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/**
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this
 * work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF
 * licenses this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * 
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 * 
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
 * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 */

package org.apache.hadoop.io.file.tfile;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.Closeable;
import java.io.DataInput;
import java.io.DataInputStream;
import java.io.DataOutput;
import java.io.DataOutputStream;
import java.io.EOFException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Comparator;

import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceAudience;
import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceStability;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FSDataInputStream;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FSDataOutputStream;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.BoundedByteArrayOutputStream;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.BytesWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.DataInputBuffer;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.DataOutputBuffer;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.IOUtils;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.RawComparator;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.WritableComparator;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.file.tfile.BCFile.Reader.BlockReader;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.file.tfile.BCFile.Writer.BlockAppender;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.file.tfile.Chunk.ChunkDecoder;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.file.tfile.Chunk.ChunkEncoder;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.file.tfile.CompareUtils.BytesComparator;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.file.tfile.CompareUtils.MemcmpRawComparator;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.file.tfile.Utils.Version;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.serializer.JavaSerializationComparator;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
 * A TFile is a container of key-value pairs. Both keys and values are type-less
 * bytes. Keys are restricted to 64KB, value length is not restricted
 * (practically limited to the available disk storage). TFile further provides
 * the following features:
 * 
    *
  • Block Compression. *
  • Named meta data blocks. *
  • Sorted or unsorted keys. *
  • Seek by key or by file offset. *
* The memory footprint of a TFile includes the following: *
    *
  • Some constant overhead of reading or writing a compressed block. *
      *
    • Each compressed block requires one compression/decompression codec for * I/O. *
    • Temporary space to buffer the key. *
    • Temporary space to buffer the value (for TFile.Writer only). Values are * chunk encoded, so that we buffer at most one chunk of user data. By default, * the chunk buffer is 1MB. Reading chunked value does not require additional * memory. *
    *
  • TFile index, which is proportional to the total number of Data Blocks. * The total amount of memory needed to hold the index can be estimated as * (56+AvgKeySize)*NumBlocks. *
  • MetaBlock index, which is proportional to the total number of Meta * Blocks.The total amount of memory needed to hold the index for Meta Blocks * can be estimated as (40+AvgMetaBlockName)*NumMetaBlock. *
*

* The behavior of TFile can be customized by the following variables through * Configuration: *

    *
  • tfile.io.chunk.size: Value chunk size. Integer (in bytes). Default * to 1MB. Values of the length less than the chunk size is guaranteed to have * known value length in read time (See * {@link TFile.Reader.Scanner.Entry#isValueLengthKnown()}). *
  • tfile.fs.output.buffer.size: Buffer size used for * FSDataOutputStream. Integer (in bytes). Default to 256KB. *
  • tfile.fs.input.buffer.size: Buffer size used for * FSDataInputStream. Integer (in bytes). Default to 256KB. *
*

* Suggestions on performance optimization. *

    *
  • Minimum block size. We recommend a setting of minimum block size between * 256KB to 1MB for general usage. Larger block size is preferred if files are * primarily for sequential access. However, it would lead to inefficient random * access (because there are more data to decompress). Smaller blocks are good * for random access, but require more memory to hold the block index, and may * be slower to create (because we must flush the compressor stream at the * conclusion of each data block, which leads to an FS I/O flush). Further, due * to the internal caching in Compression codec, the smallest possible block * size would be around 20KB-30KB. *
  • The current implementation does not offer true multi-threading for * reading. The implementation uses FSDataInputStream seek()+read(), which is * shown to be much faster than positioned-read call in single thread mode. * However, it also means that if multiple threads attempt to access the same * TFile (using multiple scanners) simultaneously, the actual I/O is carried out * sequentially even if they access different DFS blocks. *
  • Compression codec. Use "none" if the data is not very compressable (by * compressable, I mean a compression ratio at least 2:1). Generally, use "lzo" * as the starting point for experimenting. "gz" overs slightly better * compression ratio over "lzo" but requires 4x CPU to compress and 2x CPU to * decompress, comparing to "lzo". *
  • File system buffering, if the underlying FSDataInputStream and * FSDataOutputStream is already adequately buffered; or if applications * reads/writes keys and values in large buffers, we can reduce the sizes of * input/output buffering in TFile layer by setting the configuration parameters * "tfile.fs.input.buffer.size" and "tfile.fs.output.buffer.size". *
