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/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.cassandra.db;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.function.ToIntFunction;
import org.apache.cassandra.cache.IMeasurableMemory;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.*;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.ByteArrayAccessor;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.ByteBufferAccessor;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.CompositeType;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.ValueAccessor;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.rows.*;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.AbstractType;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.util.DataInputPlus;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.util.DataOutputPlus;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.TableMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteArrayUtil;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.FBUtilities;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.bytecomparable.ByteComparable.Version;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.bytecomparable.ByteSource;
/**
* A clustering prefix is the unit of what a {@link ClusteringComparator} can compare.
*
* It holds values for the clustering columns of a table (potentially only a prefix of all of them) and has
* a "kind" that allows us to implement slices with inclusive and exclusive bounds.
*
* In practice, {@code ClusteringPrefix} is just the common parts to its 3 main subtype: {@link Clustering} and
* {@link ClusteringBound}/{@link ClusteringBoundary}, where:
* 1) {@code Clustering} represents the clustering values for a row, i.e. the values for it's clustering columns.
* 2) {@code ClusteringBound} represents a bound (start or end) of a slice (of rows) or a range tombstone.
* 3) {@code ClusteringBoundary} represents the threshold between two adjacent range tombstones.
* See those classes for more details.
*/
public interface ClusteringPrefix extends IMeasurableMemory, Clusterable
{
public static final Serializer serializer = new Serializer();
/**
* The kind of clustering prefix this actually is.
*
* The kind {@code STATIC_CLUSTERING} is only implemented by {@link Clustering#STATIC_CLUSTERING} and {@code CLUSTERING} is
* implemented by the {@link Clustering} class. The rest is used by {@link ClusteringBound} and {@link ClusteringBoundary}.
*/
public enum Kind
{
// WARNING: the ordering of that enum matters because we use ordinal() in the serialization
// @formatter:off
EXCL_END_BOUND ( 0, -1, v -> ByteSource.LT_NEXT_COMPONENT),
INCL_START_BOUND ( 0, -1, v -> ByteSource.LT_NEXT_COMPONENT),
EXCL_END_INCL_START_BOUNDARY ( 0, -1, v -> ByteSource.LT_NEXT_COMPONENT),
STATIC_CLUSTERING ( 1, -1, v -> v == Version.LEGACY ? ByteSource.LT_NEXT_COMPONENT + 1
: ByteSource.EXCLUDED),
CLUSTERING ( 2, 0, v -> v == Version.LEGACY ? ByteSource.NEXT_COMPONENT
: ByteSource.TERMINATOR),
INCL_END_EXCL_START_BOUNDARY ( 3, 1, v -> ByteSource.GT_NEXT_COMPONENT),
INCL_END_BOUND ( 3, 1, v -> ByteSource.GT_NEXT_COMPONENT),
EXCL_START_BOUND ( 3, 1, v -> ByteSource.GT_NEXT_COMPONENT),
SSTABLE_LOWER_BOUND (-1, -1, v -> ByteSource.LTLT_NEXT_COMPONENT),
SSTABLE_UPPER_BOUND ( 4, 1, v -> ByteSource.GTGT_NEXT_COMPONENT);
// @formatter:on
private final int comparison;
/**
* Return the comparison of this kind to CLUSTERING.
* For bounds/boundaries, this basically tells us if we sort before or after our clustering values.
*/
public final int comparedToClustering;
public final ToIntFunction asByteComparable;
Kind(int comparison, int comparedToClustering, ToIntFunction asByteComparable)
{
this.comparison = comparison;
this.comparedToClustering = comparedToClustering;
this.asByteComparable = asByteComparable;
}
/**
* Compares the 2 provided kind.
*
* Note: this should be used instead of {@link #compareTo} when comparing clustering prefixes. We do
* not override that latter method because it is final for an enum.
*/
public static int compare(Kind k1, Kind k2)
{
return Integer.compare(k1.comparison, k2.comparison);
}
/**
* Returns the inverse of the current kind.
*
* This invert both start into end (and vice-versa) and inclusive into exclusive (and vice-versa).
*
* @return the invert of this kind. For instance, if this kind is an exlusive start, this return
* an inclusive end.
