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The Apache Cassandra Project develops a highly scalable second-generation distributed database, bringing together Dynamo's fully distributed design and Bigtable's ColumnFamily-based data model.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.cassandra.db;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import com.google.common.base.Function;
import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.apache.cassandra.concurrent.Stage;
import org.apache.cassandra.concurrent.StageManager;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.*;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.commitlog.CommitLog;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.commitlog.CommitLogPosition;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.compaction.CompactionManager;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.lifecycle.SSTableSet;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.partitions.PartitionUpdate;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.view.ViewManager;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.WriteTimeoutException;
import org.apache.cassandra.index.Index;
import org.apache.cassandra.index.SecondaryIndexManager;
import org.apache.cassandra.index.transactions.UpdateTransaction;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable.format.SSTableReader;
import org.apache.cassandra.locator.AbstractReplicationStrategy;
import org.apache.cassandra.metrics.KeyspaceMetrics;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.KeyspaceMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.ReplicationParams;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.StorageService;
import org.apache.cassandra.tracing.Tracing;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.*;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.concurrent.OpOrder;
/**
* It represents a Keyspace.
*/
public class Keyspace
{
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Keyspace.class);
private static final String TEST_FAIL_WRITES_KS = System.getProperty("cassandra.test.fail_writes_ks", "");
private static final boolean TEST_FAIL_WRITES = !TEST_FAIL_WRITES_KS.isEmpty();
private static int TEST_FAIL_MV_LOCKS_COUNT = Integer.getInteger("cassandra.test.fail_mv_locks_count", 0);
public final KeyspaceMetrics metric;
// It is possible to call Keyspace.open without a running daemon, so it makes sense to ensure
// proper directories here as well as in CassandraDaemon.
static
{
if (DatabaseDescriptor.isDaemonInitialized() || DatabaseDescriptor.isToolInitialized())
DatabaseDescriptor.createAllDirectories();
}
private volatile KeyspaceMetadata metadata;
//OpOrder is defined globally since we need to order writes across
//Keyspaces in the case of Views (batchlog of view mutations)
public static final OpOrder writeOrder = new OpOrder();
/* ColumnFamilyStore per column family */
private final ConcurrentMap columnFamilyStores = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
private volatile AbstractReplicationStrategy replicationStrategy;
public final ViewManager viewManager;
private volatile ReplicationParams replicationParams;
public static final Function keyspaceTransformer = new Function()
{
public Keyspace apply(String keyspaceName)
{
return Keyspace.open(keyspaceName);
}
};
private static volatile boolean initialized = false;
public static void setInitialized()
{
initialized = true;
}
public static Keyspace open(String keyspaceName)
{
assert initialized || SchemaConstants.isLocalSystemKeyspace(keyspaceName);
return open(keyspaceName, Schema.instance, true);
}
// to only be used by org.apache.cassandra.tools.Standalone* classes
public static Keyspace openWithoutSSTables(String keyspaceName)
{
return open(keyspaceName, Schema.instance, false);
}
private static Keyspace open(String keyspaceName, Schema schema, boolean loadSSTables)
{
Keyspace keyspaceInstance = schema.getKeyspaceInstance(keyspaceName);
if (keyspaceInstance == null)
{
// instantiate the Keyspace. we could use putIfAbsent but it's important to making sure it is only done once
// per keyspace, so we synchronize and re-check before doing it.
synchronized (Keyspace.class)
{
keyspaceInstance = schema.getKeyspaceInstance(keyspaceName);
if (keyspaceInstance == null)
{
// open and store the keyspace
keyspaceInstance = new Keyspace(keyspaceName, loadSSTables);
schema.storeKeyspaceInstance(keyspaceInstance);
}
}
}
return keyspaceInstance;
}
public static Keyspace clear(String keyspaceName)
{
return clear(keyspaceName, Schema.instance);
}
public static Keyspace clear(String keyspaceName, Schema schema)
{
synchronized (Keyspace.class)
{
Keyspace t = schema.removeKeyspaceInstance(keyspaceName);
if (t != null)
{
for (ColumnFamilyStore cfs : t.getColumnFamilyStores())
t.unloadCf(cfs);
t.metric.release();
}
return t;
}
}
public static ColumnFamilyStore openAndGetStore(CFMetaData cfm)
{
return open(cfm.ksName).getColumnFamilyStore(cfm.cfId);
}
/**
* Removes every SSTable in the directory from the appropriate Tracker's view.
