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* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.cassandra.service.reads;
import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.NavigableSet;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.function.Function;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.apache.cassandra.concurrent.Stage;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.Clustering;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.ColumnFamilyStore;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.Columns;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.ConsistencyLevel;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.DecoratedKey;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.DeletionTime;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.Keyspace;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.ReadCommand;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.RegularAndStaticColumns;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.SinglePartitionReadCommand;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.filter.ClusteringIndexFilter;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.filter.ClusteringIndexNamesFilter;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.filter.DataLimits;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.filter.RowFilter;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.partitions.PartitionIterator;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.partitions.PartitionIterators;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.partitions.UnfilteredPartitionIterator;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.partitions.UnfilteredPartitionIterators;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.rows.EncodingStats;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.rows.RangeTombstoneMarker;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.rows.Row;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.rows.Rows;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.rows.Unfiltered;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.rows.UnfilteredRowIterator;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.rows.UnfilteredRowIterators;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.OverloadedException;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.ReadTimeoutException;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.UnavailableException;
import org.apache.cassandra.locator.Endpoints;
import org.apache.cassandra.locator.EndpointsForToken;
import org.apache.cassandra.locator.Replica;
import org.apache.cassandra.locator.ReplicaPlan;
import org.apache.cassandra.locator.ReplicaPlans;
import org.apache.cassandra.metrics.TableMetrics;
import org.apache.cassandra.net.MessagingService;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.TableMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.ClientWarn;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.StorageProxy;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.reads.repair.NoopReadRepair;
import org.apache.cassandra.tracing.Tracing;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.NoSpamLogger;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.btree.BTreeSet;
/**
* Helper in charge of collecting additional queries to be done on the coordinator to protect against invalid results
* being included due to replica-side filtering (secondary indexes or {@code ALLOW * FILTERING}).
*
* When using replica-side filtering with CL>ONE, a replica can send a stale result satisfying the filter, while updated
* replicas won't send a corresponding tombstone to discard that result during reconciliation. This helper identifies
* the rows in a replica response that don't have a corresponding row in other replica responses, and requests them by
* primary key to the "silent" replicas in a second fetch round.
*
* See CASSANDRA-8272, CASSANDRA-8273, and CASSANDRA-15907 for further details.
*/
public class ReplicaFilteringProtection>
{
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ReplicaFilteringProtection.class);
private static final NoSpamLogger oneMinuteLogger = NoSpamLogger.getLogger(logger, 1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
private static final Function NULL_TO_NO_STATS =
rowIterator -> rowIterator == null ? EncodingStats.NO_STATS : rowIterator.stats();
private final Keyspace keyspace;
private final ReadCommand command;
private final ConsistencyLevel consistency;
private final long queryStartNanoTime;
private final E sources;
private final TableMetrics tableMetrics;
private final int cachedRowsWarnThreshold;
private final int cachedRowsFailThreshold;
/** Tracks whether or not we've already hit the warning threshold while evaluating a partition. */
private boolean hitWarningThreshold = false;
private int currentRowsCached = 0; // tracks the current number of cached rows
private int maxRowsCached = 0; // tracks the high watermark for the number of cached rows
/**
* Per-source list of the pending partitions seen by the merge listener, to be merged with the extra fetched rows.