* * Some design rationale behind TFile can be found at Hadoop-3315. */ @InterfaceAudience.Public @InterfaceStability.Evolving public class TFile { static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TFile.class); private static final String CHUNK_BUF_SIZE_ATTR = "tfile.io.chunk.size"; private static final String FS_INPUT_BUF_SIZE_ATTR = "tfile.fs.input.buffer.size"; private static final String FS_OUTPUT_BUF_SIZE_ATTR = "tfile.fs.output.buffer.size"; static int getChunkBufferSize(Configuration conf) { int ret = conf.getInt(CHUNK_BUF_SIZE_ATTR, 1024 * 1024); return (ret > 0) ? ret : 1024 * 1024; } static int getFSInputBufferSize(Configuration conf) { return conf.getInt(FS_INPUT_BUF_SIZE_ATTR, 256 * 1024); } static int getFSOutputBufferSize(Configuration conf) { return conf.getInt(FS_OUTPUT_BUF_SIZE_ATTR, 256 * 1024); } private static final int MAX_KEY_SIZE = 64 * 1024; // 64KB static final Version API_VERSION = new Version((short) 1, (short) 0); /** compression: gzip */ public static final String COMPRESSION_GZ = "gz"; /** compression: lzo */ public static final String COMPRESSION_LZO = "lzo"; /** compression: none */ public static final String COMPRESSION_NONE = "none"; /** comparator: memcmp */ public static final String COMPARATOR_MEMCMP = "memcmp"; /** comparator prefix: java class */ public static final String COMPARATOR_JCLASS = "jclass:"; /** * Make a raw comparator from a string name. * * @param name * Comparator name * @return A RawComparable comparator. */ static public Comparator makeComparator(String name) { return TFileMeta.makeComparator(name); } // Prevent the instantiation of TFiles private TFile() { // nothing } /** * Get names of supported compression algorithms. The names are acceptable by * TFile.Writer. * * @return Array of strings, each represents a supported compression * algorithm. Currently, the following compression algorithms are * supported. *
    *
  • "none" - No compression. *
  • "lzo" - LZO compression. *
  • "gz" - GZIP compression. *
*/ public static String[] getSupportedCompressionAlgorithms() { return Compression.getSupportedAlgorithms(); } /** * TFile Writer. */ @InterfaceStability.Evolving public static class Writer implements Closeable { // minimum compressed size for a block. private final int sizeMinBlock; // Meta blocks. final TFileIndex tfileIndex; final TFileMeta tfileMeta; // reference to the underlying BCFile. private BCFile.Writer writerBCF; // current data block appender. BlockAppender blkAppender; long blkRecordCount; // buffers for caching the key. BoundedByteArrayOutputStream currentKeyBufferOS; BoundedByteArrayOutputStream lastKeyBufferOS; // buffer used by chunk codec private byte[] valueBuffer; /** * Writer states. The state always transits in circles: READY -> IN_KEY -> * END_KEY -> IN_VALUE -> READY. */ private enum State { READY, // Ready to start a new key-value pair insertion. IN_KEY, // In the middle of key insertion. END_KEY, // Key insertion complete, ready to insert value. IN_VALUE, // In value insertion. // ERROR, // Error encountered, cannot continue. CLOSED, // TFile already closed. }; // current state of Writer. State state = State.READY; Configuration conf; long errorCount = 0; /** * Constructor * * @param fsdos * output stream for writing. Must be at position 0. * @param minBlockSize * Minimum compressed block size in bytes. A compression block will * not be closed until it reaches this size except for the last * block. * @param compressName * Name of the compression algorithm. Must be one of the strings * returned by {@link TFile#getSupportedCompressionAlgorithms()}. * @param comparator * Leave comparator as null or empty string if TFile is not sorted. * Otherwise, provide the string name for the comparison algorithm * for keys. Two kinds of comparators are supported. *
    *
  • Algorithmic comparator: binary comparators that is language * independent. Currently, only "memcmp" is supported. *
  • Language-specific comparator: binary comparators that can * only be constructed in specific language. For Java, the syntax * is "jclass:", followed by the class name of the RawComparator. * Currently, we only support RawComparators that can be * constructed through the default constructor (with no * parameters). Parameterized RawComparators such as * {@link WritableComparator} or * {@link JavaSerializationComparator} may not be directly used. * One should write a wrapper class that inherits from such classes * and use its default constructor to perform proper * initialization. *
* @param conf * The configuration object. * @throws IOException */ public Writer(FSDataOutputStream fsdos, int minBlockSize, String compressName, String comparator, Configuration conf) throws IOException { sizeMinBlock = minBlockSize; tfileMeta = new TFileMeta(comparator); tfileIndex = new TFileIndex(tfileMeta.getComparator()); writerBCF = new BCFile.Writer(fsdos, compressName, conf); currentKeyBufferOS = new BoundedByteArrayOutputStream(MAX_KEY_SIZE); lastKeyBufferOS = new BoundedByteArrayOutputStream(MAX_KEY_SIZE); this.conf = conf; } /** * Close the Writer. Resources will be released regardless of the exceptions * being thrown. Future close calls will have no effect. * * The underlying FSDataOutputStream is not closed. */ @Override public void close() throws IOException { if ((state == State.CLOSED)) { return; } try { // First try the normal finish. // Terminate upon the first Exception. if (errorCount == 0) { if (state != State.READY) { throw new IllegalStateException( "Cannot close TFile in the middle of key-value insertion."); } finishDataBlock(true); // first, write out data:TFile.meta BlockAppender outMeta = writerBCF .prepareMetaBlock(TFileMeta.BLOCK_NAME, COMPRESSION_NONE); try { tfileMeta.write(outMeta); } finally { outMeta.close(); } // second, write out data:TFile.index BlockAppender outIndex = writerBCF.prepareMetaBlock(TFileIndex.BLOCK_NAME); try { tfileIndex.write(outIndex); } finally { outIndex.close(); } writerBCF.close(); } } finally { IOUtils.cleanupWithLogger(LOG, blkAppender, writerBCF); blkAppender = null; writerBCF = null; state = State.CLOSED; } } /** * Adding a new key-value pair to the TFile. This is synonymous to * append(key, 0, key.length, value, 0, value.length) * * @param key * Buffer for key. * @param value * Buffer for value. * @throws IOException */ public void append(byte[] key, byte[] value) throws IOException { append(key, 0, key.length, value, 0, value.length); } /** * Adding a new key-value pair to TFile. * * @param key * buffer for key. * @param koff * offset in key buffer. * @param klen * length of key. * @param value * buffer for value. * @param voff * offset in value buffer. * @param vlen * length of value. * @throws IOException * Upon IO errors. *

