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Core sketch algorithms used alone and by other Java repositories in the DataSketches library.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package org.apache.datasketches.sampling;
import static org.apache.datasketches.Util.LS;
import static org.apache.datasketches.sampling.PreambleUtil.EMPTY_FLAG_MASK;
import static org.apache.datasketches.sampling.PreambleUtil.FAMILY_BYTE;
import static org.apache.datasketches.sampling.PreambleUtil.SER_VER;
import static org.apache.datasketches.sampling.PreambleUtil.extractEncodedReservoirSize;
import static org.apache.datasketches.sampling.PreambleUtil.extractFlags;
import static org.apache.datasketches.sampling.PreambleUtil.extractMaxK;
import static org.apache.datasketches.sampling.PreambleUtil.extractPreLongs;
import static org.apache.datasketches.sampling.PreambleUtil.extractSerVer;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import org.apache.datasketches.ArrayOfItemsSerDe;
import org.apache.datasketches.Family;
import org.apache.datasketches.ResizeFactor;
import org.apache.datasketches.SketchesArgumentException;
import org.apache.datasketches.memory.Memory;
import org.apache.datasketches.memory.WritableMemory;
/**
* Class to union reservoir samples of generic items.
*
* For efficiency reasons, the unioning process picks one of the two sketches to use as the
* base. As a result, we provide only a stateful union. Using the same approach for a merge would
* result in unpredictable side effects on the underlying sketches.
*
* A union object is created with a maximum value of k, represented using the
* ReservoirSize class. The unioning process may cause the actual number of samples to fall below
* that maximum value, but never to exceed it. The result of a union will be a reservoir where
* each item from the global input has a uniform probability of selection, but there are no
* claims about higher order statistics. For instance, in general all possible permutations of
* the global input are not equally likely.
*
* If taking the union of two reservoirs of different sizes, the output sample will contain no more
* than MIN(k_1, k_2) samples.
*
* @param The specific Java type for this sketch
*
* @author Jon Malkin
* @author Kevin Lang
*/
public final class ReservoirItemsUnion {
private ReservoirItemsSketch gadget_;
private final int maxK_;
/**
* Empty constructor using ReservoirSize-encoded maxK value
*
* @param maxK Maximum allowed reservoir capacity for this union
*/
private ReservoirItemsUnion(final int maxK) {
maxK_ = maxK;
}
/**
* Creates an empty Union with a maximum reservoir capacity of size k.
*
* @param The type of item this sketch contains
* @param maxK The maximum allowed reservoir capacity for any sketches in the union
* @return A new ReservoirItemsUnion
*/
public static ReservoirItemsUnion newInstance(final int maxK) {
return new ReservoirItemsUnion<>(maxK);
}
/**
* Instantiates a Union from Memory
*
* @param The type of item this sketch contains
* @param srcMem Memory object containing a serialized union
* @param serDe An instance of ArrayOfItemsSerDe
* @return A ReservoirItemsUnion created from the provided Memory
*/
public static ReservoirItemsUnion heapify(final Memory srcMem,
final ArrayOfItemsSerDe serDe) {
Family.RESERVOIR_UNION.checkFamilyID(srcMem.getByte(FAMILY_BYTE));
final int numPreLongs = extractPreLongs(srcMem);
final int serVer = extractSerVer(srcMem);
final boolean isEmpty = (extractFlags(srcMem) & EMPTY_FLAG_MASK) != 0;
int maxK = extractMaxK(srcMem);
final boolean preLongsEqMin = (numPreLongs == Family.RESERVOIR_UNION.getMinPreLongs());
final boolean preLongsEqMax = (numPreLongs == Family.RESERVOIR_UNION.getMaxPreLongs());
if (!preLongsEqMin & !preLongsEqMax) {
throw new SketchesArgumentException("Possible corruption: Non-empty union with only "
+ Family.RESERVOIR_UNION.getMinPreLongs() + "preLongs");
}
if (serVer != SER_VER) {
if (serVer == 1) {
final short encMaxK = extractEncodedReservoirSize(srcMem);
maxK = ReservoirSize.decodeValue(encMaxK);
} else {
throw new SketchesArgumentException(
"Possible Corruption: Ser Ver must be " + SER_VER + ": " + serVer);
}
}
final ReservoirItemsUnion riu = new ReservoirItemsUnion<>(maxK);
if (!isEmpty) {
final int preLongBytes = numPreLongs << 3;
final Memory sketchMem =
srcMem.region(preLongBytes, srcMem.getCapacity() - preLongBytes);
riu.update(sketchMem, serDe);
}
return riu;
}
/**
* Returns the maximum allowed reservoir capacity in this union. The current reservoir capacity
* may be lower.
