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The Apache Cassandra Project develops a highly scalable second-generation distributed database, bringing together Dynamo's fully distributed design and Bigtable's ColumnFamily-based data model.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.cassandra.auth;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import com.google.common.collect.HashBasedTable;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import com.google.common.collect.Table;
import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.DatabaseDescriptor;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.*;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.UntypedResultSet.Row;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.BatchStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.ModificationStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.ConsistencyLevel;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.UTF8Type;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.*;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.SchemaConstants;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.SelectStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.ClientState;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.QueryState;
import org.apache.cassandra.transport.messages.ResultMessage;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.Pair;
import static org.apache.cassandra.utils.Clock.Global.nanoTime;
/**
* CassandraAuthorizer is an IAuthorizer implementation that keeps
* user permissions internally in C* using the system_auth.role_permissions
* table.
*/
public class CassandraAuthorizer implements IAuthorizer
{
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CassandraAuthorizer.class);
private static final String ROLE = "role";
private static final String RESOURCE = "resource";
private static final String PERMISSIONS = "permissions";
private SelectStatement authorizeRoleStatement;
public CassandraAuthorizer()
{
}
// Returns every permission on the resource granted to the user either directly
// or indirectly via roles granted to the user.
public Set authorize(AuthenticatedUser user, IResource resource)
{
try
{
if (user.isSuper())
return resource.applicablePermissions();
Set permissions = EnumSet.noneOf(Permission.class);
// Even though we only care about the RoleResource here, we use getRoleDetails as
// it saves a Set creation in RolesCache
for (Role role: user.getRoleDetails())
addPermissionsForRole(permissions, resource, role.resource);
return permissions;
}
catch (RequestExecutionException | RequestValidationException e)
{
logger.debug("Failed to authorize {} for {}", user, resource);
throw new UnauthorizedException("Unable to perform authorization of permissions: " + e.getMessage(), e);
}
}
public Set grant(AuthenticatedUser performer, Set permissions, IResource resource, RoleResource grantee)
throws RequestValidationException, RequestExecutionException
{
String roleName = escape(grantee.getRoleName());
String resourceName = escape(resource.getName());
Set existingPermissions = getExistingPermissions(roleName, resourceName, permissions);
Set nonExistingPermissions = Sets.difference(permissions, existingPermissions);
if (!nonExistingPermissions.isEmpty())
{
modifyRolePermissions(nonExistingPermissions, resource, grantee, "+");
addLookupEntry(resource, grantee);
}
return nonExistingPermissions;
}
public Set revoke(AuthenticatedUser performer, Set permissions, IResource resource, RoleResource revokee)
throws RequestValidationException, RequestExecutionException
{
String roleName = escape(revokee.getRoleName());
String resourceName = escape(resource.getName());
Set existingPermissions = getExistingPermissions(roleName, resourceName, permissions);
if (!existingPermissions.isEmpty())
{
modifyRolePermissions(existingPermissions, resource, revokee, "-");
removeLookupEntry(resource, revokee);
}
return existingPermissions;
}
// Called when deleting a role with DROP ROLE query.
// Internal hook, so no permission checks are needed here.
// Executes a logged batch removing the granted premissions
// for the role as well as the entries from the reverse index
// table
public void revokeAllFrom(RoleResource revokee)
{
try
{
UntypedResultSet rows = process(String.format("SELECT resource FROM %s.%s WHERE role = '%s'",
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME,
AuthKeyspace.ROLE_PERMISSIONS,
escape(revokee.getRoleName())),
authReadConsistencyLevel());
List statements = new ArrayList<>();
for (UntypedResultSet.Row row : rows)
{
statements.add(
QueryProcessor.getStatement(String.format("DELETE FROM %s.%s WHERE resource = '%s' AND role = '%s'",
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME,
AuthKeyspace.RESOURCE_ROLE_INDEX,
escape(row.getString("resource")),
escape(revokee.getRoleName())),
ClientState.forInternalCalls()));
}
statements.add(QueryProcessor.getStatement(String.format("DELETE FROM %s.%s WHERE role = '%s'",
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME,
AuthKeyspace.ROLE_PERMISSIONS,
escape(revokee.getRoleName())),
ClientState.forInternalCalls()));
executeLoggedBatch(statements);
}
catch (RequestExecutionException | RequestValidationException e)
{
logger.warn(String.format("CassandraAuthorizer failed to revoke all permissions of %s", revokee.getRoleName()), e);
}
}
// Called after a resource is removed (DROP KEYSPACE, DROP TABLE, etc.).