*/
public Kind invert()
{
switch (this)
{
case EXCL_START_BOUND: return INCL_END_BOUND;
case INCL_START_BOUND: return EXCL_END_BOUND;
case EXCL_END_BOUND: return INCL_START_BOUND;
case INCL_END_BOUND: return EXCL_START_BOUND;
case EXCL_END_INCL_START_BOUNDARY: return INCL_END_EXCL_START_BOUNDARY;
case INCL_END_EXCL_START_BOUNDARY: return EXCL_END_INCL_START_BOUNDARY;
default: return this;
}
}
public boolean isBound()
{
switch (this)
{
case INCL_START_BOUND:
case INCL_END_BOUND:
case EXCL_START_BOUND:
case EXCL_END_BOUND:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
public boolean isBoundary()
{
switch (this)
{
case INCL_END_EXCL_START_BOUNDARY:
case EXCL_END_INCL_START_BOUNDARY:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
public boolean isStart()
{
switch (this)
{
case INCL_START_BOUND:
case EXCL_END_INCL_START_BOUNDARY:
case INCL_END_EXCL_START_BOUNDARY:
case EXCL_START_BOUND:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
public boolean isEnd()
{
switch (this)
{
case INCL_END_BOUND:
case EXCL_END_INCL_START_BOUNDARY:
case INCL_END_EXCL_START_BOUNDARY:
case EXCL_END_BOUND:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
public boolean isOpen(boolean reversed)
{
return isBoundary() || (reversed ? isEnd() : isStart());
}
public boolean isClose(boolean reversed)
{
return isBoundary() || (reversed ? isStart() : isEnd());
}
public Kind closeBoundOfBoundary(boolean reversed)
{
assert isBoundary();
return reversed
? (this == INCL_END_EXCL_START_BOUNDARY ? EXCL_START_BOUND : INCL_START_BOUND)
: (this == INCL_END_EXCL_START_BOUNDARY ? INCL_END_BOUND : EXCL_END_BOUND);
}
public Kind openBoundOfBoundary(boolean reversed)
{
assert isBoundary();
return reversed
? (this == INCL_END_EXCL_START_BOUNDARY ? INCL_END_BOUND : EXCL_END_BOUND)
: (this == INCL_END_EXCL_START_BOUNDARY ? EXCL_START_BOUND : INCL_START_BOUND);
}
/*
* Returns a terminator value for this clustering type that is suitable for byte comparison.
* Inclusive starts / exclusive ends need a lower value than ByteSource.NEXT_COMPONENT and the clustering byte,
* exclusive starts / inclusive ends -- a higher.
*/
public int asByteComparableValue(Version version)
{
return asByteComparable.applyAsInt(version);
}
}
default boolean isBottom()
{
return kind() == Kind.INCL_START_BOUND && size() == 0;
}
default boolean isTop()
{
return kind() == Kind.INCL_END_BOUND && size() == 0;
}
public Kind kind();
/**
* The number of values in this prefix.
*
* There can't be more values that the this is a prefix of has of clustering columns.
*
* @return the number of values in this prefix.
*/
public int size();
default boolean isEmpty()
{
return size() == 0;
}
/**
* Retrieves the ith value of this prefix.
*
* @param i the index of the value to retrieve. Must be such that {@code 0 <= i < size()}.
*
* @return the ith value of this prefix. Note that a value can be {@code null}.
*/
public V get(int i);
public ValueAccessor accessor();
default ByteBuffer bufferAt(int i)
{
return accessor().toBuffer(get(i));
}
default String stringAt(int i, ClusteringComparator comparator)
{
return comparator.subtype(i).getString(get(i), accessor());
}
default void validate()
{
ValueAccessor accessor = accessor();
int sum = 0;
for (V v : getRawValues())
{
if (v != null && accessor.size(v) > FBUtilities.MAX_UNSIGNED_SHORT)
throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Key length of %d is longer than maximum of %d",
dataSize(),
FBUtilities.MAX_UNSIGNED_SHORT));
sum += v == null ? 0 : accessor.size(v);
}
if (sum > FBUtilities.MAX_UNSIGNED_SHORT)
throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Key length of %d is longer than maximum of %d",
sum,
FBUtilities.MAX_UNSIGNED_SHORT));
}
default void validate(int i, ClusteringComparator comparator)
{
comparator.subtype(i).validate(get(i), accessor());
}
/**
* Adds the data of this clustering prefix to the provided Digest instance.
*
* @param digest the Digest instance to which to add this prefix.
*/
default void digest(Digest digest)
{
for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++)
{
V value = get(i);
if (value != null)
digest.update(value, accessor());
}
digest.updateWithByte(kind().ordinal());
}
/**
* The size of the data hold by this prefix.
*
* @return the size of the data hold by this prefix (this is not the size of the object in memory, just
* the size of the data it stores).