*
* @return The maximum allowed reservoir capacity in this union.
*/
public int getMaxK() { return maxK_; }
/**
* Union the given sketch. This method can be repeatedly called. If the given sketch is null it is
* interpreted as an empty sketch.
*
* @param sketchIn The incoming sketch.
*/
public void update(final ReservoirItemsSketch sketchIn) {
if (sketchIn == null) {
return;
}
final ReservoirItemsSketch ris =
(sketchIn.getK() <= maxK_ ? sketchIn : sketchIn.downsampledCopy(maxK_));
// can modify the sketch if we downsampled, otherwise may need to copy it
final boolean isModifiable = (sketchIn != ris);
if (gadget_ == null) {
createNewGadget(ris, isModifiable);
} else {
twoWayMergeInternal(ris, isModifiable);
}
}
/**
* Union the given Memory image of the sketch.
*
*This method can be repeatedly called. If the given sketch is null it is interpreted as an
* empty sketch.
*
* @param mem Memory image of sketch to be merged
* @param serDe An instance of ArrayOfItemsSerDe
*/
public void update(final Memory mem, final ArrayOfItemsSerDe serDe) {
if (mem == null) {
return;
}
ReservoirItemsSketch ris = ReservoirItemsSketch.heapify(mem, serDe);
ris = (ris.getK() <= maxK_ ? ris : ris.downsampledCopy(maxK_));
if (gadget_ == null) {
createNewGadget(ris, true);
} else {
twoWayMergeInternal(ris, true);
}
}
/**
* Present this union with a single item to be added to the union.
*
* @param datum The given datum of type T.
*/
public void update(final T datum) {
if (datum == null) {
return;
}
if (gadget_ == null) {
gadget_ = ReservoirItemsSketch.newInstance(maxK_);
}
gadget_.update(datum);
}
/**
* Present this union with raw elements of a sketch. Useful when operating in a distributed
* environment like Pig Latin scripts, where an explicit SerDe may be overly complicated but
* keeping raw values is simple. Values are not copied and the input array may be
* modified.
*
* @param n Total items seen
* @param k Reservoir size
* @param input Reservoir samples
*/
public void update(final long n, final int k, final ArrayList input) {
ReservoirItemsSketch ris = ReservoirItemsSketch.newInstance(input, n,
ResizeFactor.X8, k); // forcing a resize factor
ris = (ris.getK() <= maxK_ ? ris : ris.downsampledCopy(maxK_));
if (gadget_ == null) {
createNewGadget(ris, true);
} else {
twoWayMergeInternal(ris, true);
}
}
/**
* Resets this Union. MaxK remains intact, otherwise reverts back to its virgin state.
*/
void reset() {
gadget_.reset();
}
/**
* Returns a sketch representing the current state of the union.
*
* @return The result of any unions already processed.
*/
public ReservoirItemsSketch getResult() {
return (gadget_ != null ? gadget_.copy() : null);
}
/**
* Returns a byte array representation of this union
*
* @param serDe An instance of ArrayOfItemsSerDe
* @return a byte array representation of this union
*/
public byte[] toByteArray(final ArrayOfItemsSerDe serDe) {
if ((gadget_ == null) || (gadget_.getNumSamples() == 0)) {
return toByteArray(serDe, null);
} else {
return toByteArray(serDe, gadget_.getValueAtPosition(0).getClass());
}
}
/**
* Returns a human-readable summary of the sketch, without items.