* @param directory the unreadable directory, possibly with SSTables in it, but not necessarily.
*/
public static void removeUnreadableSSTables(File directory)
{
for (Keyspace keyspace : Keyspace.all())
{
for (ColumnFamilyStore baseCfs : keyspace.getColumnFamilyStores())
{
for (ColumnFamilyStore cfs : baseCfs.concatWithIndexes())
cfs.maybeRemoveUnreadableSSTables(directory);
}
}
}
public void setMetadata(KeyspaceMetadata metadata)
{
this.metadata = metadata;
createReplicationStrategy(metadata);
}
public KeyspaceMetadata getMetadata()
{
return metadata;
}
public Collection getColumnFamilyStores()
{
return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(columnFamilyStores.values());
}
public ColumnFamilyStore getColumnFamilyStore(String cfName)
{
UUID id = Schema.instance.getId(getName(), cfName);
if (id == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("Unknown keyspace/cf pair (%s.%s)", getName(), cfName));
return getColumnFamilyStore(id);
}
public ColumnFamilyStore getColumnFamilyStore(UUID id)
{
ColumnFamilyStore cfs = columnFamilyStores.get(id);
if (cfs == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown CF " + id);
return cfs;
}
public boolean hasColumnFamilyStore(UUID id)
{
return columnFamilyStores.containsKey(id);
}
/**
* Take a snapshot of the specific column family, or the entire set of column families
* if columnFamily is null with a given timestamp
*
* @param snapshotName the tag associated with the name of the snapshot. This value may not be null
* @param columnFamilyName the column family to snapshot or all on null
* @param skipFlush Skip blocking flush of memtable
* @throws IOException if the column family doesn't exist
*/
public void snapshot(String snapshotName, String columnFamilyName, boolean skipFlush) throws IOException
{
assert snapshotName != null;
boolean tookSnapShot = false;
for (ColumnFamilyStore cfStore : columnFamilyStores.values())
{
if (columnFamilyName == null || cfStore.name.equals(columnFamilyName))
{
tookSnapShot = true;
cfStore.snapshot(snapshotName, skipFlush);
}
}
if ((columnFamilyName != null) && !tookSnapShot)
throw new IOException("Failed taking snapshot. Table " + columnFamilyName + " does not exist.");
}
/**
* Take a snapshot of the specific column family, or the entire set of column families
* if columnFamily is null with a given timestamp
*
* @param snapshotName the tag associated with the name of the snapshot. This value may not be null
* @param columnFamilyName the column family to snapshot or all on null
* @throws IOException if the column family doesn't exist
*/
public void snapshot(String snapshotName, String columnFamilyName) throws IOException
{
snapshot(snapshotName, columnFamilyName, false);
}
/**
* @param clientSuppliedName may be null.
* @return the name of the snapshot
*/
public static String getTimestampedSnapshotName(String clientSuppliedName)
{
String snapshotName = Long.toString(System.currentTimeMillis());
if (clientSuppliedName != null && !clientSuppliedName.equals(""))
{
snapshotName = snapshotName + "-" + clientSuppliedName;
}
return snapshotName;
}
public static String getTimestampedSnapshotNameWithPrefix(String clientSuppliedName, String prefix)
{
return prefix + "-" + getTimestampedSnapshotName(clientSuppliedName);
}
/**
* Check whether snapshots already exists for a given name.