* If an exception is thrown, the TFile will be in an inconsistent * state. The only legitimate call after that would be close */ public void append(byte[] key, int koff, int klen, byte[] value, int voff, int vlen) throws IOException { if ((koff | klen | (koff + klen) | (key.length - (koff + klen))) < 0) { throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( "Bad key buffer offset-length combination."); } if ((voff | vlen | (voff + vlen) | (value.length - (voff + vlen))) < 0) { throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( "Bad value buffer offset-length combination."); } try { DataOutputStream dosKey = prepareAppendKey(klen); try { ++errorCount; dosKey.write(key, koff, klen); --errorCount; } finally { dosKey.close(); } DataOutputStream dosValue = prepareAppendValue(vlen); try { ++errorCount; dosValue.write(value, voff, vlen); --errorCount; } finally { dosValue.close(); } } finally { state = State.READY; } } /** * Helper class to register key after close call on key append stream. */ private class KeyRegister extends DataOutputStream { private final int expectedLength; private boolean closed = false; public KeyRegister(int len) { super(currentKeyBufferOS); if (len >= 0) { currentKeyBufferOS.reset(len); } else { currentKeyBufferOS.reset(); } expectedLength = len; } @Override public void close() throws IOException { if (closed == true) { return; } try { ++errorCount; byte[] key = currentKeyBufferOS.getBuffer(); int len = currentKeyBufferOS.size(); /** * verify length. */ if (expectedLength >= 0 && expectedLength != len) { throw new IOException("Incorrect key length: expected=" + expectedLength + " actual=" + len); } Utils.writeVInt(blkAppender, len); blkAppender.write(key, 0, len); if (tfileIndex.getFirstKey() == null) { tfileIndex.setFirstKey(key, 0, len); } if (tfileMeta.isSorted() && tfileMeta.getRecordCount()>0) { byte[] lastKey = lastKeyBufferOS.getBuffer(); int lastLen = lastKeyBufferOS.size(); if (tfileMeta.getComparator().compare(key, 0, len, lastKey, 0, lastLen) < 0) { throw new IOException("Keys are not added in sorted order"); } } BoundedByteArrayOutputStream tmp = currentKeyBufferOS; currentKeyBufferOS = lastKeyBufferOS; lastKeyBufferOS = tmp; --errorCount; } finally { closed = true; state = State.END_KEY; } } } /** * Helper class to register value after close call on value append stream. */ private class ValueRegister extends DataOutputStream { private boolean closed = false; public ValueRegister(OutputStream os) { super(os); } // Avoiding flushing call to down stream. @Override public void flush() { // do nothing } @Override public void close() throws IOException { if (closed == true) { return; } try { ++errorCount; super.close(); blkRecordCount++; // bump up the total record count in the whole file tfileMeta.incRecordCount(); finishDataBlock(false); --errorCount; } finally { closed = true; state = State.READY; } } } /** * Obtain an output stream for writing a key into TFile. This may only be * called when there is no active Key appending stream or value appending * stream. * * @param length * The expected length of the key. If length of the key is not * known, set length = -1. Otherwise, the application must write * exactly as many bytes as specified here before calling close on * the returned output stream. * @return The key appending output stream. * @throws IOException * */ public DataOutputStream prepareAppendKey(int length) throws IOException { if (state != State.READY) { throw new IllegalStateException("Incorrect state to start a new key: " + state.name()); } initDataBlock(); DataOutputStream ret = new KeyRegister(length); state = State.IN_KEY; return ret; } /** * Obtain an output stream for writing a value into TFile. This may only be * called right after a key appending operation (the key append stream must * be closed). * * @param length * The expected length of the value. If length of the value is not * known, set length = -1. Otherwise, the application must write * exactly as many bytes as specified here before calling close on * the returned output stream. Advertising the value size up-front * guarantees that the value is encoded in one chunk, and avoids * intermediate chunk buffering. * @throws IOException * */ public DataOutputStream prepareAppendValue(int length) throws IOException { if (state != State.END_KEY) { throw new IllegalStateException( "Incorrect state to start a new value: " + state.name()); } DataOutputStream ret; // unknown length if (length < 0) { if (valueBuffer == null) { valueBuffer = new byte[getChunkBufferSize(conf)]; } ret = new ValueRegister(new ChunkEncoder(blkAppender, valueBuffer)); } else { ret = new ValueRegister(new Chunk.SingleChunkEncoder(blkAppender, length)); } state = State.IN_VALUE; return ret; } /** * Obtain an output stream for creating a meta block. This function may not * be called when there is a key append stream or value append stream * active. No more key-value insertion is allowed after a meta data block * has been added to TFile. * * @param name * Name of the meta block. * @param compressName * Name of the compression algorithm to be used. Must be one of the * strings returned by * {@link TFile#getSupportedCompressionAlgorithms()}. * @return A DataOutputStream that can be used to write Meta Block data. * Closing the stream would signal the ending of the block. * @throws IOException * @throws MetaBlockAlreadyExists * the Meta Block with the same name already exists. */ public DataOutputStream prepareMetaBlock(String name, String compressName) throws IOException, MetaBlockAlreadyExists { if (state != State.READY) { throw new IllegalStateException( "Incorrect state to start a Meta Block: " + state.name()); } finishDataBlock(true); DataOutputStream outputStream = writerBCF.prepareMetaBlock(name, compressName); return outputStream; } /** * Obtain an output stream for creating a meta block. This function may not * be called when there is a key append stream or value append stream * active. No more key-value insertion is allowed after a meta data block * has been added to TFile. Data will be compressed using the default * compressor as defined in Writer's constructor. * * @param name * Name of the meta block. * @return A DataOutputStream that can be used to write Meta Block data. * Closing the stream would signal the ending of the block. * @throws IOException * @throws MetaBlockAlreadyExists * the Meta Block with the same name already exists. */ public DataOutputStream prepareMetaBlock(String name) throws IOException, MetaBlockAlreadyExists { if (state != State.READY) { throw new IllegalStateException( "Incorrect state to start a Meta Block: " + state.name()); } finishDataBlock(true); return writerBCF.prepareMetaBlock(name); } /** * Check if we need to start a new data block. * * @throws IOException */ private void initDataBlock() throws IOException { // for each new block, get a new appender if (blkAppender == null) { blkAppender = writerBCF.prepareDataBlock(); } } /** * Close the current data block if necessary. * * @param bForceFinish * Force the closure regardless of the block size. * @throws IOException */ void finishDataBlock(boolean bForceFinish) throws IOException { if (blkAppender == null) { return; } // exceeded the size limit, do the compression and finish the block if (bForceFinish || blkAppender.getCompressedSize() >= sizeMinBlock) { // keep tracks of the last key of each data block, no padding // for now TFileIndexEntry keyLast = new TFileIndexEntry(lastKeyBufferOS.getBuffer(), 0, lastKeyBufferOS .size(), blkRecordCount); tfileIndex.addEntry(keyLast); // close the appender blkAppender.close(); blkAppender = null; blkRecordCount = 0; } } } /** * TFile Reader. Users may only read TFiles by creating TFile.Reader.Scanner. * objects. A scanner may scan the