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The Apache Commons RNG Sampling module provides samplers for various distributions.
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/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution;

import org.apache.commons.rng.UniformRandomProvider;

/**
 * Sampler for the Poisson distribution.
 *
 * 
 *  
 *   For small means, a Poisson process is simulated using uniform deviates, as described in
 *   
 *    Knuth (1969). Seminumerical Algorithms. The Art of Computer Programming,
 *    Volume 2. Chapter 3.4.1.F.3 Important integer-valued distributions: The Poisson distribution.
 *    Addison Wesley.
 *   
 *   The Poisson process (and hence, the returned value) is bounded by {@code 1000 * mean}.
 *  
 *  
 *   For large means, we use the rejection algorithm described in
 *   
 *    Devroye, Luc. (1981). The Computer Generation of Poisson Random Variables

 *    Computing vol. 26 pp. 197-207.
 *   
 *  
 * 
 *
 * Sampling uses:
 *
 * 
 *   {@link UniformRandomProvider#nextDouble()}
 *   
{@link UniformRandomProvider#nextLong()} (large means only)
 * 
 *
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class PoissonSampler
    extends SamplerBase
    implements SharedStateDiscreteSampler {

    /**
     * Value for switching sampling algorithm.
     *
     * Package scope for the {@link PoissonSamplerCache}.
     */
    static final double PIVOT = 40;
    /** The internal Poisson sampler. */
    private final SharedStateDiscreteSampler poissonSamplerDelegate;

    /**
     * This instance delegates sampling. Use the factory method
     * {@link #of(UniformRandomProvider, double)} to create an optimal sampler.
     *
     * @param rng Generator of uniformly distributed random numbers.
     * @param mean Mean.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code mean <= 0} or {@code mean > 0.5 *}
     * {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}.
     */
    public PoissonSampler(UniformRandomProvider rng,
                          double mean) {
        // Delegate all work to specialised samplers.
        this(of(rng, mean));
    }

    /**
     * @param delegate Poisson sampler.
     */
    private PoissonSampler(SharedStateDiscreteSampler delegate) {
        super(null);
        poissonSamplerDelegate = delegate;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public int sample() {
        return poissonSamplerDelegate.sample();
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return poissonSamplerDelegate.toString();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * @since 1.3
     */
    @Override
    public SharedStateDiscreteSampler withUniformRandomProvider(UniformRandomProvider rng) {
        // Direct return of the optimised sampler
        return poissonSamplerDelegate.withUniformRandomProvider(rng);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Poisson distribution sampler.
     *
     * @param rng Generator of uniformly distributed random numbers.
     * @param mean Mean.
     * @return the sampler
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code mean <= 0} or {@code mean > 0.5 *}
     * {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}.
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public static SharedStateDiscreteSampler of(UniformRandomProvider rng,
                                                double mean) {
        // Each sampler should check the input arguments.
        return mean < PIVOT ?
            SmallMeanPoissonSampler.of(rng, mean) :
            LargeMeanPoissonSampler.of(rng, mean);
    }
}