// Execute a logged batch removing all the permissions for the resource
// as well as the index table entry
public void revokeAllOn(IResource droppedResource)
{
try
{
UntypedResultSet rows = process(String.format("SELECT role FROM %s.%s WHERE resource = '%s'",
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME,
AuthKeyspace.RESOURCE_ROLE_INDEX,
escape(droppedResource.getName())),
authReadConsistencyLevel());
List statements = new ArrayList<>();
for (UntypedResultSet.Row row : rows)
{
statements.add(QueryProcessor.getStatement(String.format("DELETE FROM %s.%s WHERE role = '%s' AND resource = '%s'",
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME,
AuthKeyspace.ROLE_PERMISSIONS,
escape(row.getString("role")),
escape(droppedResource.getName())),
ClientState.forInternalCalls()));
}
statements.add(QueryProcessor.getStatement(String.format("DELETE FROM %s.%s WHERE resource = '%s'",
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME,
AuthKeyspace.RESOURCE_ROLE_INDEX,
escape(droppedResource.getName())),
ClientState.forInternalCalls()));
executeLoggedBatch(statements);
}
catch (RequestExecutionException | RequestValidationException e)
{
logger.warn(String.format("CassandraAuthorizer failed to revoke all permissions on %s", droppedResource), e);
}
}
/**
* Checks that the specified role has at least one of the expected permissions on the resource.
*
* @param roleName the role name
* @param resourceName the resource name
* @param expectedPermissions the permissions to check for
* @return The existing permissions
*/
private Set getExistingPermissions(String roleName,
String resourceName,
Set expectedPermissions)
{
UntypedResultSet rs = process(String.format("SELECT permissions FROM %s.%s WHERE role = '%s' AND resource = '%s'",
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME,
AuthKeyspace.ROLE_PERMISSIONS,
roleName,
resourceName),
ConsistencyLevel.LOCAL_ONE);
if (rs.isEmpty())
return Collections.emptySet();
Row one = rs.one();
Set existingPermissions = Sets.newHashSetWithExpectedSize(expectedPermissions.size());
for (String permissionName : one.getSet("permissions", UTF8Type.instance))
{
Permission permission = Permission.valueOf(permissionName);
if (expectedPermissions.contains(permission))
existingPermissions.add(permission);
}
return existingPermissions;
}
private void executeLoggedBatch(List statements)
throws RequestExecutionException, RequestValidationException
{
BatchStatement batch = new BatchStatement(BatchStatement.Type.LOGGED,
VariableSpecifications.empty(),
Lists.newArrayList(Iterables.filter(statements, ModificationStatement.class)),
Attributes.none());
processBatch(batch);
}
// Add every permission on the resource granted to the role
private void addPermissionsForRole(Set permissions, IResource resource, RoleResource role)
throws RequestExecutionException, RequestValidationException
{
QueryOptions options = QueryOptions.forInternalCalls(authReadConsistencyLevel(),
Lists.newArrayList(ByteBufferUtil.bytes(role.getRoleName()),
ByteBufferUtil.bytes(resource.getName())));
ResultMessage.Rows rows = select(authorizeRoleStatement, options);
UntypedResultSet result = UntypedResultSet.create(rows.result);
if (!result.isEmpty() && result.one().has(PERMISSIONS))
{
for (String perm : result.one().getSet(PERMISSIONS, UTF8Type.instance))
{
permissions.add(Permission.valueOf(perm));
}
}
}
// Adds or removes permissions from a role_permissions table (adds if op is "+", removes if op is "-")
private void modifyRolePermissions(Set permissions, IResource resource, RoleResource role, String op)
throws RequestExecutionException
{
process(String.format("UPDATE %s.%s SET permissions = permissions %s {%s} WHERE role = '%s' AND resource = '%s'",
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME,
AuthKeyspace.ROLE_PERMISSIONS,
op,
"'" + StringUtils.join(permissions, "','") + "'",
escape(role.getRoleName()),
escape(resource.getName())),
authWriteConsistencyLevel());
}
// Removes an entry from the inverted index table (from resource -> role with defined permissions)
private void removeLookupEntry(IResource resource, RoleResource role) throws RequestExecutionException
{
process(String.format("DELETE FROM %s.%s WHERE resource = '%s' and role = '%s'",
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME,
AuthKeyspace.RESOURCE_ROLE_INDEX,
escape(resource.getName()),
escape(role.getRoleName())),
authWriteConsistencyLevel());
}
// Adds an entry to the inverted index table (from resource -> role with defined permissions)
private void addLookupEntry(IResource resource, RoleResource role) throws RequestExecutionException
{
process(String.format("INSERT INTO %s.%s (resource, role) VALUES ('%s','%s')",
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME,
AuthKeyspace.RESOURCE_ROLE_INDEX,
escape(resource.getName()),
escape(role.getRoleName())),
authWriteConsistencyLevel());
}
// 'grantee' can be null - in that case everyone's permissions have been requested. Otherwise, only single user's.