whole TFile ({@link Reader#createScanner()} * ) , a portion of TFile based on byte offsets ( * {@link Reader#createScannerByByteRange(long, long)}), or a portion of TFile with keys * fall in a certain key range (for sorted TFile only, * {@link Reader#createScannerByKey(byte[], byte[])} or * {@link Reader#createScannerByKey(RawComparable, RawComparable)}). */ @InterfaceStability.Evolving public static class Reader implements Closeable { // The underlying BCFile reader. final BCFile.Reader readerBCF; // TFile index, it is loaded lazily. TFileIndex tfileIndex = null; final TFileMeta tfileMeta; final BytesComparator comparator; // global begin and end locations. private final Location begin; private final Location end; /** * Location representing a virtual position in the TFile. */ static final class Location implements Comparable, Cloneable { private int blockIndex; // distance/offset from the beginning of the block private long recordIndex; Location(int blockIndex, long recordIndex) { set(blockIndex, recordIndex); } void incRecordIndex() { ++recordIndex; } Location(Location other) { set(other); } int getBlockIndex() { return blockIndex; } long getRecordIndex() { return recordIndex; } void set(int blockIndex, long recordIndex) { if ((blockIndex | recordIndex) < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Illegal parameter for BlockLocation."); } this.blockIndex = blockIndex; this.recordIndex = recordIndex; } void set(Location other) { set(other.blockIndex, other.recordIndex); } /** * @see java.lang.Comparable#compareTo(java.lang.Object) */ @Override public int compareTo(Location other) { return compareTo(other.blockIndex, other.recordIndex); } int compareTo(int bid, long rid) { if (this.blockIndex == bid) { long ret = this.recordIndex - rid; if (ret > 0) return 1; if (ret < 0) return -1; return 0; } return this.blockIndex - bid; } /** * @see java.lang.Object#clone() */ @Override protected Location clone() { return new Location(blockIndex, recordIndex); } /** * @see java.lang.Object#hashCode() */ @Override public int hashCode() { final int prime = 31; int result = prime + blockIndex; result = (int) (prime * result + recordIndex); return result; } /** * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object) */ @Override public boolean equals(Object obj) { if (this == obj) return true; if (obj == null) return false; if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false; Location other = (Location) obj; if (blockIndex != other.blockIndex) return false; if (recordIndex != other.recordIndex) return false; return true; } } /** * Constructor * * @param fsdis * FS input stream of the TFile. * @param fileLength * The length of TFile. This is required because we have no easy * way of knowing the actual size of the input file through the * File input stream. * @param conf * @throws IOException */ public Reader(FSDataInputStream fsdis, long fileLength, Configuration conf) throws IOException { readerBCF = new BCFile.Reader(fsdis, fileLength, conf); // first, read TFile meta BlockReader brMeta = readerBCF.getMetaBlock(TFileMeta.BLOCK_NAME); try { tfileMeta = new TFileMeta(brMeta); } finally { brMeta.close(); } comparator = tfileMeta.getComparator(); // Set begin and end locations. begin = new Location(0, 0); end = new Location(readerBCF.getBlockCount(), 0); } /** * Close the reader. The state of the Reader object is undefined after * close. Calling close() for multiple times has no effect. */ @Override public void close() throws IOException { readerBCF.close(); } /** * Get the begin location of the TFile. * * @return If TFile is not empty, the location of the first key-value pair. * Otherwise, it returns end(). */ Location begin() { return begin; } /** * Get the end location of the TFile. * * @return The location right after the last key-value pair in TFile. */ Location end() { return end; } /** * Get the string representation of the comparator. * * @return If the TFile is not sorted by keys, an empty string will be * returned. Otherwise, the actual comparator string that is * provided during the TFile creation time will be returned. */ public String getComparatorName() { return tfileMeta.getComparatorString(); } /** * Is the TFile sorted? * * @return true if TFile is sorted. */ public boolean isSorted() { return tfileMeta.isSorted(); } /** * Get the number of key-value pair entries in TFile. * * @return the number of key-value pairs in TFile */ public long getEntryCount() { return tfileMeta.getRecordCount(); } /** * Lazily loading the TFile index. * * @throws IOException */ synchronized void checkTFileDataIndex() throws IOException { if (tfileIndex == null) { BlockReader brIndex = readerBCF.getMetaBlock(TFileIndex.BLOCK_NAME); try { tfileIndex = new TFileIndex(readerBCF.getBlockCount(), brIndex, tfileMeta .getComparator()); } finally { brIndex.close(); } } } /** * Get the first key in the TFile. * * @return The first key in the TFile. * @throws IOException */ public RawComparable getFirstKey() throws IOException { checkTFileDataIndex(); return tfileIndex.getFirstKey(); } /** * Get the last key in the TFile. * * @return The last key in the TFile. * @throws IOException */ public RawComparable getLastKey() throws IOException { checkTFileDataIndex(); return tfileIndex.getLastKey(); } /** * Get a Comparator object to compare Entries. It is useful when you want * stores the entries in a collection (such as PriorityQueue) and perform * sorting or comparison among entries based on the keys without copying out * the key. * * @return An Entry Comparator.. */ public Comparator getEntryComparator() { if (!isSorted()) { throw new RuntimeException( "Entries are not comparable for unsorted TFiles"); } return new Comparator() { /** * Provide a customized comparator for Entries. This is useful if we * have a collection of Entry objects. However, if the Entry objects * come from different TFiles, users must ensure that those TFiles share * the same RawComparator. */ @Override public int compare(Scanner.Entry o1, Scanner.Entry o2) { return comparator.compare(o1.getKeyBuffer(), 0, o1.getKeyLength(), o2 .getKeyBuffer(), 0, o2.getKeyLength()); } }; } /** * Get an instance of the RawComparator that is constructed based on the * string comparator representation. * * @return a Comparator that can compare RawComparable's. */ public Comparator getComparator() { return comparator; } /** * Stream access to a meta block.