*
* @param snapshotName the user supplied snapshot name
* @return true if the snapshot exists
*/
public boolean snapshotExists(String snapshotName)
{
assert snapshotName != null;
for (ColumnFamilyStore cfStore : columnFamilyStores.values())
{
if (cfStore.snapshotExists(snapshotName))
return true;
}
return false;
}
/**
* Clear all the snapshots for a given keyspace.
*
* @param snapshotName the user supplied snapshot name. It empty or null,
* all the snapshots will be cleaned
*/
public static void clearSnapshot(String snapshotName, String keyspace)
{
List snapshotDirs = Directories.getKSChildDirectories(keyspace, ColumnFamilyStore.getInitialDirectories());
Directories.clearSnapshot(snapshotName, snapshotDirs);
}
/**
* @return A list of open SSTableReaders
*/
public List getAllSSTables(SSTableSet sstableSet)
{
List list = new ArrayList<>(columnFamilyStores.size());
for (ColumnFamilyStore cfStore : columnFamilyStores.values())
Iterables.addAll(list, cfStore.getSSTables(sstableSet));
return list;
}
private Keyspace(String keyspaceName, boolean loadSSTables)
{
metadata = Schema.instance.getKSMetaData(keyspaceName);
assert metadata != null : "Unknown keyspace " + keyspaceName;
createReplicationStrategy(metadata);
this.metric = new KeyspaceMetrics(this);
this.viewManager = new ViewManager(this);
for (CFMetaData cfm : metadata.tablesAndViews())
{
logger.trace("Initializing {}.{}", getName(), cfm.cfName);
initCf(cfm, loadSSTables);
}
this.viewManager.reload();
}
private Keyspace(KeyspaceMetadata metadata)
{
this.metadata = metadata;
createReplicationStrategy(metadata);
this.metric = new KeyspaceMetrics(this);
this.viewManager = new ViewManager(this);
}
public static Keyspace mockKS(KeyspaceMetadata metadata)
{
return new Keyspace(metadata);
}
private void createReplicationStrategy(KeyspaceMetadata ksm)
{
replicationStrategy = AbstractReplicationStrategy.createReplicationStrategy(ksm.name,
ksm.params.replication.klass,
StorageService.instance.getTokenMetadata(),
DatabaseDescriptor.getEndpointSnitch(),
ksm.params.replication.options);
if (!ksm.params.replication.equals(replicationParams))
{
logger.debug("New replication settings for keyspace {} - invalidating disk boundary caches", ksm.name);
columnFamilyStores.values().forEach(ColumnFamilyStore::invalidateDiskBoundaries);
}
replicationParams = ksm.params.replication;
}
// best invoked on the compaction mananger.
public void dropCf(UUID cfId)
{
assert columnFamilyStores.containsKey(cfId);
ColumnFamilyStore cfs = columnFamilyStores.remove(cfId);
if (cfs == null)
return;
cfs.getCompactionStrategyManager().shutdown();
CompactionManager.instance.interruptCompactionForCFs(cfs.concatWithIndexes(), true);
// wait for any outstanding reads/writes that might affect the CFS
cfs.keyspace.writeOrder.awaitNewBarrier();
cfs.readOrdering.awaitNewBarrier();
unloadCf(cfs);
}
// disassociate a cfs from this keyspace instance.
private void unloadCf(ColumnFamilyStore cfs)
{
cfs.forceBlockingFlush();
cfs.invalidate();
}
/**
* Registers a custom cf instance with this keyspace.
* This is required for offline tools what use non-standard directories.
*/
public void initCfCustom(ColumnFamilyStore newCfs)
{
ColumnFamilyStore cfs = columnFamilyStores.get(newCfs.metadata.cfId);
if (cfs == null)
{
// CFS being created for the first time, either on server startup or new CF being added.
// We don't worry about races here; startup is safe, and adding multiple idential CFs
// simultaneously is a "don't do that" scenario.
