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The Apache Cassandra Project develops a highly scalable second-generation distributed database, bringing together Dynamo's fully distributed design and Bigtable's ColumnFamily-based data model.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.schema;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import com.google.common.base.Splitter;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.apache.cassandra.audit.AuditLogContext;
import org.apache.cassandra.audit.AuditLogEntryType;
import org.apache.cassandra.auth.Permission;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.DatabaseDescriptor;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.CQL3Type;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.CQLStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.ColumnIdentifier;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.QualifiedName;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.Keyspace;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.AbstractType;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
import org.apache.cassandra.gms.ApplicationState;
import org.apache.cassandra.gms.Gossiper;
import org.apache.cassandra.locator.InetAddressAndPort;
import org.apache.cassandra.net.MessagingService;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.ColumnMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.IndexMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.KeyspaceMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.Keyspaces;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.Keyspaces.KeyspacesDiff;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.TableMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.TableParams;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.ViewMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.Views;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.ClientState;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.StorageService;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.reads.repair.ReadRepairStrategy;
import org.apache.cassandra.transport.Event.SchemaChange;
import org.apache.cassandra.transport.Event.SchemaChange.Change;
import org.apache.cassandra.transport.Event.SchemaChange.Target;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.NoSpamLogger;
import static java.lang.String.format;
import static java.lang.String.join;
import static com.google.common.collect.Iterables.isEmpty;
import static com.google.common.collect.Iterables.transform;
import static org.apache.cassandra.schema.TableMetadata.Flag;
public abstract class AlterTableStatement extends AlterSchemaStatement
{
protected final String tableName;
public AlterTableStatement(String keyspaceName, String tableName)
{
super(keyspaceName);
this.tableName = tableName;
}
public Keyspaces apply(Keyspaces schema) throws UnknownHostException
{
KeyspaceMetadata keyspace = schema.getNullable(keyspaceName);
TableMetadata table = null == keyspace
? null
: keyspace.getTableOrViewNullable(tableName);
if (null == table)
throw ire("Table '%s.%s' doesn't exist", keyspaceName, tableName);
if (table.isView())
throw ire("Cannot use ALTER TABLE on a materialized view; use ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW instead");
return schema.withAddedOrUpdated(apply(keyspace, table));
}
SchemaChange schemaChangeEvent(KeyspacesDiff diff)
{
return new SchemaChange(Change.UPDATED, Target.TABLE, keyspaceName, tableName);
}
public void authorize(ClientState client)
{
client.ensureTablePermission(keyspaceName, tableName, Permission.ALTER);
}
@Override
public AuditLogContext getAuditLogContext()
{
return new AuditLogContext(AuditLogEntryType.ALTER_TABLE, keyspaceName, tableName);
}
public String toString()
{
return format("%s (%s, %s)", getClass().getSimpleName(), keyspaceName, tableName);
}
abstract KeyspaceMetadata apply(KeyspaceMetadata keyspace, TableMetadata table) throws UnknownHostException;
/**
* ALTER TABLE
ALTER TYPE ;
*
* No longer supported.
