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The Apache Cassandra Project develops a highly scalable second-generation distributed database, bringing together Dynamo's fully distributed design and Bigtable's ColumnFamily-based data model.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.cassandra.auth;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.DatabaseDescriptor;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.ConsistencyLevel;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.RequestExecutionException;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.SchemaConstants;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.QueryOptions;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.QueryProcessor;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.UntypedResultSet;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.SelectStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.AuthenticationException;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.ConfigurationException;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.ClientState;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.QueryState;
import org.apache.cassandra.transport.messages.ResultMessage;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil;
import org.mindrot.jbcrypt.BCrypt;
import static org.apache.cassandra.auth.CassandraRoleManager.consistencyForRoleRead;
import static org.apache.cassandra.utils.Clock.Global.nanoTime;
/**
* PasswordAuthenticator is an IAuthenticator implementation
* that keeps credentials (rolenames and bcrypt-hashed passwords)
* internally in C* - in system_auth.roles CQL3 table.
* Since 2.2, the management of roles (creation, modification,
* querying etc is the responsibility of IRoleManager. Use of
* PasswordAuthenticator requires the use of CassandraRoleManager
* for storage and retrieval of encrypted passwords.
*/
public class PasswordAuthenticator implements IAuthenticator, AuthCache.BulkLoader
{
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PasswordAuthenticator.class);
/** We intentionally use an empty string sentinel to allow object equality comparison */
private static final String NO_SUCH_CREDENTIAL = "";
// name of the hash column.
private static final String SALTED_HASH = "salted_hash";
// really this is a rolename now, but as it only matters for Thrift, we leave it for backwards compatibility
public static final String USERNAME_KEY = "username";
public static final String PASSWORD_KEY = "password";
static final byte NUL = 0;
private SelectStatement authenticateStatement;
private final CredentialsCache cache;
public PasswordAuthenticator()
{
cache = new CredentialsCache(this);
AuthCacheService.instance.register(cache);
}
// No anonymous access.
public boolean requireAuthentication()
{
return true;
}
@Override
public Supplier> bulkLoader()
{
return () ->
{
Map entries = new HashMap<>();
logger.info("Pre-warming credentials cache from roles table");
UntypedResultSet results = process("SELECT role, salted_hash FROM system_auth.roles", CassandraAuthorizer.authReadConsistencyLevel());
results.forEach(row -> {
if (row.has("salted_hash"))
{
entries.put(row.getString("role"), row.getString("salted_hash"));
}
});
return entries;
};
}
public CredentialsCache getCredentialsCache()
{
return cache;
}
protected static boolean checkpw(String password, String hash)
{
try
{
return BCrypt.checkpw(password, hash);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
// Improperly formatted hashes may cause BCrypt.checkpw to throw, so trap any other exception as a failure
logger.warn("Error: invalid password hash encountered, rejecting user", e);
return false;
}
}
/**
* This is exposed so we can override the consistency level for tests that are single node
*/
@VisibleForTesting
UntypedResultSet process(String query, ConsistencyLevel cl)
{
return QueryProcessor.process(query, cl);
}
private AuthenticatedUser authenticate(String username, String password) throws AuthenticationException
{
String hash = cache.get(username);
// intentional use of object equality
if (hash == NO_SUCH_CREDENTIAL)
{
// The cache was unable to load credentials via queryHashedPassword, probably because the supplied
// rolename doesn't exist. If caching is enabled we will have now cached the sentinel value for that key
// so we should invalidate it otherwise the cache will continue to serve that until it expires which
// will be a problem if the role is added in the meantime.
//
// We can't just throw the AuthenticationException directly from queryHashedPassword for a similar reason:
// if an existing role is dropped and active updates are enabled for the cache, the refresh in
// CacheRefresher::run will log and swallow the exception and keep serving the stale credentials until they
// eventually expire.
//
// So whenever we encounter the sentinal value, here and also in CacheRefresher (if active updates are
// enabled), we manually expunge the key from the cache. If caching is not enabled, AuthCache::invalidate
// is a safe no-op.
cache.invalidateCredentials(username);
throw new AuthenticationException(String.format("Provided username %s and/or password are incorrect", username));
}
if (!checkpw(password, hash))
throw new AuthenticationException(String.format("Provided username %s and/or password are incorrect", username));
return new AuthenticatedUser(username);
}
private String queryHashedPassword(String username)
{
try
{
QueryOptions options = QueryOptions.forInternalCalls(consistencyForRoleRead(username),
Lists.newArrayList(ByteBufferUtil.bytes(username)));
ResultMessage.Rows rows = select(authenticateStatement, options);
// If either a non-existent role name was supplied, or no credentials
// were found for that role, we don't want to cache the result so we
// return a sentinel value. On receiving the sentinel, the caller can
// invalidate the cache and throw an appropriate exception.
