong(t)),
                (l, r) -> { l.combine(r); return l; }, CH_ID);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Collector} which applies an {@code double}-producing
     * mapping function to each input element, and returns summary statistics
     * for the resulting values.
     *
     * @param  the type of the input elements
     * @param mapper a mapping function to apply to each element
     * @return a {@code Collector} implementing the summary-statistics reduction
     *
     * @see #summarizingLong(ToLongFunction)
     * @see #summarizingInt(ToIntFunction)
     */
    public static 
    Collector summarizingDouble(ToDoubleFunction mapper) {
        return new CollectorImpl(
                DoubleSummaryStatistics::new,
                (r, t) -> r.accept(mapper.applyAsDouble(t)),
                (l, r) -> { l.combine(r); return l; }, CH_ID);
    }

    /**
     * Implementation class used by partitioningBy.
     */
    private static final class Partition
            extends AbstractMap
            implements Map {
        final T forTrue;
        final T forFalse;

        Partition(T forTrue, T forFalse) {
            this.forTrue = forTrue;
            this.forFalse = forFalse;
        }

        @Override
        public Set> entrySet() {
            return new AbstractSet>() {
                @Override
                public Iterator> iterator() {
                    Map.Entry falseEntry = new SimpleImmutableEntry<>(false, forFalse);
                    Map.Entry trueEntry = new SimpleImmutableEntry<>(true, forTrue);
                    return Arrays.asList(falseEntry, trueEntry).iterator();
                }

                @Override
                public int size() {
                    return 2;
                }
            };
        }

        @Override
        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
            return key instanceof Boolean;
        }

        @Override
        public T get(Object key) {
            return (key instanceof Boolean)
                    ? (((Boolean) key).booleanValue() ? forTrue : forFalse)
                    : null;
        }

        @Override
        public int size() {
            return 2;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return false;
        }
    }
}




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