`` * * @param name * The name of the meta block. * @return The input stream. * @throws IOException * on I/O error. * @throws MetaBlockDoesNotExist * If the meta block with the name does not exist. */ public DataInputStream getMetaBlock(String name) throws IOException, MetaBlockDoesNotExist { return readerBCF.getMetaBlock(name); } /** * if greater is true then returns the beginning location of the block * containing the key strictly greater than input key. if greater is false * then returns the beginning location of the block greater than equal to * the input key * * @param key * the input key * @param greater * boolean flag * @return * @throws IOException */ Location getBlockContainsKey(RawComparable key, boolean greater) throws IOException { if (!isSorted()) { throw new RuntimeException("Seeking in unsorted TFile"); } checkTFileDataIndex(); int blkIndex = (greater) ? tfileIndex.upperBound(key) : tfileIndex.lowerBound(key); if (blkIndex < 0) return end; return new Location(blkIndex, 0); } Location getLocationByRecordNum(long recNum) throws IOException { checkTFileDataIndex(); return tfileIndex.getLocationByRecordNum(recNum); } long getRecordNumByLocation(Location location) throws IOException { checkTFileDataIndex(); return tfileIndex.getRecordNumByLocation(location); } int compareKeys(byte[] a, int o1, int l1, byte[] b, int o2, int l2) { if (!isSorted()) { throw new RuntimeException("Cannot compare keys for unsorted TFiles."); } return comparator.compare(a, o1, l1, b, o2, l2); } int compareKeys(RawComparable a, RawComparable b) { if (!isSorted()) { throw new RuntimeException("Cannot compare keys for unsorted TFiles."); } return comparator.compare(a, b); } /** * Get the location pointing to the beginning of the first key-value pair in * a compressed block whose byte offset in the TFile is greater than or * equal to the specified offset. * * @param offset * the user supplied offset. * @return the location to the corresponding entry; or end() if no such * entry exists. */ Location getLocationNear(long offset) { int blockIndex = readerBCF.getBlockIndexNear(offset); if (blockIndex == -1) return end; return new Location(blockIndex, 0); } /** * Get the RecordNum for the first key-value pair in a compressed block * whose byte offset in the TFile is greater than or equal to the specified * offset. * * @param offset * the user supplied offset. * @return the RecordNum to the corresponding entry. If no such entry * exists, it returns the total entry count. * @throws IOException */ public long getRecordNumNear(long offset) throws IOException { return getRecordNumByLocation(getLocationNear(offset)); } /** * Get a sample key that is within a block whose starting offset is greater * than or equal to the specified offset. * * @param offset * The file offset. * @return the key that fits the requirement; or null if no such key exists * (which could happen if the offset is close to the end of the * TFile). * @throws IOException */ public RawComparable getKeyNear(long offset) throws IOException { int blockIndex = readerBCF.getBlockIndexNear(offset); if (blockIndex == -1) return null; checkTFileDataIndex(); return new ByteArray(tfileIndex.getEntry(blockIndex).key); } /** * Get a scanner than can scan the whole TFile. * * @return The scanner object. A valid Scanner is always returned even if * the TFile is empty. * @throws IOException */ public Scanner createScanner() throws IOException { return new Scanner(this, begin, end); } /** * Get a scanner that covers a portion of TFile based on byte offsets. * * @param offset * The beginning byte offset in the TFile. * @param length * The length of the region. * @return The actual coverage of the returned scanner tries to match the * specified byte-region but always round up to the compression * block boundaries. It is possible that the returned scanner * contains zero key-value pairs even if length is positive. * @throws IOException */ public Scanner createScannerByByteRange(long offset, long length) throws IOException { return new Scanner(this, offset, offset + length); } /** * Get a scanner that covers a portion of TFile based on keys. * * @param beginKey * Begin key of the scan (inclusive). If null, scan from the first * key-value entry of the TFile. * @param endKey * End key of the scan (exclusive). If null, scan up to the last * key-value entry of the TFile. * @return The actual coverage of the returned scanner will cover all keys * greater than or equal to the beginKey and less than the endKey. * @throws IOException * * @deprecated Use {@link #createScannerByKey(byte[], byte[])} instead. */ @Deprecated public Scanner createScanner(byte[] beginKey, byte[] endKey) throws IOException { return createScannerByKey(beginKey, endKey); } /** * Get a scanner that covers a portion of TFile based on keys. * * @param beginKey * Begin key of the scan (inclusive). If null, scan from the first * key-value entry of the TFile. * @param endKey * End key of the scan (exclusive). If null, scan up to the last * key-value entry of the TFile. * @return The actual coverage of the returned scanner will cover all keys * greater than or equal to the beginKey and less than the endKey. * @throws IOException */ public Scanner createScannerByKey(byte[] beginKey, byte[] endKey) throws IOException { return createScannerByKey((beginKey == null) ? null : new ByteArray(beginKey, 0, beginKey.length), (endKey == null) ? null : new ByteArray(endKey, 0, endKey.length)); } /** * Get a scanner that covers a specific key range. * * @param beginKey * Begin key of the scan (inclusive). If null, scan from the first * key-value entry of the TFile. * @param endKey * End key of the scan (exclusive). If null, scan up to the last * key-value entry of the TFile. * @return The actual coverage of the returned scanner will cover all keys * greater than or equal to the beginKey and less than the endKey. * @throws IOException * * @deprecated Use {@link #createScannerByKey(RawComparable, RawComparable)} * instead. */ @Deprecated public Scanner createScanner(RawComparable beginKey, RawComparable endKey) throws IOException { return createScannerByKey(beginKey, endKey); } /** * Get a scanner that covers a specific key range. * * @param beginKey * Begin key of the scan (inclusive). If null, scan from the first * key-value entry of the TFile. * @param endKey * End key of the scan (exclusive). If null, scan up to the last * key-value entry of the TFile. * @return The actual coverage of the returned scanner will cover all keys * greater than or equal to the beginKey and less than the endKey. * @throws IOException */ public Scanner createScannerByKey(RawComparable beginKey, RawComparable endKey) throws IOException { if ((beginKey != null) && (endKey != null) && (compareKeys(beginKey, endKey) >= 0)) { return new Scanner(this, beginKey, beginKey); } return new Scanner(this, beginKey, endKey); } /** * Create a scanner that covers a range of records. * * @param beginRecNum * The RecordNum for the first record (inclusive). * @param endRecNum * The RecordNum for the last record (exclusive). To scan the whole * file, either specify endRecNum==-1 or endRecNum==getEntryCount(). * @return The TFile scanner that covers the specified range of records. * @throws IOException */ public Scanner createScannerByRecordNum(long beginRecNum, long endRecNum) throws IOException { if (beginRecNum < 0) beginRecNum = 0; if (endRecNum < 0 || endRecNum > getEntryCount()) { endRecNum = getEntryCount(); } return new Scanner(this, getLocationByRecordNum(beginRecNum), getLocationByRecordNum(endRecNum)); } /** * The TFile Scanner. The Scanner has an implicit cursor, which, upon * creation, points to the first key-value pair in the scan range. If the * scan range is empty, the cursor will point to the end of the scan range. *

