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The Apache Cassandra Project develops a highly scalable second-generation distributed database, bringing together Dynamo's fully distributed design and Bigtable's ColumnFamily-based data model.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.cassandra.utils;
/*
* BE ADVISED: New imports added here might introduce new dependencies for
* the clientutil jar. If in doubt, run the `ant test-clientutil-jar' target
* afterward, and ensure the tests still pass.
*/
import java.io.*;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.charset.CharacterCodingException;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.UUID;
import net.nicoulaj.compilecommand.annotations.Inline;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.TypeSizes;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.util.DataInputPlus;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.BufferType;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.util.DataOutputPlus;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.util.FileUtils;
/**
* Utility methods to make ByteBuffers less painful
* The following should illustrate the different ways byte buffers can be used
*
* public void testArrayOffet()
* {
*
* byte[] b = "test_slice_array".getBytes();
* ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
*
* assert bb.position() == 0;
* assert bb.limit() == 1024;
* assert bb.capacity() == 1024;
*
* bb.put(b);
*
* assert bb.position() == b.length;
* assert bb.remaining() == bb.limit() - bb.position();
*
* ByteBuffer bb2 = bb.slice();
*
* assert bb2.position() == 0;
*
* //slice should begin at other buffers current position
* assert bb2.arrayOffset() == bb.position();
*
* //to match the position in the underlying array one needs to
* //track arrayOffset
* assert bb2.limit()+bb2.arrayOffset() == bb.limit();
*
*
* assert bb2.remaining() == bb.remaining();
*
* }
*
* }
*
*/
public class ByteBufferUtil
{
public static final ByteBuffer EMPTY_BYTE_BUFFER = ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[0]);
/** Represents an unset value in bound variables */
public static final ByteBuffer UNSET_BYTE_BUFFER = ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[]{});
public static final ByteBuffer[] EMPTY_ARRAY = new ByteBuffer[0];
@Inline
public static int compareUnsigned(ByteBuffer o1, ByteBuffer o2)
{
return FastByteOperations.compareUnsigned(o1, o2);
}
@Inline
public static int compare(byte[] o1, ByteBuffer o2)
{
return FastByteOperations.compareUnsigned(o1, 0, o1.length, o2);
}
@Inline
public static int compare(ByteBuffer o1, byte[] o2)
{
return FastByteOperations.compareUnsigned(o1, o2, 0, o2.length);
}
public static int compare(ByteBuffer o1, int s1, int l1, byte[] o2)
{
return FastByteOperations.compareUnsigned(o1, s1, l1, o2, 0, o2.length);
}
public static int compare(byte[] o1, ByteBuffer o2, int s2, int l2)
{
return FastByteOperations.compareUnsigned(o1, 0, o1.length, o2, s2, l2);
}
/**
* Decode a String representation.
* This method assumes that the encoding charset is UTF_8.
*
* @param buffer a byte buffer holding the string representation
* @return the decoded string
*/
public static String string(ByteBuffer buffer) throws CharacterCodingException
{
return string(buffer, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
}
/**
* Decode a String representation.
* This method assumes that the encoding charset is UTF_8.
*
* @param buffer a byte buffer holding the string representation
* @param position the starting position in {@code buffer} to start decoding from
* @param length the number of bytes from {@code buffer} to use
* @return the decoded string
*/
public static String string(ByteBuffer buffer, int position, int length) throws CharacterCodingException
{
return string(buffer, position, length, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
}
/**
* Decode a String representation.
*
* @param buffer a byte buffer holding the string representation
* @param position the starting position in {@code buffer} to start decoding from
* @param length the number of bytes from {@code buffer} to use
* @param charset the String encoding charset
* @return the decoded string
*/
public static String string(ByteBuffer buffer, int position, int length, Charset charset) throws CharacterCodingException
{
ByteBuffer copy = buffer.duplicate();
copy.position(position);
copy.limit(copy.position() + length);
return string(copy, charset);
}
/**
* Decode a String representation.
*
* @param buffer a byte buffer holding the string representation
* @param charset the String encoding charset
* @return the decoded string
*/
public static String string(ByteBuffer buffer, Charset charset) throws CharacterCodingException
{
return charset.newDecoder().decode(buffer.duplicate()).toString();
}
/**
* You should almost never use this. Instead, use the write* methods to avoid copies.
*/
public static byte[] getArray(ByteBuffer buffer)
{
return getArray(buffer, buffer.position(), buffer.remaining());
}
/**
* You should almost never use this. Instead, use the write* methods to avoid copies.