*/
default int dataSize()
{
int size = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++)
{
V v = get(i);
size += v == null ? 0 : accessor().size(v);
}
return size;
}
/**
* Generates a proper string representation of the prefix.
*
* @param metadata the metadata for the table the clustering prefix is of.
* @return a human-readable string representation fo this prefix.
*/
public String toString(TableMetadata metadata);
/**
* Returns this prefix as a start bound.
* If this prefix is a bound, just returns it asserting that it is a start bound.
* If this prefix is a clustering, returns an included start bound.
* If this prefix is a boundary, returns an open bound of it
*/
ClusteringBound asStartBound();
/**
* Returns this prefix as an end bound.
* If this prefix is a bound, just returns it asserting that it is an end bound.
* If this prefix is a clustering, returns an included end bound.
* In this prefix is a boundary, returns a close bound of it.
*/
ClusteringBound asEndBound();
/*
* TODO: we should stop using Clustering for partition keys. Maybe we can add
* a few methods to DecoratedKey so we don't have to (note that while using a Clustering
* allows to use buildBound(), it's actually used for partition keys only when every restriction
* is an equal, so we could easily create a specific method for keys for that.
*/
default ByteBuffer serializeAsPartitionKey()
{
if (size() == 1)
return accessor().toBuffer(get(0));
ByteBuffer[] values = new ByteBuffer[size()];
for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++)
values[i] = accessor().toBuffer(get(i));
return CompositeType.build(ByteBufferAccessor.instance, values);
}
/**
* Produce a human-readable representation of the clustering given the list of types.
* Easier to access than metadata for debugging.
*/
public default String clusteringString(List> types)
{
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.append(kind()).append('(');
for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++)
{
if (i > 0)
sb.append(", ");
sb.append(types.get(i).getString(get(i), accessor()));
}
return sb.append(')').toString();
}
/**
* The values of this prefix as an array.
*
* Please note that this may or may not require an array creation. So 1) you should *not*
* modify the returned array and 2) it's more efficient to use {@link #size()} and
* {@link #get} unless you actually need an array.
*
* @return the values for this prefix as an array.
*/
public V[] getRawValues();
public ByteBuffer[] getBufferArray();
/**
* Return the key in a form that can be retained for longer-term use. This means extracting keys stored in shared
* memory (i.e. in memtables) to minimized on-heap versions.
* If the object is already in minimal form, no action will be taken.
*/
public ClusteringPrefix retainable();
public static class Serializer
{
public void serialize(ClusteringPrefix clustering, DataOutputPlus out, int version, List> types) throws IOException
{
// We shouldn't serialize static clusterings
assert clustering.kind() != Kind.STATIC_CLUSTERING;
if (clustering.kind() == Kind.CLUSTERING)
{
out.writeByte(clustering.kind().ordinal());
Clustering.serializer.serialize((Clustering)clustering, out, version, types);
}
else
{
ClusteringBoundOrBoundary.serializer.serialize((ClusteringBoundOrBoundary)clustering, out, version, types);
}
}
public void skip(DataInputPlus in, int version, List> types) throws IOException
{
Kind kind = Kind.values()[in.readByte()];
// We shouldn't serialize static clusterings
assert kind != Kind.STATIC_CLUSTERING;
if (kind == Kind.CLUSTERING)
Clustering.serializer.skip(in, version, types);
else
ClusteringBoundOrBoundary.serializer.skipValues(in, kind, version, types);
}
public ClusteringPrefix deserialize(DataInputPlus in, int version, List> types) throws IOException
{
Kind kind = Kind.values()[in.readByte()];
// We shouldn't serialize static clusterings
assert kind != Kind.STATIC_CLUSTERING;
if (kind == Kind.CLUSTERING)
return Clustering.serializer.deserialize(in, version, types);
else
return ClusteringBoundOrBoundary.serializer.deserializeValues(in, kind, version, types);
}
public long serializedSize(ClusteringPrefix clustering, int version, List> types)
{
// We shouldn't serialize static clusterings
assert clustering.kind() != Kind.STATIC_CLUSTERING;
if (clustering.kind() == Kind.CLUSTERING)
return 1 + Clustering.serializer.serializedSize((Clustering)clustering, version, types);
else
return ClusteringBoundOrBoundary.serializer.serializedSize((ClusteringBoundOrBoundary)clustering, version, types);
}