// If the 'performer' requesting 'LIST PERMISSIONS' is not a superuser OR their username doesn't match 'grantee' OR
// they have no permission to describe all roles OR they have no permission to describe 'grantee', then we throw
// UnauthorizedException.
public Set list(AuthenticatedUser performer,
Set permissions,
IResource resource,
RoleResource grantee)
throws RequestValidationException, RequestExecutionException
{
if (!performer.isSuper()
&& !performer.isSystem()
&& !performer.getRoles().contains(grantee)
&& !performer.getPermissions(RoleResource.root()).contains(Permission.DESCRIBE)
&& (grantee == null || !performer.getPermissions(grantee).contains(Permission.DESCRIBE)))
throw new UnauthorizedException(String.format("You are not authorized to view %s's permissions",
grantee == null ? "everyone" : grantee.getRoleName()));
if (null == grantee)
return listPermissionsForRole(permissions, resource, null);
Set roles = DatabaseDescriptor.getRoleManager().getRoles(grantee, true);
Set details = new HashSet<>();
for (RoleResource role : roles)
details.addAll(listPermissionsForRole(permissions, resource, role));
return details;
}
private Set listPermissionsForRole(Set permissions,
IResource resource,
RoleResource role)
throws RequestExecutionException
{
Set details = new HashSet<>();
for (UntypedResultSet.Row row : process(buildListQuery(resource, role), authReadConsistencyLevel()))
{
if (row.has(PERMISSIONS))
{
for (String p : row.getSet(PERMISSIONS, UTF8Type.instance))
{
Permission permission = Permission.valueOf(p);
if (permissions.contains(permission))
details.add(new PermissionDetails(row.getString(ROLE),
Resources.fromName(row.getString(RESOURCE)),
permission));
}
}
}
return details;
}
private String buildListQuery(IResource resource, RoleResource grantee)
{
List vars = Lists.newArrayList(SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME, AuthKeyspace.ROLE_PERMISSIONS);
List conditions = new ArrayList<>();
if (resource != null)
{
conditions.add("resource = '%s'");
vars.add(escape(resource.getName()));
}
if (grantee != null)
{
conditions.add(ROLE + " = '%s'");
vars.add(escape(grantee.getRoleName()));
}
String query = "SELECT " + ROLE + ", resource, permissions FROM %s.%s";
if (!conditions.isEmpty())
query += " WHERE " + StringUtils.join(conditions, " AND ");
if (resource != null && grantee == null)
query += " ALLOW FILTERING";
return String.format(query, vars.toArray());
}
public Set protectedResources()
{
return ImmutableSet.of(DataResource.table(SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME, AuthKeyspace.ROLE_PERMISSIONS));
}
public void validateConfiguration() throws ConfigurationException
{
}
public void setup()
{
authorizeRoleStatement = prepare(ROLE, AuthKeyspace.ROLE_PERMISSIONS);
}
private SelectStatement prepare(String entityname, String permissionsTable)
{
String query = String.format("SELECT permissions FROM %s.%s WHERE %s = ? AND resource = ?",
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME,
permissionsTable,
entityname);
return (SelectStatement) QueryProcessor.getStatement(query, ClientState.forInternalCalls());
}
// We only worry about one character ('). Make sure it's properly escaped.