*/
public static byte[] getArray(ByteBuffer buffer, int position, int length)
{
if (buffer.hasArray())
{
int boff = buffer.arrayOffset() + position;
return Arrays.copyOfRange(buffer.array(), boff, boff + length);
}
// else, DirectByteBuffer.get() is the fastest route
byte[] bytes = new byte[length];
ByteBuffer dup = buffer.duplicate();
dup.position(position).limit(position + length);
dup.get(bytes);
return bytes;
}
/**
* ByteBuffer adaptation of org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils.lastIndexOf method
*
* @param buffer the array to traverse for looking for the object, may be null
* @param valueToFind the value to find
* @param startIndex the start index (i.e. BB position) to travers backwards from
* @return the last index (i.e. BB position) of the value within the array
* [between buffer.position() and buffer.limit()]; -1 if not found.
*/
public static int lastIndexOf(ByteBuffer buffer, byte valueToFind, int startIndex)
{
assert buffer != null;
if (startIndex < buffer.position())
{
return -1;
}
else if (startIndex >= buffer.limit())
{
startIndex = buffer.limit() - 1;
}
for (int i = startIndex; i >= buffer.position(); i--)
{
if (valueToFind == buffer.get(i))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
/**
* Encode a String in a ByteBuffer using UTF_8.
*
* @param s the string to encode
* @return the encoded string
*/
public static ByteBuffer bytes(String s)
{
return ByteBuffer.wrap(s.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
}
/**
* Encode a String in a ByteBuffer using the provided charset.
*
* @param s the string to encode
* @param charset the String encoding charset to use
* @return the encoded string
*/
public static ByteBuffer bytes(String s, Charset charset)
{
return ByteBuffer.wrap(s.getBytes(charset));
}
/**
* @return a new copy of the data in @param buffer
* USUALLY YOU SHOULD USE ByteBuffer.duplicate() INSTEAD, which creates a new Buffer
* (so you can mutate its position without affecting the original) without copying the underlying array.
*/
public static ByteBuffer clone(ByteBuffer buffer)
{
assert buffer != null;
if (buffer.remaining() == 0)
return EMPTY_BYTE_BUFFER;
ByteBuffer clone = ByteBuffer.allocate(buffer.remaining());
if (buffer.hasArray())
{
System.arraycopy(buffer.array(), buffer.arrayOffset() + buffer.position(), clone.array(), 0, buffer.remaining());
}
else
{
clone.put(buffer.duplicate());
clone.flip();
}
return clone;
}
public static void copyBytes(ByteBuffer src, int srcPos, byte[] dst, int dstPos, int length)
{
FastByteOperations.copy(src, srcPos, dst, dstPos, length);
}
/**
* Transfer bytes from one ByteBuffer to another.
* This function acts as System.arrayCopy() but for ByteBuffers, and operates safely on direct memory.
*
* @param src the source ByteBuffer
* @param srcPos starting position in the source ByteBuffer
* @param dst the destination ByteBuffer
* @param dstPos starting position in the destination ByteBuffer
* @param length the number of bytes to copy
*/
public static void copyBytes(ByteBuffer src, int srcPos, ByteBuffer dst, int dstPos, int length)
{
FastByteOperations.copy(src, srcPos, dst, dstPos, length);
}
public static int put(ByteBuffer src, ByteBuffer trg)
{
int length = Math.min(src.remaining(), trg.remaining());
copyBytes(src, src.position(), trg, trg.position(), length);
trg.position(trg.position() + length);
src.position(src.position() + length);
return length;
}
public static void writeZeroes(ByteBuffer dest, int count)
{
if (count >= 8)
{
// align
while ((dest.position() & 0x7) != 0)
{
dest.put((byte) 0);
--count;
}
}
// write aligned longs
while (count >= 8)
{
dest.putLong(0L);
count -= 8;
}
// finish up
while (count > 0)
{
dest.put((byte) 0);
--count;
}
}