if (rows.result.isEmpty())
return NO_SUCH_CREDENTIAL;
UntypedResultSet result = UntypedResultSet.create(rows.result);
if (!result.one().has(SALTED_HASH))
return NO_SUCH_CREDENTIAL;
return result.one().getString(SALTED_HASH);
}
catch (RequestExecutionException e)
{
throw new AuthenticationException("Unable to perform authentication: " + e.getMessage(), e);
}
}
@VisibleForTesting
ResultMessage.Rows select(SelectStatement statement, QueryOptions options)
{
return statement.execute(QueryState.forInternalCalls(), options, nanoTime());
}
public Set protectedResources()
{
// Also protected by CassandraRoleManager, but the duplication doesn't hurt and is more explicit
return ImmutableSet.of(DataResource.table(SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME, AuthKeyspace.ROLES));
}
public void validateConfiguration() throws ConfigurationException
{
}
public void setup()
{
String query = String.format("SELECT %s FROM %s.%s WHERE role = ?",
SALTED_HASH,
SchemaConstants.AUTH_KEYSPACE_NAME,
AuthKeyspace.ROLES);
authenticateStatement = prepare(query);
}
public AuthenticatedUser legacyAuthenticate(Map credentials) throws AuthenticationException
{
String username = credentials.get(USERNAME_KEY);
if (username == null)
throw new AuthenticationException(String.format("Required key '%s' is missing", USERNAME_KEY));
String password = credentials.get(PASSWORD_KEY);
if (password == null)
throw new AuthenticationException(String.format("Required key '%s' is missing for provided username %s", PASSWORD_KEY, username));
return authenticate(username, password);
}
public SaslNegotiator newSaslNegotiator(InetAddress clientAddress)
{
return new PlainTextSaslAuthenticator();
}
private static SelectStatement prepare(String query)
{
return (SelectStatement) QueryProcessor.getStatement(query, ClientState.forInternalCalls());
}
@VisibleForTesting
class PlainTextSaslAuthenticator implements SaslNegotiator
{
private boolean complete = false;
private String username;
private String password;
public byte[] evaluateResponse(byte[] clientResponse) throws AuthenticationException
{
decodeCredentials(clientResponse);
complete = true;
return null;
}
public boolean isComplete()
{
return complete;
}
public AuthenticatedUser getAuthenticatedUser() throws AuthenticationException
{
if (!complete)
throw new AuthenticationException("SASL negotiation not complete");
return authenticate(username, password);
}
/**
* SASL PLAIN mechanism specifies that credentials are encoded in a
* sequence of UTF-8 bytes, delimited by 0 (US-ASCII NUL).
* The form is : {code}authzIdauthnIdpassword{code}
* authzId is optional, and in fact we don't care about it here as we'll
* set the authzId to match the authnId (that is, there is no concept of
* a user being authorized to act on behalf of another with this IAuthenticator).
*
* @param bytes encoded credentials string sent by the client
* @throws org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.AuthenticationException if either the
* authnId or password is null
*/
private void decodeCredentials(byte[] bytes) throws AuthenticationException
{
logger.trace("Decoding credentials from client token");
byte[] user = null;
byte[] pass = null;
int end = bytes.length;
for (int i = bytes.length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
if (bytes[i] == NUL)
{
if (pass == null)
pass = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, i + 1, end);
else if (user == null)
user = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, i + 1, end);
else
throw new AuthenticationException("Credential format error: username or password is empty or contains NUL(\\0) character");
end = i;
}
}
if (pass == null || pass.length == 0)
throw new AuthenticationException("Password must not be null");
if (user == null || user.length == 0)
throw new AuthenticationException("Authentication ID must not be null");
username = new String(user, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
password = new String(pass, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
}
}
public static class CredentialsCache extends AuthCache implements CredentialsCacheMBean
{
private CredentialsCache(PasswordAuthenticator authenticator)
{
super(CACHE_NAME,
DatabaseDescriptor::setCredentialsValidity,
DatabaseDescriptor::getCredentialsValidity,
DatabaseDescriptor::setCredentialsUpdateInterval,
DatabaseDescriptor::getCredentialsUpdateInterval,
DatabaseDescriptor::setCredentialsCacheMaxEntries,
DatabaseDescriptor::getCredentialsCacheMaxEntries,
DatabaseDescriptor::setCredentialsCacheActiveUpdate,
DatabaseDescriptor::getCredentialsCacheActiveUpdate,
authenticator::queryHashedPassword,
authenticator.bulkLoader(),
() -> true,
(k,v) -> NO_SUCH_CREDENTIAL == v); // use a known object as a sentinel value. CacheRefresher will
// invalidate the key if the sentinel is loaded during a refresh
}
public void invalidateCredentials(String roleName)
{
invalidate(roleName);
}
}
public static interface CredentialsCacheMBean extends AuthCacheMBean
{
public static final String CACHE_NAME = "CredentialsCache";
public void invalidateCredentials(String roleName);
}
}
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