*/
private final List> originalPartitions;
ReplicaFilteringProtection(Keyspace keyspace,
ReadCommand command,
ConsistencyLevel consistency,
long queryStartNanoTime,
E sources,
int cachedRowsWarnThreshold,
int cachedRowsFailThreshold)
{
this.keyspace = keyspace;
this.command = command;
this.consistency = consistency;
this.queryStartNanoTime = queryStartNanoTime;
this.sources = sources;
this.originalPartitions = new ArrayList<>(sources.size());
for (int i = 0; i < sources.size(); i++)
{
originalPartitions.add(new ArrayDeque<>());
}
tableMetrics = ColumnFamilyStore.metricsFor(command.metadata().id);
this.cachedRowsWarnThreshold = cachedRowsWarnThreshold;
this.cachedRowsFailThreshold = cachedRowsFailThreshold;
}
private UnfilteredPartitionIterator executeReadCommand(ReadCommand cmd, Replica source, ReplicaPlan.Shared replicaPlan)
{
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
DataResolver resolver =
new DataResolver<>(cmd, replicaPlan, (NoopReadRepair) NoopReadRepair.instance, queryStartNanoTime);
ReadCallback handler = new ReadCallback<>(resolver, cmd, replicaPlan, queryStartNanoTime);
if (source.isSelf())
{
Stage.READ.maybeExecuteImmediately(new StorageProxy.LocalReadRunnable(cmd, handler));
}
else
{
if (source.isTransient())
cmd = cmd.copyAsTransientQuery(source);
MessagingService.instance().sendWithCallback(cmd.createMessage(false), source.endpoint(), handler);
}
// We don't call handler.get() because we want to preserve tombstones since we're still in the middle of merging node results.
handler.awaitResults();
assert resolver.getMessages().size() == 1;
return resolver.getMessages().get(0).payload.makeIterator(command);
}
/**
* Returns a merge listener that skips the merged rows for which any of the replicas doesn't have a version,
* pessimistically assuming that they are outdated. It is intended to be used during a first merge of per-replica
* query results to ensure we fetch enough results from the replicas to ensure we don't miss any potentially
* outdated result.
*
* The listener will track both the accepted data and the primary keys of the rows that are considered as outdated.
* That way, once the query results would have been merged using this listener, further calls to
* {@link #queryProtectedPartitions(PartitionIterator, int)} will use the collected data to return a copy of the
* data originally collected from the specified replica, completed with the potentially outdated rows.
*/
UnfilteredPartitionIterators.MergeListener mergeController()
{
return new UnfilteredPartitionIterators.MergeListener()
{
@Override
public void close()
{
// If we hit the failure threshold before consuming a single partition, record the current rows cached.
tableMetrics.rfpRowsCachedPerQuery.update(Math.max(currentRowsCached, maxRowsCached));
}
@Override
public UnfilteredRowIterators.MergeListener getRowMergeListener(DecoratedKey partitionKey, List versions)
{
List builders = new ArrayList<>(sources.size());
RegularAndStaticColumns columns = columns(versions);
EncodingStats stats = EncodingStats.merge(versions, NULL_TO_NO_STATS);
for (int i = 0; i < sources.size(); i++)
builders.add(i, new PartitionBuilder(partitionKey, sources.get(i), columns, stats));
return new UnfilteredRowIterators.MergeListener()
{
@Override
public void onMergedPartitionLevelDeletion(DeletionTime mergedDeletion, DeletionTime[] versions)
{
// cache the deletion time versions to be able to regenerate the original row iterator
for (int i = 0; i < versions.length; i++)
builders.get(i).setDeletionTime(versions[i]);
}
@Override
public Row onMergedRows(Row merged, Row[] versions)
{
// cache the row versions to be able to regenerate the original row iterator
for (int i = 0; i < versions.length; i++)
builders.get(i).addRow(versions[i]);
if (merged.isEmpty())
return merged;
boolean isPotentiallyOutdated = false;
boolean isStatic = merged.isStatic();
for (int i = 0; i < versions.length; i++)
{
Row version = versions[i];
if (version == null || (isStatic && version.isEmpty()))
{
isPotentiallyOutdated = true;
builders.get(i).addToFetch(merged);
}
}
// If the row is potentially outdated (because some replica didn't send anything and so it _may_ be
// an outdated result that is only present because other replica have filtered the up-to-date result
// out), then we skip the row. In other words, the results of the initial merging of results by this
// protection assume the worst case scenario where every row that might be outdated actually is.