public static void writeWithLength(ByteBuffer bytes, DataOutputPlus out) throws IOException
{
out.writeInt(bytes.remaining());
out.write(bytes);
}
public static void writeWithVIntLength(ByteBuffer bytes, DataOutputPlus out) throws IOException
{
out.writeUnsignedVInt(bytes.remaining());
out.write(bytes);
}
public static void writeWithShortLength(ByteBuffer buffer, DataOutputPlus out) throws IOException
{
int length = buffer.remaining();
assert 0 <= length && length <= FBUtilities.MAX_UNSIGNED_SHORT
: String.format("Attempted serializing to buffer exceeded maximum of %s bytes: %s", FBUtilities.MAX_UNSIGNED_SHORT, length);
out.writeShort(length);
out.write(buffer);
}
public static ByteBuffer readWithLength(DataInput in) throws IOException
{
int length = in.readInt();
if (length < 0)
{
throw new IOException("Corrupt (negative) value length encountered");
}
return ByteBufferUtil.read(in, length);
}
public static ByteBuffer readWithVIntLength(DataInputPlus in) throws IOException
{
int length = (int)in.readUnsignedVInt();
if (length < 0)
throw new IOException("Corrupt (negative) value length encountered");
return ByteBufferUtil.read(in, length);
}
public static int serializedSizeWithLength(ByteBuffer buffer)
{
int size = buffer.remaining();
return TypeSizes.sizeof(size) + size;
}
public static int serializedSizeWithVIntLength(ByteBuffer buffer)
{
int size = buffer.remaining();
return TypeSizes.sizeofUnsignedVInt(size) + size;
}
public static void skipWithVIntLength(DataInputPlus in) throws IOException
{
int length = (int)in.readUnsignedVInt();
if (length < 0)
throw new IOException("Corrupt (negative) value length encountered");
in.skipBytesFully(length);
}
/* @return An unsigned short in an integer. */
public static int readShortLength(DataInput in) throws IOException
{
return in.readUnsignedShort();
}
/**
* @param in data input
* @return An unsigned short in an integer.
* @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
*/
public static ByteBuffer readWithShortLength(DataInput in) throws IOException
{
return ByteBufferUtil.read(in, readShortLength(in));
}
public static int serializedSizeWithShortLength(ByteBuffer buffer)
{
int size = buffer.remaining();
return TypeSizes.sizeof((short)size) + size;
}
/**
* @param in data input
* @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
*/
public static void skipShortLength(DataInputPlus in) throws IOException
{
int skip = readShortLength(in);
in.skipBytesFully(skip);
}
public static ByteBuffer read(DataInput in, int length) throws IOException
{
if (length == 0)
return EMPTY_BYTE_BUFFER;
byte[] buff = new byte[length];
in.readFully(buff);
return ByteBuffer.wrap(buff);
}
public static byte[] readBytes(DataInput in, int length) throws IOException
{
assert length > 0 : "length is not > 0: " + length;
byte[] bytes = new byte[length];
in.readFully(bytes);
return bytes;
}
public static byte[] readBytesWithLength(DataInput in) throws IOException
{
int length = in.readInt();
if (length < 0)
throw new IOException("Corrupt (negative) value length encountered");
return readBytes(in, length);
}
/**
* Convert a byte buffer to an integer.
* Does not change the byte buffer position.
*
* @param bytes byte buffer to convert to integer
* @return int representation of the byte buffer
*/
public static int toInt(ByteBuffer bytes)
{
return bytes.getInt(bytes.position());
}
/**
* Convert a byte buffer to a short.
* Does not change the byte buffer position.
*
* @param bytes byte buffer to convert to short
* @return short representation of the byte buffer
*/
public static short toShort(ByteBuffer bytes)
{
return bytes.getShort(bytes.position());
}
/**
* Convert a byte buffer to a short.
* Does not change the byte buffer position.