ColumnFamilyStore oldCfs = columnFamilyStores.putIfAbsent(newCfs.metadata.cfId, newCfs);
// CFS mbean instantiation will error out before we hit this, but in case that changes...
if (oldCfs != null)
throw new IllegalStateException("added multiple mappings for cf id " + newCfs.metadata.cfId);
}
else
{
throw new IllegalStateException("CFS is already initialized: " + cfs.name);
}
}
/**
* adds a cf to internal structures, ends up creating disk files).
*/
public void initCf(CFMetaData metadata, boolean loadSSTables)
{
ColumnFamilyStore cfs = columnFamilyStores.get(metadata.cfId);
if (cfs == null)
{
// CFS being created for the first time, either on server startup or new CF being added.
// We don't worry about races here; startup is safe, and adding multiple idential CFs
// simultaneously is a "don't do that" scenario.
ColumnFamilyStore oldCfs = columnFamilyStores.putIfAbsent(metadata.cfId, ColumnFamilyStore.createColumnFamilyStore(this, metadata, loadSSTables));
// CFS mbean instantiation will error out before we hit this, but in case that changes...
if (oldCfs != null)
throw new IllegalStateException("added multiple mappings for cf id " + metadata.cfId);
}
else
{
// re-initializing an existing CF. This will happen if you cleared the schema
// on this node and it's getting repopulated from the rest of the cluster.
assert cfs.name.equals(metadata.cfName);
cfs.reload();
}
}
public CompletableFuture applyFuture(Mutation mutation, boolean writeCommitLog, boolean updateIndexes)
{
return applyInternal(mutation, writeCommitLog, updateIndexes, true, true, new CompletableFuture<>());
}
public CompletableFuture applyFuture(Mutation mutation, boolean writeCommitLog, boolean updateIndexes, boolean isDroppable,
boolean isDeferrable)
{
return applyInternal(mutation, writeCommitLog, updateIndexes, isDroppable, isDeferrable, new CompletableFuture<>());
}
public void apply(Mutation mutation, boolean writeCommitLog, boolean updateIndexes)
{
apply(mutation, writeCommitLog, updateIndexes, true);
}
public void apply(final Mutation mutation,
final boolean writeCommitLog)
{
apply(mutation, writeCommitLog, true, true);
}
/**
* If apply is blocking, apply must not be deferred
* Otherwise there is a race condition where ALL mutation workers are beeing blocked ending
* in a complete deadlock of the mutation stage. See CASSANDRA-12689.
*
* @param mutation the row to write. Must not be modified after calling apply, since commitlog append
* may happen concurrently, depending on the CL Executor type.
* @param writeCommitLog false to disable commitlog append entirely
* @param updateIndexes false to disable index updates (used by CollationController "defragmenting")
* @param isDroppable true if this should throw WriteTimeoutException if it does not acquire lock within write_request_timeout_in_ms
* @throws ExecutionException
*/
public void apply(final Mutation mutation,
final boolean writeCommitLog,
boolean updateIndexes,
boolean isDroppable)
{
applyInternal(mutation, writeCommitLog, updateIndexes, isDroppable, false, null);
}
/**
* This method appends a row to the global CommitLog, then updates memtables and indexes.
*
* @param mutation the row to write. Must not be modified after calling apply, since commitlog append
* may happen concurrently, depending on the CL Executor type.