*
* @return A string version of the sketch summary
*/
@Override
public String toString() {
final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
final String thisSimpleName = this.getClass().getSimpleName();
sb.append(LS);
sb.append("### ").append(thisSimpleName).append(" SUMMARY: ").append(LS);
sb.append(" Max k: ").append(maxK_).append(LS);
if (gadget_ == null) {
sb.append(" Gadget is null").append(LS);
} else {
sb.append(" Gadget summary: ").append(gadget_.toString());
}
sb.append("### END UNION SUMMARY").append(LS);
return sb.toString();
}
/**
* Returns a byte array representation of this union. This method should be used when the array
* elements are subclasses of a common base class.
*
* @param serDe An instance of ArrayOfItemsSerDe
* @param clazz A class to which the items are cast before serialization
* @return a byte array representation of this union
*/
@SuppressWarnings("null") // gadgetBytes will be null only if gadget_ == null AND empty == true
public byte[] toByteArray(final ArrayOfItemsSerDe serDe, final Class clazz) {
final int preLongs, outBytes;
final boolean empty = gadget_ == null;
final byte[] gadgetBytes = (gadget_ != null ? gadget_.toByteArray(serDe, clazz) : null);
if (empty) {
preLongs = Family.RESERVOIR_UNION.getMinPreLongs();
outBytes = 8;
} else {
preLongs = Family.RESERVOIR_UNION.getMaxPreLongs();
outBytes = (preLongs << 3) + gadgetBytes.length; // for longs, we know the size
}
final byte[] outArr = new byte[outBytes];
final WritableMemory mem = WritableMemory.wrap(outArr);
// build preLong
PreambleUtil.insertPreLongs(mem, preLongs); // Byte 0
PreambleUtil.insertSerVer(mem, SER_VER); // Byte 1
PreambleUtil.insertFamilyID(mem, Family.RESERVOIR_UNION.getID()); // Byte 2
if (empty) {
PreambleUtil.insertFlags(mem, EMPTY_FLAG_MASK);
} else {
PreambleUtil.insertFlags(mem, 0); // Byte 3
}
PreambleUtil.insertMaxK(mem, maxK_); // Bytes 4-5
if (!empty) {
final int preBytes = preLongs << 3;
mem.putByteArray(preBytes, gadgetBytes, 0, gadgetBytes.length);
}
return outArr;
}
private void createNewGadget(final ReservoirItemsSketch sketchIn,
final boolean isModifiable) {
if ((sketchIn.getK() < maxK_) && (sketchIn.getN() <= sketchIn.getK())) {
// incoming sketch is in exact mode with sketch's k < maxK,
// so we can create a gadget at size maxK and keep everything
// NOTE: assumes twoWayMergeInternal first checks if sketchIn is in exact mode
gadget_ = ReservoirItemsSketch.newInstance(maxK_);
twoWayMergeInternal(sketchIn, isModifiable); // isModifiable could be fixed to false here
} else {
// use the input sketch as gadget, copying if needed
gadget_ = (isModifiable ? sketchIn : sketchIn.copy());
}
}
// We make a three-way classification of sketch states.
// "uni" when (n < k); source of unit weights, can only accept unit weights
// "mid" when (n == k); source of unit weights, can accept "light" general weights.
// "gen" when (n > k); source of general weights, can accept "light" general weights.
// source target status update notes
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// uni,mid uni okay standard target might transition to mid and gen
// uni,mid mid,gen okay standard target might transition to gen
// gen uni must swap N/A
// gen mid,gen maybe swap weighted N assumes fractional values during merge
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Here is why in the (gen, gen) merge case, the items will be light enough in at least one
// direction:
// Obviously either (n_s/k_s <= n_t/k_t) OR (n_s/k_s >= n_t/k_t).