*/
public static class AlterColumn extends AlterTableStatement
{
AlterColumn(String keyspaceName, String tableName)
{
super(keyspaceName, tableName);
}
public KeyspaceMetadata apply(KeyspaceMetadata keyspace, TableMetadata table)
{
throw ire("Altering column types is no longer supported");
}
}
/**
* ALTER TABLE
ADD
* ALTER TABLE
ADD (, , ... )
*/
private static class AddColumns extends AlterTableStatement
{
private static class Column
{
private final ColumnIdentifier name;
private final CQL3Type.Raw type;
private final boolean isStatic;
Column(ColumnIdentifier name, CQL3Type.Raw type, boolean isStatic)
{
this.name = name;
this.type = type;
this.isStatic = isStatic;
}
}
private final Collection newColumns;
private AddColumns(String keyspaceName, String tableName, Collection newColumns)
{
super(keyspaceName, tableName);
this.newColumns = newColumns;
}
public KeyspaceMetadata apply(KeyspaceMetadata keyspace, TableMetadata table)
{
TableMetadata.Builder tableBuilder = table.unbuild();
Views.Builder viewsBuilder = keyspace.views.unbuild();
newColumns.forEach(c -> addColumn(keyspace, table, c, tableBuilder, viewsBuilder));
TableMetadata tableMetadata = tableBuilder.build();
tableMetadata.validate();
return keyspace.withSwapped(keyspace.tables.withSwapped(tableMetadata))
.withSwapped(viewsBuilder.build());
}
private void addColumn(KeyspaceMetadata keyspace,
TableMetadata table,
Column column,
TableMetadata.Builder tableBuilder,
Views.Builder viewsBuilder)
{
ColumnIdentifier name = column.name;
AbstractType type = column.type.prepare(keyspaceName, keyspace.types).getType();
boolean isStatic = column.isStatic;
if (null != tableBuilder.getColumn(name))
throw ire("Column with name '%s' already exists", name);
if (table.isCompactTable())
throw ire("Cannot add new column to a COMPACT STORAGE table");
if (isStatic && table.clusteringColumns().isEmpty())
throw ire("Static columns are only useful (and thus allowed) if the table has at least one clustering column");
ColumnMetadata droppedColumn = table.getDroppedColumn(name.bytes);
if (null != droppedColumn)
{
// After #8099, not safe to re-add columns of incompatible types - until *maybe* deser logic with dropped
// columns is pushed deeper down the line. The latter would still be problematic in cases of schema races.
if (!type.isSerializationCompatibleWith(droppedColumn.type))
{
throw ire("Cannot re-add previously dropped column '%s' of type %s, incompatible with previous type %s",
name,
type.asCQL3Type(),
droppedColumn.type.asCQL3Type());
}
if (droppedColumn.isStatic() != isStatic)
{
throw ire("Cannot re-add previously dropped column '%s' of kind %s, incompatible with previous kind %s",
name,
isStatic ? ColumnMetadata.Kind.STATIC : ColumnMetadata.Kind.REGULAR,
droppedColumn.kind);
}
// Cannot re-add a dropped counter column. See #7831.
if (table.isCounter())
throw ire("Cannot re-add previously dropped counter column %s", name);
}
if (isStatic)
tableBuilder.addStaticColumn(name, type);
else
tableBuilder.addRegularColumn(name, type);
if (!isStatic)
{
for (ViewMetadata view : keyspace.views.forTable(table.id))
{
if (view.includeAllColumns)
{
ColumnMetadata viewColumn = ColumnMetadata.regularColumn(view.metadata, name.bytes, type);
viewsBuilder.put(viewsBuilder.get(view.name()).withAddedRegularColumn(viewColumn));
}
}
}
}
}
/**
* ALTER TABLE
DROP
* ALTER TABLE
DROP ( , , ... )
*/
// TODO: swap UDT refs with expanded tuples on drop
private static class DropColumns extends AlterTableStatement
{
private final Set removedColumns;
private final Long timestamp;
private DropColumns(String keyspaceName, String tableName, Set removedColumns, Long timestamp)
{
super(keyspaceName, tableName);
this.removedColumns = removedColumns;
this.timestamp = timestamp;
}
public KeyspaceMetadata apply(KeyspaceMetadata keyspace, TableMetadata table)
{
TableMetadata.Builder builder = table.unbuild();
removedColumns.forEach(c -> dropColumn(keyspace, table, c, builder));
return keyspace.withSwapped(keyspace.tables.withSwapped(builder.build()));
}
private void dropColumn(KeyspaceMetadata keyspace, TableMetadata table, ColumnIdentifier column, TableMetadata.Builder builder)
{
ColumnMetadata currentColumn = table.getColumn(column);
if (null == currentColumn)
throw ire("Column %s was not found in table '%s'", column, table);
if (currentColumn.isPrimaryKeyColumn())
throw ire("Cannot drop PRIMARY KEY column %s", column);
/*
* Cannot allow dropping top-level columns of user defined types that aren't frozen because we cannot convert
* the type into an equivalent tuple: we only support frozen tuples currently. And as such we cannot persist
* the correct type in system_schema.dropped_columns.