* @param writeCommitLog false to disable commitlog append entirely
* @param updateIndexes false to disable index updates (used by CollationController "defragmenting")
* @param isDroppable true if this should throw WriteTimeoutException if it does not acquire lock within write_request_timeout_in_ms
* @param isDeferrable true if caller is not waiting for future to complete, so that future may be deferred
*/
private CompletableFuture applyInternal(final Mutation mutation,
final boolean writeCommitLog,
boolean updateIndexes,
boolean isDroppable,
boolean isDeferrable,
CompletableFuture future)
{
if (TEST_FAIL_WRITES && metadata.name.equals(TEST_FAIL_WRITES_KS))
throw new RuntimeException("Testing write failures");
Lock[] locks = null;
boolean requiresViewUpdate = updateIndexes && viewManager.updatesAffectView(Collections.singleton(mutation), false);
if (requiresViewUpdate)
{
mutation.viewLockAcquireStart.compareAndSet(0L, System.currentTimeMillis());
// the order of lock acquisition doesn't matter (from a deadlock perspective) because we only use tryLock()
Collection columnFamilyIds = mutation.getColumnFamilyIds();
Iterator idIterator = columnFamilyIds.iterator();
locks = new Lock[columnFamilyIds.size()];
for (int i = 0; i < columnFamilyIds.size(); i++)
{
UUID cfid = idIterator.next();
int lockKey = Objects.hash(mutation.key().getKey(), cfid);
while (true)
{
Lock lock = null;
if (TEST_FAIL_MV_LOCKS_COUNT == 0)
lock = ViewManager.acquireLockFor(lockKey);
else
TEST_FAIL_MV_LOCKS_COUNT--;
if (lock == null)
{
//throw WTE only if request is droppable
if (isDroppable && (System.currentTimeMillis() - mutation.createdAt) > DatabaseDescriptor.getWriteRpcTimeout())
{
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
locks[j].unlock();
logger.trace("Could not acquire lock for {} and table {}", ByteBufferUtil.bytesToHex(mutation.key().getKey()), columnFamilyStores.get(cfid).name);
Tracing.trace("Could not acquire MV lock");
if (future != null)
{
future.completeExceptionally(new WriteTimeoutException(WriteType.VIEW, ConsistencyLevel.LOCAL_ONE, 0, 1));
return future;
}
else
throw new WriteTimeoutException(WriteType.VIEW, ConsistencyLevel.LOCAL_ONE, 0, 1);
}
else if (isDeferrable)
{
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
locks[j].unlock();
// This view update can't happen right now. so rather than keep this thread busy
// we will re-apply ourself to the queue and try again later
final CompletableFuture mark = future;
StageManager.getStage(Stage.MUTATION).execute(() ->
applyInternal(mutation, writeCommitLog, true, isDroppable, true, mark)
);
return future;
}
else
{
// Retry lock on same thread, if mutation is not deferrable.
// Mutation is not deferrable, if applied from MutationStage and caller is waiting for future to finish
// If blocking caller defers future, this may lead to deadlock situation with all MutationStage workers
// being blocked by waiting for futures which will never be processed as all workers are blocked
try
{
// Wait a little bit before retrying to lock
Thread.sleep(10);
}
catch (InterruptedException e)
{
// Just continue
}
continue;
}
}
else
{
locks[i] = lock;
}
break;
}
}
long acquireTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - mutation.viewLockAcquireStart.get();
// Metrics are only collected for droppable write operations
// Bulk non-droppable operations (e.g. commitlog replay, hint delivery) are not measured
if (isDroppable)
{
for(UUID cfid : columnFamilyIds)
columnFamilyStores.get(cfid).metric.viewLockAcquireTime.update(acquireTime, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
}
}
int nowInSec = FBUtilities.nowInSeconds();
try (OpOrder.Group opGroup = writeOrder.start())
{
// write the mutation to the commitlog and memtables
CommitLogPosition commitLogPosition = null;
if (writeCommitLog)
{
Tracing.trace("Appending to commitlog");
commitLogPosition = CommitLog.instance.add(mutation);
}