void serializeValuesWithoutSize(ClusteringPrefix clustering, DataOutputPlus out, int version, List> types) throws IOException
{
int offset = 0;
int clusteringSize = clustering.size();
ValueAccessor accessor = clustering.accessor();
// serialize in batches of 32, to avoid garbage when deserializing headers
while (offset < clusteringSize)
{
// we micro-batch the headers, so that we can incur fewer method calls,
// and generate no garbage on deserialization;
// we piggyback on vint encoding so that, typically, only 1 byte is used per 32 clustering values,
// i.e. more than we ever expect to see
int limit = Math.min(clusteringSize, offset + 32);
out.writeUnsignedVInt(makeHeader(clustering, offset, limit));
while (offset < limit)
{
V v = clustering.get(offset);
if (v != null && !accessor.isEmpty(v))
types.get(offset).writeValue(v, accessor, out);
offset++;
}
}
}
long valuesWithoutSizeSerializedSize(ClusteringPrefix clustering, int version, List> types)
{
long result = 0;
int offset = 0;
int clusteringSize = clustering.size();
while (offset < clusteringSize)
{
int limit = Math.min(clusteringSize, offset + 32);
result += TypeSizes.sizeofUnsignedVInt(makeHeader(clustering, offset, limit));
offset = limit;
}
ValueAccessor accessor = clustering.accessor();
for (int i = 0; i < clusteringSize; i++)
{
V v = clustering.get(i);
if (v == null || accessor.isEmpty(v))
continue; // handled in the header
result += types.get(i).writtenLength(v, accessor);
}
return result;
}
byte[][] deserializeValuesWithoutSize(DataInputPlus in, int size, int version, List> types) throws IOException
{
// Callers of this method should handle the case where size = 0 (in all case we want to return a special value anyway).
assert size > 0;
byte[][] values = new byte[size][];
int offset = 0;
while (offset < size)
{
long header = in.readUnsignedVInt();
int limit = Math.min(size, offset + 32);
while (offset < limit)
{
values[offset] = isNull(header, offset)
? null
: (isEmpty(header, offset) ? ByteArrayUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY
: types.get(offset).readArray(in, DatabaseDescriptor.getMaxValueSize()));
offset++;
}
}
return values;
}
void skipValuesWithoutSize(DataInputPlus in, int size, int version, List> types) throws IOException
{
// Callers of this method should handle the case where size = 0 (in all case we want to return a special value anyway).
assert size > 0;
int offset = 0;
while (offset < size)
{
long header = in.readUnsignedVInt();
int limit = Math.min(size, offset + 32);
while (offset < limit)
{
if (!isNull(header, offset) && !isEmpty(header, offset))
types.get(offset).skipValue(in);
offset++;
}
}
}
/**
* Whatever the type of a given clustering column is, its value can always be either empty or null. So we at least need to distinguish those
* 2 values, and because we want to be able to store fixed width values without appending their (fixed) size first, we need a way to encode
* empty values too. So for that, every clustering prefix includes a "header" that contains 2 bits per element in the prefix. For each element,
* those 2 bits encode whether the element is null, empty, or none of those.
*/
private static long makeHeader(ClusteringPrefix clustering, int offset, int limit)
{
long header = 0;
ValueAccessor accessor = clustering.accessor();
for (int i = offset ; i < limit ; i++)
{
V v = clustering.get(i);
// no need to do modulo arithmetic for i, since the left-shift execute on the modulus of RH operand by definition
if (v == null)
header |= (1L << (i * 2) + 1);
else if (accessor.isEmpty(v))
header |= (1L << (i * 2));
}
return header;
}
// no need to do modulo arithmetic for i, since the left-shift execute on the modulus of RH operand by definition
private static boolean isNull(long header, int i)
{
long mask = 1L << (i * 2) + 1;
return (header & mask) != 0;
}
// no need to do modulo arithmetic for i, since the left-shift execute on the modulus of RH operand by definition
private static boolean isEmpty(long header, int i)
{
long mask = 1L << (i * 2);
return (header & mask) != 0;
}
}
/**
* Helper class that makes the deserialization of clustering prefixes faster.
*
* The main reason for this is that when we deserialize rows from sstables, there is many cases where we have
* a bunch of rows to skip at the beginning of an index block because those rows are before the requested slice.
* This class make sure we can answer the question "is the next row on disk before the requested slice" with as
* little work as possible. It does that by providing a comparison method that deserialize only what is needed
* to decide of the comparison.