*/
if (currentColumn.type.isUDT() && currentColumn.type.isMultiCell())
throw ire("Cannot drop non-frozen column %s of user type %s", column, currentColumn.type.asCQL3Type());
// TODO: some day try and find a way to not rely on Keyspace/IndexManager/Index to find dependent indexes
Set dependentIndexes = Keyspace.openAndGetStore(table).indexManager.getDependentIndexes(currentColumn);
if (!dependentIndexes.isEmpty())
{
throw ire("Cannot drop column %s because it has dependent secondary indexes (%s)",
currentColumn,
join(", ", transform(dependentIndexes, i -> i.name)));
}
if (!isEmpty(keyspace.views.forTable(table.id)))
throw ire("Cannot drop column %s on base table %s with materialized views", currentColumn, table.name);
builder.removeRegularOrStaticColumn(column);
builder.recordColumnDrop(currentColumn, getTimestamp());
}
/**
* @return timestamp from query, otherwise return current time in micros
*/
private long getTimestamp()
{
return timestamp == null ? ClientState.getTimestamp() : timestamp;
}
}
/**
* ALTER TABLE
RENAME TO ;
*/
private static class RenameColumns extends AlterTableStatement
{
private final Map renamedColumns;
private RenameColumns(String keyspaceName, String tableName, Map renamedColumns)
{
super(keyspaceName, tableName);
this.renamedColumns = renamedColumns;
}
public KeyspaceMetadata apply(KeyspaceMetadata keyspace, TableMetadata table)
{
TableMetadata.Builder tableBuilder = table.unbuild();
Views.Builder viewsBuilder = keyspace.views.unbuild();
renamedColumns.forEach((o, n) -> renameColumn(keyspace, table, o, n, tableBuilder, viewsBuilder));
return keyspace.withSwapped(keyspace.tables.withSwapped(tableBuilder.build()))
.withSwapped(viewsBuilder.build());
}
private void renameColumn(KeyspaceMetadata keyspace,
TableMetadata table,
ColumnIdentifier oldName,
ColumnIdentifier newName,
TableMetadata.Builder tableBuilder,
Views.Builder viewsBuilder)
{
ColumnMetadata column = table.getExistingColumn(oldName);
if (null == column)
throw ire("Column %s was not found in table %s", oldName, table);
if (!column.isPrimaryKeyColumn())
throw ire("Cannot rename non PRIMARY KEY column %s", oldName);
if (null != table.getColumn(newName))
{
throw ire("Cannot rename column %s to %s in table '%s'; another column with that name already exists",
oldName,
newName,
table);
}
// TODO: some day try and find a way to not rely on Keyspace/IndexManager/Index to find dependent indexes
Set dependentIndexes = Keyspace.openAndGetStore(table).indexManager.getDependentIndexes(column);
if (!dependentIndexes.isEmpty())
{
throw ire("Can't rename column %s because it has dependent secondary indexes (%s)",
oldName,
join(", ", transform(dependentIndexes, i -> i.name)));
}
for (ViewMetadata view : keyspace.views.forTable(table.id))
{
if (view.includes(oldName))
{
viewsBuilder.put(viewsBuilder.get(view.name()).withRenamedPrimaryKeyColumn(oldName, newName));
}
}
tableBuilder.renamePrimaryKeyColumn(oldName, newName);
}
}
/**
* ALTER TABLE
WITH =
*/
private static class AlterOptions extends AlterTableStatement
{
private final TableAttributes attrs;
private AlterOptions(String keyspaceName, String tableName, TableAttributes attrs)
{
super(keyspaceName, tableName);
this.attrs = attrs;
}
public KeyspaceMetadata apply(KeyspaceMetadata keyspace, TableMetadata table)
{
attrs.validate();
TableParams params = attrs.asAlteredTableParams(table.params);
if (table.isCounter() && params.defaultTimeToLive > 0)
throw ire("Cannot set default_time_to_live on a table with counters");
if (!isEmpty(keyspace.views.forTable(table.id)) && params.gcGraceSeconds == 0)