for (PartitionUpdate upd : mutation.getPartitionUpdates())
{
ColumnFamilyStore cfs = columnFamilyStores.get(upd.metadata().cfId);
if (cfs == null)
{
logger.error("Attempting to mutate non-existant table {} ({}.{})", upd.metadata().cfId, upd.metadata().ksName, upd.metadata().cfName);
continue;
}
AtomicLong baseComplete = new AtomicLong(Long.MAX_VALUE);
if (requiresViewUpdate)
{
try
{
Tracing.trace("Creating materialized view mutations from base table replica");
viewManager.forTable(upd.metadata()).pushViewReplicaUpdates(upd, writeCommitLog, baseComplete);
}
catch (Throwable t)
{
JVMStabilityInspector.inspectThrowable(t);
logger.error(String.format("Unknown exception caught while attempting to update MaterializedView! %s.%s",
upd.metadata().ksName, upd.metadata().cfName), t);
throw t;
}
}
Tracing.trace("Adding to {} memtable", upd.metadata().cfName);
UpdateTransaction indexTransaction = updateIndexes
? cfs.indexManager.newUpdateTransaction(upd, opGroup, nowInSec)
: UpdateTransaction.NO_OP;
cfs.apply(upd, indexTransaction, opGroup, commitLogPosition);
if (requiresViewUpdate)
baseComplete.set(System.currentTimeMillis());
}
if (future != null) {
future.complete(null);
}
return future;
}
finally
{
if (locks != null)
{
for (Lock lock : locks)
if (lock != null)
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
public AbstractReplicationStrategy getReplicationStrategy()
{
return replicationStrategy;
}
public List> flush()
{
List> futures = new ArrayList<>(columnFamilyStores.size());
for (ColumnFamilyStore cfs : columnFamilyStores.values())
futures.add(cfs.forceFlush());
return futures;
}
public Iterable getValidColumnFamilies(boolean allowIndexes,
boolean autoAddIndexes,
String... cfNames) throws IOException
{
Set valid = new HashSet<>();
if (cfNames.length == 0)
{
// all stores are interesting
for (ColumnFamilyStore cfStore : getColumnFamilyStores())
{
valid.add(cfStore);
if (autoAddIndexes)
valid.addAll(getIndexColumnFamilyStores(cfStore));
}
return valid;
}
// include the specified stores and possibly the stores of any of their indexes
for (String cfName : cfNames)
{
if (SecondaryIndexManager.isIndexColumnFamily(cfName))
{
if (!allowIndexes)
{
logger.warn("Operation not allowed on secondary Index table ({})", cfName);
continue;
}
String baseName = SecondaryIndexManager.getParentCfsName(cfName);
String indexName = SecondaryIndexManager.getIndexName(cfName);
ColumnFamilyStore baseCfs = getColumnFamilyStore(baseName);
Index index = baseCfs.indexManager.getIndexByName(indexName);
if (index == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("Invalid index specified: %s/%s.",
baseCfs.metadata.cfName,
indexName));
if (index.getBackingTable().isPresent())
valid.add(index.getBackingTable().get());
}
else
{
ColumnFamilyStore cfStore = getColumnFamilyStore(cfName);
valid.add(cfStore);
if (autoAddIndexes)
valid.addAll(getIndexColumnFamilyStores(cfStore));
}
}
return valid;
}
private Set getIndexColumnFamilyStores(ColumnFamilyStore baseCfs)
{
Set stores = new HashSet<>();
for (ColumnFamilyStore indexCfs : baseCfs.indexManager.getAllIndexColumnFamilyStores())
{
logger.info("adding secondary index table {} to operation", indexCfs.metadata.cfName);
stores.add(indexCfs);
}
return stores;
}
public static Iterable all()
{
return Iterables.transform(Schema.instance.getKeyspaces(), keyspaceTransformer);
}
public static Iterable nonSystem()
{
return Iterables.transform(Schema.instance.getNonSystemKeyspaces(), keyspaceTransformer);
}
public static Iterable nonLocalStrategy()
{
return Iterables.transform(Schema.instance.getNonLocalStrategyKeyspaces(), keyspaceTransformer);
}
public static Iterable system()
{
return Iterables.transform(SchemaConstants.LOCAL_SYSTEM_KEYSPACE_NAMES, keyspaceTransformer);
}
@Override
public String toString()
{
return getClass().getSimpleName() + "(name='" + getName() + "')";
}
public String getName()
{
return metadata.name;
}
}