// This ensures that during this first phase (collecting additional row to fetch) we are guaranteed
// to look at enough data to ultimately fulfill the query limit.
return isPotentiallyOutdated ? null : merged;
}
@Override
public void onMergedRangeTombstoneMarkers(RangeTombstoneMarker merged, RangeTombstoneMarker[] versions)
{
// cache the marker versions to be able to regenerate the original row iterator
for (int i = 0; i < versions.length; i++)
builders.get(i).addRangeTombstoneMarker(versions[i]);
}
@Override
public void close()
{
for (int i = 0; i < sources.size(); i++)
originalPartitions.get(i).add(builders.get(i));
}
};
}
};
}
private void incrementCachedRows()
{
currentRowsCached++;
if (currentRowsCached == cachedRowsFailThreshold + 1)
{
String message = String.format("Replica filtering protection has cached over %d rows during query %s. " +
"(See 'cached_replica_rows_fail_threshold' in cassandra.yaml.)",
cachedRowsFailThreshold, command.toCQLString());
logger.error(message);
Tracing.trace(message);
throw new OverloadedException(message);
}
else if (currentRowsCached == cachedRowsWarnThreshold + 1 && !hitWarningThreshold)
{
hitWarningThreshold = true;
String message = String.format("Replica filtering protection has cached over %d rows during query %s. " +
"(See 'cached_replica_rows_warn_threshold' in cassandra.yaml.)",
cachedRowsWarnThreshold, command.toCQLString());
ClientWarn.instance.warn(message);
oneMinuteLogger.warn(message);
Tracing.trace(message);
}
}
private void releaseCachedRows(int count)
{
maxRowsCached = Math.max(maxRowsCached, currentRowsCached);
currentRowsCached -= count;
}
private static RegularAndStaticColumns columns(List versions)
{
Columns statics = Columns.NONE;
Columns regulars = Columns.NONE;
for (UnfilteredRowIterator iter : versions)
{
if (iter == null)
continue;
RegularAndStaticColumns cols = iter.columns();
statics = statics.mergeTo(cols.statics);
regulars = regulars.mergeTo(cols.regulars);
}
return new RegularAndStaticColumns(statics, regulars);
}
/**
* Returns the protected results for the specified replica. These are generated fetching the extra rows and merging
* them with the cached original filtered results for that replica.
*
* @param merged the first iteration partitions, that should have been read used with the {@link #mergeController()}
* @param source the source
* @return the protected results for the specified replica
*/
UnfilteredPartitionIterator queryProtectedPartitions(PartitionIterator merged, int source)
{
return new UnfilteredPartitionIterator()
{
final Queue partitions = originalPartitions.get(source);
@Override
public TableMetadata metadata()
{
return command.metadata();
}
@Override
public void close() { }
@Override
public boolean hasNext()
{
// If there are no cached partition builders for this source, advance the first phase iterator, which
// will force the RFP merge listener to load at least the next protected partition. Note that this may
// load more than one partition if any divergence between replicas is discovered by the merge listener.
if (partitions.isEmpty())
{
PartitionIterators.consumeNext(merged);
}
return !partitions.isEmpty();
}
@Override
public UnfilteredRowIterator next()
{
PartitionBuilder builder = partitions.poll();
assert builder != null;
return builder.protectedPartition();
}
};
}
private class PartitionBuilder
{
private final DecoratedKey key;
private final Replica source;
private final RegularAndStaticColumns columns;
private final EncodingStats stats;
private DeletionTime deletionTime;
private Row staticRow = Rows.EMPTY_STATIC_ROW;
private final Queue contents = new ArrayDeque<>();
private BTreeSet.Builder> toFetch;
private int partitionRowsCached;
private PartitionBuilder(DecoratedKey key, Replica source, RegularAndStaticColumns columns, EncodingStats stats)
{
this.key = key;
this.source = source;
this.columns = columns;
this.stats = stats;
}
private void setDeletionTime(DeletionTime deletionTime)
{
this.deletionTime = deletionTime;
}
private void addRow(Row row)
{
partitionRowsCached++;
incrementCachedRows();
// Note that even null rows are counted against the row caching limit. The assumption is that
// a subsequent protection query will later fetch the row onto the heap anyway.