{
throw ire("Cannot alter gc_grace_seconds of the base table of a " +
"materialized view to 0, since this value is used to TTL " +
"undelivered updates. Setting gc_grace_seconds too low might " +
"cause undelivered updates to expire " +
"before being replayed.");
}
if (keyspace.createReplicationStrategy().hasTransientReplicas()
&& params.readRepair != ReadRepairStrategy.NONE)
{
throw ire("read_repair must be set to 'NONE' for transiently replicated keyspaces");
}
return keyspace.withSwapped(keyspace.tables.withSwapped(table.withSwapped(params)));
}
}
/**
* ALTER TABLE
DROP COMPACT STORAGE
*/
private static class DropCompactStorage extends AlterTableStatement
{
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AlterTableStatement.class);
private static final NoSpamLogger noSpamLogger = NoSpamLogger.getLogger(logger, 5L, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
private DropCompactStorage(String keyspaceName, String tableName)
{
super(keyspaceName, tableName);
}
public KeyspaceMetadata apply(KeyspaceMetadata keyspace, TableMetadata table)
{
if (!DatabaseDescriptor.enableDropCompactStorage())
throw new InvalidRequestException("DROP COMPACT STORAGE is disabled. Enable in cassandra.yaml to use.");
if (!table.isCompactTable())
throw AlterTableStatement.ire("Cannot DROP COMPACT STORAGE on table without COMPACT STORAGE");
validateCanDropCompactStorage();
Set flags = table.isCounter()
? ImmutableSet.of(Flag.COMPOUND, Flag.COUNTER)
: ImmutableSet.of(Flag.COMPOUND);
return keyspace.withSwapped(keyspace.tables.withSwapped(table.withSwapped(flags)));
}
/**
* Throws if DROP COMPACT STORAGE cannot be used (yet) because the cluster is not sufficiently upgraded. To be able
* to use DROP COMPACT STORAGE, we need to ensure that no pre-3.0 sstables exists in the cluster, as we won't be
* able to read them anymore once COMPACT STORAGE is dropped (see CASSANDRA-15897). In practice, this method checks
* 3 things:
* 1) that all nodes are on 3.0+. We need this because 2.x nodes don't advertise their sstable versions.
* 2) for 3.0+, we use the new (CASSANDRA-15897) sstables versions set gossiped by all nodes to ensure all
* sstables have been upgraded cluster-wise.
* 3) if the cluster still has some 3.0 nodes that predate CASSANDRA-15897, we will not have the sstable versions
* for them. In that case, we also refuse DROP COMPACT (even though it may well be safe at this point) and ask
* the user to upgrade all nodes.
*/
private void validateCanDropCompactStorage()
{
Set before4 = new HashSet<>();
Set preC15897nodes = new HashSet<>();
Set with2xSStables = new HashSet<>();
Splitter onComma = Splitter.on(',').omitEmptyStrings().trimResults();
for (InetAddressAndPort node : StorageService.instance.getTokenMetadata().getAllEndpoints())
{
if (MessagingService.instance().versions.knows(node) &&
MessagingService.instance().versions.getRaw(node) < MessagingService.VERSION_40)
{
before4.add(node);
continue;
}
String sstableVersionsString = Gossiper.instance.getApplicationState(node, ApplicationState.SSTABLE_VERSIONS);
if (sstableVersionsString == null)
{
preC15897nodes.add(node);
continue;
}
try
{
boolean has2xSStables = onComma.splitToList(sstableVersionsString)
.stream()
.anyMatch(v -> v.compareTo("big-ma")<=0);
if (has2xSStables)
with2xSStables.add(node);
}
catch (IllegalArgumentException e)
{
// Means VersionType::fromString didn't parse a version correctly. Which shouldn't happen, we shouldn't
// have garbage in Gossip. But crashing the request is not ideal, so we log the error but ignore the
// node otherwise.