*
* @param bytes byte buffer to convert to byte
* @return byte representation of the byte buffer
*/
public static byte toByte(ByteBuffer bytes)
{
return bytes.get(bytes.position());
}
public static long toLong(ByteBuffer bytes)
{
return bytes.getLong(bytes.position());
}
public static float toFloat(ByteBuffer bytes)
{
return bytes.getFloat(bytes.position());
}
public static double toDouble(ByteBuffer bytes)
{
return bytes.getDouble(bytes.position());
}
public static ByteBuffer objectToBytes(Object obj)
{
if (obj instanceof Integer)
return ByteBufferUtil.bytes((int) obj);
else if (obj instanceof Byte)
return ByteBufferUtil.bytes((byte) obj);
else if (obj instanceof Short)
return ByteBufferUtil.bytes((short) obj);
else if (obj instanceof Long)
return ByteBufferUtil.bytes((long) obj);
else if (obj instanceof Float)
return ByteBufferUtil.bytes((float) obj);
else if (obj instanceof Double)
return ByteBufferUtil.bytes((double) obj);
else if (obj instanceof UUID)
return ByteBufferUtil.bytes((UUID) obj);
else if (obj instanceof InetAddress)
return ByteBufferUtil.bytes((InetAddress) obj);
else if (obj instanceof String)
return ByteBufferUtil.bytes((String) obj);
else if (obj instanceof ByteBuffer)
return (ByteBuffer) obj;
else
throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("Cannot convert value %s of type %s",
obj,
obj.getClass()));
}
public static ByteBuffer bytes(byte b)
{
return ByteBuffer.allocate(1).put(0, b);
}
public static ByteBuffer bytes(short s)
{
return ByteBuffer.allocate(2).putShort(0, s);
}
public static ByteBuffer bytes(int i)
{
return ByteBuffer.allocate(4).putInt(0, i);
}
public static ByteBuffer bytes(long n)
{
return ByteBuffer.allocate(8).putLong(0, n);
}
public static ByteBuffer bytes(float f)
{
return ByteBuffer.allocate(4).putFloat(0, f);
}
public static ByteBuffer bytes(double d)
{
return ByteBuffer.allocate(8).putDouble(0, d);
}
public static InputStream inputStream(ByteBuffer bytes)
{
final ByteBuffer copy = bytes.duplicate();
return new InputStream()
{
public int read()
{
if (!copy.hasRemaining())
return -1;
return copy.get() & 0xFF;
}
@Override
public int read(byte[] bytes, int off, int len)
{
if (!copy.hasRemaining())
return -1;
len = Math.min(len, copy.remaining());
copy.get(bytes, off, len);
return len;
}
@Override
public int available()
{
return copy.remaining();
}
};
}
/*
* Does not modify position or limit of buffer even temporarily
* so this is safe even without duplication.
*/
public static String bytesToHex(ByteBuffer bytes)
{
if (bytes.hasArray())
{
return Hex.bytesToHex(bytes.array(), bytes.arrayOffset() + bytes.position(), bytes.remaining());
}
final int offset = bytes.position();
final int size = bytes.remaining();
final char[] c = new char[size * 2];
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
final int bint = bytes.get(i+offset);
c[i * 2] = Hex.byteToChar[(bint & 0xf0) >> 4];
c[1 + i * 2] = Hex.byteToChar[bint & 0x0f];
}
return Hex.wrapCharArray(c);
}
public static ByteBuffer hexToBytes(String str)
{
return ByteBuffer.wrap(Hex.hexToBytes(str));
}
/**
* Compare two ByteBuffer at specified offsets for length.
* Compares the non equal bytes as unsigned.
* @param bytes1 First byte buffer to compare.
* @param offset1 Position to start the comparison at in the first array.
* @param bytes2 Second byte buffer to compare.
* @param offset2 Position to start the comparison at in the second array.
* @param length How many bytes to compare?
* @return -1 if byte1 is less than byte2, 1 if byte2 is less than byte1 or 0 if equal.
*/
public static int compareSubArrays(ByteBuffer bytes1, int offset1, ByteBuffer bytes2, int offset2, int length)
{
if (bytes1 == null)
return bytes2 == null ? 0 : -1;
if (bytes2 == null) return 1;
assert bytes1.limit() >= offset1 + length : "The first byte array isn't long enough for the specified offset and length.";
assert bytes2.limit() >= offset2 + length : "The second byte array isn't long enough for the specified offset and length.";
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
byte byte1 = bytes1.get(offset1 + i);
byte byte2 = bytes2.get(offset2 + i);
if (byte1 == byte2)
continue;
// compare non-equal bytes as unsigned
return (byte1 & 0xFF) < (byte2 & 0xFF) ? -1 : 1;
}
return 0;
}
public static ByteBuffer bytes(InetAddress address)
{
return ByteBuffer.wrap(address.getAddress());
}
public static ByteBuffer bytes(UUID uuid)
{
return ByteBuffer.wrap(UUIDGen.decompose(uuid));
}
// Returns whether {@code prefix} is a prefix of {@code value}.