*/
public static class Deserializer
{
private final ClusteringComparator comparator;
private final DataInputPlus in;
private final SerializationHeader serializationHeader;
private boolean nextIsRow;
private long nextHeader;
private int nextSize;
private ClusteringPrefix.Kind nextKind;
private int deserializedSize;
private byte[][] nextValues;
private final ValueAccessor accessor = ByteArrayAccessor.instance;
public Deserializer(ClusteringComparator comparator, DataInputPlus in, SerializationHeader header)
{
this.comparator = comparator;
this.in = in;
this.serializationHeader = header;
}
public void prepare(int flags, int extendedFlags) throws IOException
{
if (UnfilteredSerializer.isStatic(extendedFlags))
throw new IOException("Corrupt flags value for clustering prefix (isStatic flag set): " + flags);
this.nextIsRow = UnfilteredSerializer.kind(flags) == Unfiltered.Kind.ROW;
this.nextKind = nextIsRow ? Kind.CLUSTERING : ClusteringPrefix.Kind.values()[in.readByte()];
this.nextSize = nextIsRow ? comparator.size() : in.readUnsignedShort();
this.deserializedSize = 0;
// The point of the deserializer is that some of the clustering prefix won't actually be used (because they are not
// within the bounds of the query), and we want to reduce allocation for them. So we only reuse the values array
// between elements if 1) we haven't returned the previous element (if we have, nextValues will be null) and 2)
// nextValues is of the proper size. Note that the 2nd condition may not hold for range tombstone bounds, but all
// rows have a fixed size clustering, so we'll still save in the common case.
if (nextValues == null || nextValues.length != nextSize)
this.nextValues = new byte[nextSize][];
}
public int compareNextTo(ClusteringBoundOrBoundary bound) throws IOException
{
if (bound.isTop())
return -1;
for (int i = 0; i < bound.size(); i++)
{
if (!hasComponent(i))
return nextKind.comparedToClustering;
int cmp = comparator.compareComponent(i, nextValues[i], accessor, bound.get(i), bound.accessor());
if (cmp != 0)
return cmp;
}
if (bound.size() == nextSize)
return Kind.compare(nextKind, bound.kind());
// We know that we'll have exited already if nextSize < bound.size
return -bound.kind().comparedToClustering;
}
private boolean hasComponent(int i) throws IOException
{
if (i >= nextSize)
return false;
while (deserializedSize <= i)
deserializeOne();
return true;
}
private boolean deserializeOne() throws IOException
{
if (deserializedSize == nextSize)
return false;
if ((deserializedSize % 32) == 0)
nextHeader = in.readUnsignedVInt();
int i = deserializedSize++;
nextValues[i] = Serializer.isNull(nextHeader, i)
? null
: (Serializer.isEmpty(nextHeader, i) ? ByteArrayUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY
: serializationHeader.clusteringTypes().get(i).readArray(in, DatabaseDescriptor.getMaxValueSize()));
return true;
}
private void deserializeAll() throws IOException
{
while (deserializeOne())
continue;
}
public ClusteringBoundOrBoundary deserializeNextBound() throws IOException
{
assert !nextIsRow;
deserializeAll();
ClusteringBoundOrBoundary bound = accessor.factory().boundOrBoundary(nextKind, nextValues);
nextValues = null;
return bound;
}
public Clustering deserializeNextClustering() throws IOException
{
assert nextIsRow;
deserializeAll();
Clustering clustering = accessor.factory().clustering(nextValues);
nextValues = null;
return clustering;
}
public ClusteringPrefix.Kind skipNext() throws IOException
{
for (int i = deserializedSize; i < nextSize; i++)
{
if ((i % 32) == 0)
nextHeader = in.readUnsignedVInt();
if (!Serializer.isNull(nextHeader, i) && !Serializer.isEmpty(nextHeader, i))
serializationHeader.clusteringTypes().get(i).skipValue(in);
}
deserializedSize = nextSize;
return nextKind;
}
}
public static int hashCode(ClusteringPrefix prefix)
{
int result = 31;
for (int i = 0; i < prefix.size(); i++)
result += 31 * prefix.accessor().hashCode(prefix.get(i));
return 31 * result + Objects.hashCode(prefix.kind());
}
static boolean equals(ClusteringPrefix left, ClusteringPrefix right)
{
if (left.kind() != right.kind() || left.size() != right.size())
return false;
for (int i = 0; i < left.size(); i++)
{
V1 lVal = left.get(i);
V2 rVal = right.get(i);
if (lVal == null && rVal == null)
continue;
if (lVal == null || rVal == null)
return false;
if (!ValueAccessor.equals(lVal, left.accessor(), rVal, right.accessor()))
return false;
}
return true;
}
public static boolean equals(ClusteringPrefix prefix, Object o)
{
if(!(o instanceof ClusteringPrefix))
return false;
return equals(prefix, (ClusteringPrefix) o);
}
}