* Use {@link Scanner#atEnd()} to test whether the cursor is at the end * location of the scanner. *

* Use {@link Scanner#advance()} to move the cursor to the next key-value * pair (or end if none exists). Use seekTo methods ( * {@link Scanner#seekTo(byte[])} or * {@link Scanner#seekTo(byte[], int, int)}) to seek to any arbitrary * location in the covered range (including backward seeking). Use * {@link Scanner#rewind()} to seek back to the beginning of the scanner. * Use {@link Scanner#seekToEnd()} to seek to the end of the scanner. *

* Actual keys and values may be obtained through {@link Scanner.Entry} * object, which is obtained through {@link Scanner#entry()}. */ public static class Scanner implements Closeable { // The underlying TFile reader. final Reader reader; // current block (null if reaching end) private BlockReader blkReader; Location beginLocation; Location endLocation; Location currentLocation; // flag to ensure value is only examined once. boolean valueChecked = false; // reusable buffer for keys. final byte[] keyBuffer; // length of key, -1 means key is invalid. int klen = -1; static final int MAX_VAL_TRANSFER_BUF_SIZE = 128 * 1024; BytesWritable valTransferBuffer; DataInputBuffer keyDataInputStream; ChunkDecoder valueBufferInputStream; DataInputStream valueDataInputStream; // vlen == -1 if unknown. int vlen; /** * Constructor * * @param reader * The TFile reader object. * @param offBegin * Begin byte-offset of the scan. * @param offEnd * End byte-offset of the scan. * @throws IOException * * The offsets will be rounded to the beginning of a compressed * block whose offset is greater than or equal to the specified * offset. */ protected Scanner(Reader reader, long offBegin, long offEnd) throws IOException { this(reader, reader.getLocationNear(offBegin), reader .getLocationNear(offEnd)); } /** * Constructor * * @param reader * The TFile reader object. * @param begin * Begin location of the scan. * @param end * End location of the scan. * @throws IOException */ Scanner(Reader reader, Location begin, Location end) throws IOException { this.reader = reader; // ensure the TFile index is loaded throughout the life of scanner. reader.checkTFileDataIndex(); beginLocation = begin; endLocation = end; valTransferBuffer = new BytesWritable(); // TODO: remember the longest key in a TFile, and use it to replace // MAX_KEY_SIZE. keyBuffer = new byte[MAX_KEY_SIZE]; keyDataInputStream = new DataInputBuffer(); valueBufferInputStream = new ChunkDecoder(); valueDataInputStream = new DataInputStream(valueBufferInputStream); if (beginLocation.compareTo(endLocation) >= 0) { currentLocation = new Location(endLocation); } else { currentLocation = new Location(0, 0); initBlock(beginLocation.getBlockIndex()); inBlockAdvance(beginLocation.getRecordIndex()); } } /** * Constructor * * @param reader * The TFile reader object. * @param beginKey * Begin key of the scan. If null, scan from the first * <K, V> entry of the TFile. * @param endKey * End key of the scan. If null, scan up to the last <K, V> * entry of the TFile. * @throws IOException */ protected Scanner(Reader reader, RawComparable beginKey, RawComparable endKey) throws IOException { this(reader, (beginKey == null) ? reader.begin() : reader .getBlockContainsKey(beginKey, false), reader.end()); if (beginKey != null) { inBlockAdvance(beginKey, false); beginLocation.set(currentLocation); } if (endKey != null) { seekTo(endKey, false); endLocation.set(currentLocation); seekTo(beginLocation); } } /** * Move the cursor to the first entry whose key is greater than or equal * to the input key. Synonymous to seekTo(key, 0, key.length). The entry * returned by the previous entry() call will be invalid. * * @param key * The input key * @return true if we find an equal key. * @throws IOException */ public boolean seekTo(byte[] key) throws IOException { return seekTo(key, 0, key.length); } /** * Move the cursor to the first entry whose key is greater than or equal * to the input key. The entry returned by the previous entry() call will * be invalid. * * @param key * The input key * @param keyOffset * offset in the key buffer. * @param keyLen * key buffer length. * @return true if we find an equal key; false otherwise. * @throws IOException */ public boolean seekTo(byte[] key, int keyOffset, int keyLen) throws IOException { return seekTo(new ByteArray(key, keyOffset, keyLen), false); } private boolean seekTo(RawComparable key, boolean beyond) throws IOException { Location l = reader.getBlockContainsKey(key, beyond); if (l.compareTo(beginLocation) < 0) { l = beginLocation; } else if (l.compareTo(endLocation) >= 0) { seekTo(endLocation); return false; } // check if what we are seeking is in the later part of the current // block. if (atEnd() || (l.getBlockIndex() != currentLocation.getBlockIndex()) || (compareCursorKeyTo(key) >= 0)) { // sorry, we must seek to a different location first. seekTo(l); } return inBlockAdvance(key, beyond); } /** * Move the cursor to the new location. The entry returned by the previous * entry() call will be invalid. * * @param l * new cursor location. It must fall between the begin and end * location of the scanner. * @throws IOException */ private void seekTo(Location l) throws IOException { if (l.compareTo(beginLocation) < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Attempt to seek before the begin location."); } if (l.compareTo(endLocation) > 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Attempt to seek after the end location."); } if (l.compareTo(endLocation) == 0) { parkCursorAtEnd(); return; } if (l.getBlockIndex() != currentLocation.getBlockIndex()) { // going to a totally different block initBlock(l.getBlockIndex()); } else { if (valueChecked) { // may temporarily go beyond the last record in the block (in which // case the next if loop will always be true). inBlockAdvance(1); } if (l.getRecordIndex() < currentLocation.getRecordIndex()) { initBlock(l.getBlockIndex()); } } inBlockAdvance(l.getRecordIndex() - currentLocation.getRecordIndex()); return; } /** * Rewind to the first entry in the scanner. The entry returned by the * previous entry() call will be invalid. * * @throws IOException */ public void rewind() throws IOException { seekTo(beginLocation); } /** * Seek to the end of the scanner. The entry returned by the previous * entry() call will be