if (row == null)
return;
if (row.isStatic())
staticRow = row;
else
contents.add(row);
}
private void addRangeTombstoneMarker(RangeTombstoneMarker marker)
{
if (marker != null)
contents.add(marker);
}
private void addToFetch(Row row)
{
if (toFetch == null)
toFetch = BTreeSet.builder(command.metadata().comparator);
// Note that for static, we shouldn't add the clustering to the clustering set (the
// ClusteringIndexNamesFilter we'll build from this later does not expect it), but the fact
// we created a builder in the first place will act as a marker that the static row must be
// fetched, even if no other rows are added for this partition.
if (!row.isStatic())
toFetch.add(row.clustering());
}
private UnfilteredRowIterator originalPartition()
{
return new UnfilteredRowIterator()
{
@Override
public DeletionTime partitionLevelDeletion()
{
return deletionTime;
}
@Override
public EncodingStats stats()
{
return stats;
}
@Override
public TableMetadata metadata()
{
return command.metadata();
}
@Override
public boolean isReverseOrder()
{
return command.isReversed();
}
@Override
public RegularAndStaticColumns columns()
{
return columns;
}
@Override
public DecoratedKey partitionKey()
{
return key;
}
@Override
public Row staticRow()
{
return staticRow;
}
@Override
public void close()
{
releaseCachedRows(partitionRowsCached);
}
@Override
public boolean hasNext()
{
return !contents.isEmpty();
}
@Override
public Unfiltered next()
{
return contents.poll();
}
};
}
private UnfilteredRowIterator protectedPartition()
{
UnfilteredRowIterator original = originalPartition();
if (toFetch != null)
{
try (UnfilteredPartitionIterator partitions = fetchFromSource())
{
if (partitions.hasNext())
{
try (UnfilteredRowIterator fetchedRows = partitions.next())
{
return UnfilteredRowIterators.merge(Arrays.asList(original, fetchedRows));
}
}
}
}
return original;
}
private UnfilteredPartitionIterator fetchFromSource()
{
assert toFetch != null;
NavigableSet> clusterings = toFetch.build();
tableMetrics.replicaFilteringProtectionRequests.mark();
if (logger.isTraceEnabled())
logger.trace("Requesting rows {} in partition {} from {} for replica filtering protection",
clusterings, key, source);
Tracing.trace("Requesting {} rows in partition {} from {} for replica filtering protection",
clusterings.size(), key, source);
// build the read command taking into account that we could be requesting only in the static row
DataLimits limits = clusterings.isEmpty() ? DataLimits.cqlLimits(1) : DataLimits.NONE;
ClusteringIndexFilter filter = new ClusteringIndexNamesFilter(clusterings, command.isReversed());
SinglePartitionReadCommand cmd = SinglePartitionReadCommand.create(command.metadata(),
command.nowInSec(),
command.columnFilter(),
RowFilter.none(),
limits,
key,
filter);
ReplicaPlan.ForTokenRead replicaPlan = ReplicaPlans.forSingleReplicaRead(keyspace, key.getToken(), source);
ReplicaPlan.SharedForTokenRead sharedReplicaPlan = ReplicaPlan.shared(replicaPlan);
try
{
return executeReadCommand(cmd, source, sharedReplicaPlan);
}
catch (ReadTimeoutException e)
{
int blockFor = consistency.blockFor(replicaPlan.replicationStrategy());
throw new ReadTimeoutException(consistency, blockFor - 1, blockFor, true);
}
catch (UnavailableException e)
{
int blockFor = consistency.blockFor(replicaPlan.replicationStrategy());
throw UnavailableException.create(consistency, blockFor, blockFor - 1);
}
}
}
}