noSpamLogger.error("Unexpected error parsing sstable versions from gossip for {} (gossiped value " +
"is '{}'). This is a bug and should be reported. Cannot ensure that {} has no " +
"non-upgraded 2.x sstables anymore. If after this DROP COMPACT STORAGE some old " +
"sstables cannot be read anymore, please use `upgradesstables` with the " +
"`--force-compact-storage-on` option.", node, sstableVersionsString, node);
}
}
if (!before4.isEmpty())
throw new InvalidRequestException(format("Cannot DROP COMPACT STORAGE as some nodes in the cluster (%s) " +
"are not on 4.0+ yet. Please upgrade those nodes and run " +
"`upgradesstables` before retrying.", before4));
if (!preC15897nodes.isEmpty())
throw new InvalidRequestException(format("Cannot guarantee that DROP COMPACT STORAGE is safe as some nodes " +
"in the cluster (%s) do not have https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-15897. " +
"Please upgrade those nodes and retry.", preC15897nodes));
if (!with2xSStables.isEmpty())
throw new InvalidRequestException(format("Cannot DROP COMPACT STORAGE as some nodes in the cluster (%s) " +
"has some non-upgraded 2.x sstables. Please run `upgradesstables` " +
"on those nodes before retrying", with2xSStables));
}
}
public static final class Raw extends CQLStatement.Raw
{
private enum Kind
{
ALTER_COLUMN, ADD_COLUMNS, DROP_COLUMNS, RENAME_COLUMNS, ALTER_OPTIONS, DROP_COMPACT_STORAGE
}
private final QualifiedName name;
private Kind kind;
// ADD
private final List addedColumns = new ArrayList<>();
// DROP
private final Set droppedColumns = new HashSet<>();
private Long timestamp = null; // will use execution timestamp if not provided by query
// RENAME
private final Map renamedColumns = new HashMap<>();
// OPTIONS
public final TableAttributes attrs = new TableAttributes();
public Raw(QualifiedName name)
{
this.name = name;
}
public AlterTableStatement prepare(ClientState state)
{
String keyspaceName = name.hasKeyspace() ? name.getKeyspace() : state.getKeyspace();
String tableName = name.getName();
switch (kind)
{
case ALTER_COLUMN: return new AlterColumn(keyspaceName, tableName);
case ADD_COLUMNS: return new AddColumns(keyspaceName, tableName, addedColumns);
case DROP_COLUMNS: return new DropColumns(keyspaceName, tableName, droppedColumns, timestamp);
case RENAME_COLUMNS: return new RenameColumns(keyspaceName, tableName, renamedColumns);
case ALTER_OPTIONS: return new AlterOptions(keyspaceName, tableName, attrs);
case DROP_COMPACT_STORAGE: return new DropCompactStorage(keyspaceName, tableName);
}
throw new AssertionError();
}
public void alter(ColumnIdentifier name, CQL3Type.Raw type)
{
kind = Kind.ALTER_COLUMN;
}
public void add(ColumnIdentifier name, CQL3Type.Raw type, boolean isStatic)
{
kind = Kind.ADD_COLUMNS;
addedColumns.add(new AddColumns.Column(name, type, isStatic));
}
public void drop(ColumnIdentifier name)
{
kind = Kind.DROP_COLUMNS;
droppedColumns.add(name);
}
public void dropCompactStorage()
{
kind = Kind.DROP_COMPACT_STORAGE;
}
public void timestamp(long timestamp)
{
this.timestamp = timestamp;
}
public void rename(ColumnIdentifier from, ColumnIdentifier to)
{
kind = Kind.RENAME_COLUMNS;
renamedColumns.put(from, to);
}
public void attrs()
{
this.kind = Kind.ALTER_OPTIONS;
}
}
}