// WLOG say its the former, then (n_s/k_s < n_t/(k_t - 1)) provided n_t > 0 and k_t > 1
/**
* This either merges sketchIn into gadget_ or gadget_ into sketchIn. If merging into sketchIn
* with isModifiable set to false, copies elements from sketchIn first, leaving original
* unchanged.
*
* @param sketchIn Sketch with new samples from which to draw
* @param isModifiable Flag indicating whether sketchIn can be modified (e.g. if it was rebuild
* from Memory)
*/
private void twoWayMergeInternal(final ReservoirItemsSketch sketchIn,
final boolean isModifiable) {
if (sketchIn.getN() <= sketchIn.getK()) {
twoWayMergeInternalStandard(sketchIn);
} else if (gadget_.getN() < gadget_.getK()) {
// merge into sketchIn, so swap first
final ReservoirItemsSketch tmpSketch = gadget_;
gadget_ = (isModifiable ? sketchIn : sketchIn.copy());
twoWayMergeInternalStandard(tmpSketch);
} else if (sketchIn.getImplicitSampleWeight() < (gadget_.getN()
/ ((double) (gadget_.getK() - 1)))) {
// implicit weights in sketchIn are light enough to merge into gadget
twoWayMergeInternalWeighted(sketchIn);
} else {
// Use next line as an assert/exception?
// gadget_.getImplicitSampleWeight() < sketchIn.getN() / ((double) (sketchIn.getK() - 1))) {
// implicit weights in gadget are light enough to merge into sketchIn
// merge into sketchIn, so swap first
final ReservoirItemsSketch tmpSketch = gadget_;
gadget_ = (isModifiable ? sketchIn : sketchIn.copy());
twoWayMergeInternalWeighted(tmpSketch);
}
}
// should be called ONLY by twoWayMergeInternal
private void twoWayMergeInternalStandard(final ReservoirItemsSketch source) {
assert (source.getN() <= source.getK());
final int numInputSamples = source.getNumSamples();
for (int i = 0; i < numInputSamples; ++i) {
gadget_.update(source.getValueAtPosition(i));
}
}
// should be called ONLY by twoWayMergeInternal
private void twoWayMergeInternalWeighted(final ReservoirItemsSketch source) {
// gadget_ capable of accepting (light) general weights
assert (gadget_.getN() >= gadget_.getK());
final int numSourceSamples = source.getK();
final double sourceItemWeight = (source.getN() / (double) numSourceSamples);
final double rescaled_prob = gadget_.getK() * sourceItemWeight; // K * weight
double targetTotal = gadget_.getN(); // assumes fractional values during merge
final int tgtK = gadget_.getK();
for (int i = 0; i < numSourceSamples; ++i) {
// inlining the update procedure, using targetTotal for the fractional N values
// similar to ReservoirLongsSketch.update()
// p(keep_new_item) = (k * w) / newTotal
// require p(keep_new_item) < 1.0, meaning strict lightness
targetTotal += sourceItemWeight;
final double rescaled_one = targetTotal;
assert (rescaled_prob < rescaled_one); // Use an exception to enforce strict lightness?
final double rescaled_flip = rescaled_one * SamplingUtil.rand().nextDouble();
if (rescaled_flip < rescaled_prob) {
// Intentionally NOT doing optimization to extract slot number from rescaled_flip.
// Grabbing new random bits to ensure all slots in play
final int slotNo = SamplingUtil.rand().nextInt(tgtK);
gadget_.insertValueAtPosition(source.getValueAtPosition(i), slotNo);
} // end of inlined weight update
} // end of loop over source samples
// targetTotal was fractional but should now be an integer again. Could validate with low
// tolerance, but for now just round to check.
final long checkN = (long) Math.floor(0.5 + targetTotal);
gadget_.forceIncrementItemsSeen(source.getN());
assert (checkN == gadget_.getN());
}
}
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