invalid. * * @throws IOException */ public void seekToEnd() throws IOException { parkCursorAtEnd(); } /** * Move the cursor to the first entry whose key is greater than or equal * to the input key. Synonymous to lowerBound(key, 0, key.length). The * entry returned by the previous entry() call will be invalid. * * @param key * The input key * @throws IOException */ public void lowerBound(byte[] key) throws IOException { lowerBound(key, 0, key.length); } /** * Move the cursor to the first entry whose key is greater than or equal * to the input key. The entry returned by the previous entry() call will * be invalid. * * @param key * The input key * @param keyOffset * offset in the key buffer. * @param keyLen * key buffer length. * @throws IOException */ public void lowerBound(byte[] key, int keyOffset, int keyLen) throws IOException { seekTo(new ByteArray(key, keyOffset, keyLen), false); } /** * Move the cursor to the first entry whose key is strictly greater than * the input key. Synonymous to upperBound(key, 0, key.length). The entry * returned by the previous entry() call will be invalid. * * @param key * The input key * @throws IOException */ public void upperBound(byte[] key) throws IOException { upperBound(key, 0, key.length); } /** * Move the cursor to the first entry whose key is strictly greater than * the input key. The entry returned by the previous entry() call will be * invalid. * * @param key * The input key * @param keyOffset * offset in the key buffer. * @param keyLen * key buffer length. * @throws IOException */ public void upperBound(byte[] key, int keyOffset, int keyLen) throws IOException { seekTo(new ByteArray(key, keyOffset, keyLen), true); } /** * Move the cursor to the next key-value pair. The entry returned by the * previous entry() call will be invalid. * * @return true if the cursor successfully moves. False when cursor is * already at the end location and cannot be advanced. * @throws IOException */ public boolean advance() throws IOException { if (atEnd()) { return false; } int curBid = currentLocation.getBlockIndex(); long curRid = currentLocation.getRecordIndex(); long entriesInBlock = reader.getBlockEntryCount(curBid); if (curRid + 1 >= entriesInBlock) { if (endLocation.compareTo(curBid + 1, 0) <= 0) { // last entry in TFile. parkCursorAtEnd(); } else { // last entry in Block. initBlock(curBid + 1); } } else { inBlockAdvance(1); } return true; } /** * Load a compressed block for reading. Expecting blockIndex is valid. * * @throws IOException */ private void initBlock(int blockIndex) throws IOException { klen = -1; if (blkReader != null) { try { blkReader.close(); } finally { blkReader = null; } } blkReader = reader.getBlockReader(blockIndex); currentLocation.set(blockIndex, 0); } private void parkCursorAtEnd() throws IOException { klen = -1; currentLocation.set(endLocation); if (blkReader != null) { try { blkReader.close(); } finally { blkReader = null; } } } /** * Close the scanner. Release all resources. The behavior of using the * scanner after calling close is not defined. The entry returned by the * previous entry() call will be invalid. */ @Override public void close() throws IOException { parkCursorAtEnd(); } /** * Is cursor at the end location? * * @return true if the cursor is at the end location. */ public boolean atEnd() { return (currentLocation.compareTo(endLocation) >= 0); } /** * check whether we have already successfully obtained the key. It also * initializes the valueInputStream. */ void checkKey() throws IOException { if (klen >= 0) return; if (atEnd()) { throw new EOFException("No key-value to read"); } klen = -1; vlen = -1; valueChecked = false; klen = Utils.readVInt(blkReader); blkReader.readFully(keyBuffer, 0, klen); valueBufferInputStream.reset(blkReader); if (valueBufferInputStream.isLastChunk()) { vlen = valueBufferInputStream.getRemain(); } } /** * Get an entry to access the key and value. * * @return The Entry object to access the key and value. * @throws IOException */ public Entry entry() throws IOException { checkKey(); return new Entry(); } /** * Get the RecordNum corresponding to the entry pointed by the cursor. * @return The RecordNum corresponding to the entry pointed by the cursor. * @throws IOException */ public long getRecordNum() throws IOException { return reader.getRecordNumByLocation(currentLocation); } /** * Internal API. Comparing the key at cursor to user-specified key. * * @param other * user-specified key. * @return negative if key at cursor is smaller than user key; 0 if equal; * and positive if key at cursor greater than user key. * @throws IOException */ int compareCursorKeyTo(RawComparable other) throws IOException { checkKey(); return reader.compareKeys(keyBuffer, 0, klen, other.buffer(), other .offset(), other.size()); } /** * Entry to a <Key, Value> pair. */ public class Entry implements Comparable { /** * Get the length of the key. * * @return the length of the key. */ public int getKeyLength() { return klen; } byte[] getKeyBuffer() { return keyBuffer; } /** * Copy the key and value in one shot into BytesWritables. This is * equivalent to getKey(key); getValue(value); * * @param key * BytesWritable to hold key. * @param value * BytesWritable to hold value * @throws IOException */ public void get(BytesWritable key, BytesWritable value) throws IOException { getKey(key); getValue(value); } /** * Copy the key into BytesWritable. The input BytesWritable will be * automatically resized to the actual key size. * * @param key * BytesWritable to hold the key. * @throws IOException */ public int getKey(BytesWritable key) throws IOException { key.setSize(getKeyLength()); getKey(key.getBytes()); return key.getLength(); } /** * Copy the value into BytesWritable. The input BytesWritable will be * automatically resized to the actual value size. The implementation * directly uses the buffer inside BytesWritable for storing the value. * The call does not require the value length to be known. * * @param value * @throws IOException */ public long getValue(BytesWritable value) throws IOException { DataInputStream dis = getValueStream(); int size = 0; try { int remain; while ((remain = valueBufferInputStream.getRemain()) > 0) { value.setSize(size + remain); dis.readFully(value.getBytes(), size, remain); size += remain; } return value.getLength(); } finally { dis.close(); } } /** * Writing the key to the output stream. This method avoids copying key * buffer from Scanner into user buffer, then writing to the output * stream. * * @param out * The output stream * @return the length of the key. * @throws IOException */ public int writeKey(OutputStream out) throws IOException { out.write(keyBuffer, 0, klen); return klen; } /** * Writing the value to the output stream. This method avoids copying * value data from Scanner into user buffer, then writing to the output * stream. It does