public static boolean isPrefix(ByteBuffer prefix, ByteBuffer value)
{
if (prefix.remaining() > value.remaining())
return false;
int diff = value.remaining() - prefix.remaining();
return prefix.equals(value.duplicate().limit(value.remaining() - diff));
}
public static boolean canMinimize(ByteBuffer buf)
{
return buf != null && (buf.capacity() > buf.remaining() || !buf.hasArray());
}
/** trims size of bytebuffer to exactly number of bytes in it, to do not hold too much memory */
public static ByteBuffer minimalBufferFor(ByteBuffer buf)
{
return buf.capacity() > buf.remaining() || !buf.hasArray() ? ByteBuffer.wrap(getArray(buf)) : buf;
}
public static ByteBuffer[] minimizeBuffers(ByteBuffer[] src)
{
ByteBuffer[] dst = new ByteBuffer[src.length];
for (int i=0; i> 8) & 0xFF));
bb.put((byte) (length & 0xFF));
}
// changes bb position
public static ByteBuffer readBytes(ByteBuffer bb, int length)
{
ByteBuffer copy = bb.duplicate();
copy.limit(copy.position() + length);
bb.position(bb.position() + length);
return copy;
}
// changes bb position
public static ByteBuffer readBytesWithShortLength(ByteBuffer bb)
{
int length = readShortLength(bb);
return readBytes(bb, length);
}
/**
* Ensure {@code buf} is large enough for {@code outputLength}. If not, it is cleaned up and a new buffer is allocated;
* else; buffer has it's position/limit set appropriately.
*
* @param buf buffer to test the size of; may be null, in which case, a new buffer is allocated.
* @param outputLength the minimum target size of the buffer
* @param allowBufferResize true if resizing (reallocating) the buffer is allowed
* @return {@code buf} if it was large enough, else a newly allocated buffer.
*/
public static ByteBuffer ensureCapacity(ByteBuffer buf, int outputLength, boolean allowBufferResize)
{
BufferType bufferType = buf != null ? BufferType.typeOf(buf) : BufferType.ON_HEAP;
return ensureCapacity(buf, outputLength, allowBufferResize, bufferType);
}
/**
* Ensure {@code buf} is large enough for {@code outputLength}. If not, it is cleaned up and a new buffer is allocated;
* else; buffer has it's position/limit set appropriately.
*
* @param buf buffer to test the size of; may be null, in which case, a new buffer is allocated.
* @param outputLength the minimum target size of the buffer
* @param allowBufferResize true if resizing (reallocating) the buffer is allowed
* @param bufferType on- or off- heap byte buffer
* @return {@code buf} if it was large enough, else a newly allocated buffer.
*/
public static ByteBuffer ensureCapacity(ByteBuffer buf, int outputLength, boolean allowBufferResize, BufferType bufferType)
{
if (0 > outputLength)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid size for output buffer: " + outputLength);
if (buf == null || buf.capacity() < outputLength)
{
if (!allowBufferResize)
throw new IllegalStateException(String.format("output buffer is not large enough for data: current capacity %d, required %d", buf.capacity(), outputLength));
FileUtils.clean(buf);
buf = bufferType.allocate(outputLength);
}
else
{
buf.position(0).limit(outputLength);
}
return buf;
}
/**
* Check is the given buffer contains a given sub-buffer.
*
* @param buffer The buffer to search for sequence of bytes in.
* @param subBuffer The buffer to match.
*
* @return true if buffer contains sub-buffer, false otherwise.
*/
public static boolean contains(ByteBuffer buffer, ByteBuffer subBuffer)
{
int len = subBuffer.remaining();
if (buffer.remaining() - len < 0)
return false;
// adapted form the JDK's String.indexOf()
byte first = subBuffer.get(subBuffer.position());
int max = buffer.position() + (buffer.remaining() - len);
for (int i = buffer.position(); i <= max; i++)
{
/* Look for first character. */
if (buffer.get(i) != first)
{
while (++i <= max && buffer.get(i) != first)
{}
}
/* (maybe) Found first character, now look at the rest of v2 */
if (i <= max)
{
int j = i + 1;
int end = j + len - 1;
for (int k = 1 + subBuffer.position(); j < end && buffer.get(j) == subBuffer.get(k); j++, k++)
{}
if (j == end)
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static boolean startsWith(ByteBuffer src, ByteBuffer prefix)
{
return startsWith(src, prefix, 0);
}
public static boolean endsWith(ByteBuffer src, ByteBuffer suffix)
{
return startsWith(src, suffix, src.remaining() - suffix.remaining());
}
private static boolean startsWith(ByteBuffer src, ByteBuffer prefix, int offset)
{
if (offset < 0)
return false;
int sPos = src.position() + offset;
int pPos = prefix.position();
if (src.remaining() - offset < prefix.remaining())
return false;
int len = Math.min(src.remaining() - offset, prefix.remaining());
while (len-- > 0)
{
if (src.get(sPos++) != prefix.get(pPos++))
return false;
}
return true;
}
}
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