private String escape(String name)
{
return StringUtils.replace(name, "'", "''");
}
ResultMessage.Rows select(SelectStatement statement, QueryOptions options)
{
return statement.execute(QueryState.forInternalCalls(), options, nanoTime());
}
/**
* This is exposed so we can override the consistency level for tests that are single node
*/
@VisibleForTesting
UntypedResultSet process(String query, ConsistencyLevel cl) throws RequestExecutionException
{
return QueryProcessor.process(query, cl);
}
void processBatch(BatchStatement statement)
{
QueryOptions options = QueryOptions.forInternalCalls(authWriteConsistencyLevel(), Collections.emptyList());
QueryProcessor.instance.processBatch(statement,
QueryState.forInternalCalls(),
BatchQueryOptions.withoutPerStatementVariables(options),
nanoTime());
}
public static ConsistencyLevel authWriteConsistencyLevel()
{
return AuthProperties.instance.getWriteConsistencyLevel();
}
public static ConsistencyLevel authReadConsistencyLevel()
{
return AuthProperties.instance.getReadConsistencyLevel();
}
/**
* Get an initial set of permissions to load into the PermissionsCache at startup
* @return map of User/Resource -> Permissions for cache initialisation
*/
public Supplier, Set>> bulkLoader()
{
return () ->
{
Map, Set> entries = new HashMap<>();
String cqlTemplate = "SELECT %s, %s, %s FROM %s.%s";
logger.info("Warming permissions cache from role_permissions table");
UntypedResultSet results = process(String.format(cqlTemplate,
ROLE, RESOURCE, PERMISSIONS,
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME, AuthKeyspace.ROLE_PERMISSIONS),
AuthProperties.instance.getReadConsistencyLevel());
// role_name -> (resource, permissions)
Table> individualRolePermissions = HashBasedTable.create();
results.forEach(row -> {
if (row.has(PERMISSIONS))
{
individualRolePermissions.put(row.getString(ROLE),
Resources.fromName(row.getString(RESOURCE)),
permissions(row.getSet(PERMISSIONS, UTF8Type.instance)));
}
});
// Iterate all user level roles in the system and accumulate the permissions of their granted roles
Roles.getAllRoles().forEach(roleResource -> {
// If the role has login priv, accumulate the permissions of all its granted roles
if (Roles.canLogin(roleResource))
{
// Structure to accumulate the resource -> permission mappings for the closure of granted roles
Map> userPermissions = new HashMap<>();
BiConsumer> accumulator = accumulator(userPermissions);
// For each role granted to this primary, lookup the specific resource/permissions grants
// we read in the first step. We'll accumlate those in the userPermissions map, which we'll turn
// into cache entries when we're done.
// Note: we need to provide a default empty set of permissions for roles without any explicitly
// granted to them (e.g. superusers or roles with no direct perms).
Roles.getRoleDetails(roleResource).forEach(grantedRole ->
individualRolePermissions.rowMap()
.getOrDefault(grantedRole.resource.getRoleName(), Collections.emptyMap())
.forEach(accumulator));
// Having iterated all the roles granted to this user, finalize the transitive permissions
// (i.e. turn them into entries for the PermissionsCache)
userPermissions.forEach((resource, builder) -> entries.put(cacheKey(roleResource, resource),
builder.build()));
}
});
return entries;
};
}
// Helper function to group the transitive set of permissions granted
// to user by the specific resources to which they apply
private static BiConsumer> accumulator(Map> accumulator)
{
return (resource, permissions) -> accumulator.computeIfAbsent(resource, k -> new ImmutableSet.Builder<>()).addAll(permissions);
}
private static Set permissions(Set permissionNames)
{
return permissionNames.stream().map(Permission::valueOf).collect(Collectors.toSet());
}
private static Pair cacheKey(RoleResource role, IResource resource)
{
return cacheKey(role.getRoleName(), resource);
}
private static Pair cacheKey(String roleName, IResource resource)
{
return Pair.create(new AuthenticatedUser(roleName), resource);
}
}
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