not require the value length to be known. * * @param out * The output stream * @return the length of the value * @throws IOException */ public long writeValue(OutputStream out) throws IOException { DataInputStream dis = getValueStream(); long size = 0; try { int chunkSize; while ((chunkSize = valueBufferInputStream.getRemain()) > 0) { chunkSize = Math.min(chunkSize, MAX_VAL_TRANSFER_BUF_SIZE); valTransferBuffer.setSize(chunkSize); dis.readFully(valTransferBuffer.getBytes(), 0, chunkSize); out.write(valTransferBuffer.getBytes(), 0, chunkSize); size += chunkSize; } return size; } finally { dis.close(); } } /** * Copy the key into user supplied buffer. * * @param buf * The buffer supplied by user. The length of the buffer must * not be shorter than the key length. * @return The length of the key. * * @throws IOException */ public int getKey(byte[] buf) throws IOException { return getKey(buf, 0); } /** * Copy the key into user supplied buffer. * * @param buf * The buffer supplied by user. * @param offset * The starting offset of the user buffer where we should copy * the key into. Requiring the key-length + offset no greater * than the buffer length. * @return The length of the key. * @throws IOException */ public int getKey(byte[] buf, int offset) throws IOException { if ((offset | (buf.length - offset - klen)) < 0) { throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( "Buffer not enough to store the key"); } System.arraycopy(keyBuffer, 0, buf, offset, klen); return klen; } /** * Streaming access to the key. Useful for desrializing the key into * user objects. * * @return The input stream. */ public DataInputStream getKeyStream() { keyDataInputStream.reset(keyBuffer, klen); return keyDataInputStream; } /** * Get the length of the value. isValueLengthKnown() must be tested * true. * * @return the length of the value. */ public int getValueLength() { if (vlen >= 0) { return vlen; } throw new RuntimeException("Value length unknown."); } /** * Copy value into user-supplied buffer. User supplied buffer must be * large enough to hold the whole value. The value part of the key-value * pair pointed by the current cursor is not cached and can only be * examined once. Calling any of the following functions more than once * without moving the cursor will result in exception: * {@link #getValue(byte[])}, {@link #getValue(byte[], int)}, * {@link #getValueStream}. * * @return the length of the value. Does not require * isValueLengthKnown() to be true. * @throws IOException * */ public int getValue(byte[] buf) throws IOException { return getValue(buf, 0); } /** * Copy value into user-supplied buffer. User supplied buffer must be * large enough to hold the whole value (starting from the offset). The * value part of the key-value pair pointed by the current cursor is not * cached and can only be examined once. Calling any of the following * functions more than once without moving the cursor will result in * exception: {@link #getValue(byte[])}, {@link #getValue(byte[], int)}, * {@link #getValueStream}. * * @return the length of the value. Does not require * isValueLengthKnown() to be true. * @throws IOException */ public int getValue(byte[] buf, int offset) throws IOException { DataInputStream dis = getValueStream(); try { if (isValueLengthKnown()) { if ((offset | (buf.length - offset - vlen)) < 0) { throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( "Buffer too small to hold value"); } dis.readFully(buf, offset, vlen); return vlen; } int nextOffset = offset; while (nextOffset < buf.length) { int n = dis.read(buf, nextOffset, buf.length - nextOffset); if (n < 0) { break; } nextOffset += n; } if (dis.read() >= 0) { // attempt to read one more byte to determine whether we reached // the // end or not. throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( "Buffer too small to hold value"); } return nextOffset - offset; } finally { dis.close(); } } /** * Stream access to value. The value part of the key-value pair pointed * by the current cursor is not cached and can only be examined once. * Calling any of the following functions more than once without moving * the cursor will result in exception: {@link #getValue(byte[])}, * {@link #getValue(byte[], int)}, {@link #getValueStream}. * * @return The input stream for reading the value. * @throws IOException */ public DataInputStream getValueStream() throws IOException { if (valueChecked == true) { throw new IllegalStateException( "Attempt to examine value multiple times."); } valueChecked = true; return valueDataInputStream; } /** * Check whether it is safe to call getValueLength(). * * @return true if value length is known before hand. Values less than * the chunk size will always have their lengths known before * hand. Values that are written out as a whole (with advertised * length up-front) will always have their lengths known in * read. */ public boolean isValueLengthKnown() { return (vlen >= 0); } /** * Compare the entry key to another key. Synonymous to compareTo(key, 0, * key.length). * * @param buf * The key buffer. * @return comparison result between the entry key with the input key. */ public int compareTo(byte[] buf) { return compareTo(buf, 0, buf.length); } /** * Compare the entry key to another key. Synonymous to compareTo(new * ByteArray(buf, offset, length) * * @param buf * The key buffer * @param offset * offset into the key buffer. * @param length * the length of the key. * @return comparison result between the entry key with the input key. */ public int compareTo(byte[] buf, int offset, int length) { return compareTo(new ByteArray(buf, offset, length)); } /** * Compare an entry with a RawComparable object. This is useful when * Entries are stored in a collection, and we want to compare a user * supplied key. */ @Override public int compareTo(RawComparable key) { return reader.compareKeys(keyBuffer, 0, getKeyLength(), key.buffer(), key.offset(), key.size()); } /** * Compare whether this and other points to the same key value. */ @Override public boolean equals(Object other) { if (this == other) return true; if (!(other instanceof Entry)) return false; return ((Entry) other).compareTo(keyBuffer, 0, getKeyLength()) == 0; } @Override public int hashCode() { return WritableComparator.hashBytes(keyBuffer, 0, getKeyLength()); } } /** * Advance cursor by n positions within the block. * * @param n * Number of key-value pairs to skip in block. * @throws IOException */ private void inBlockAdvance(long n) throws IOException { for (long i = 0; i < n; ++i) { checkKey(); if (!valueBufferInputStream.isClosed()) { valueBufferInputStream.close(); } klen = -1; currentLocation.incRecordIndex(); } } /** * Advance cursor in block until we find a key that is greater than or * equal to the input key. * * @param key * Key to compare. * @param greater * advance until we find a key greater than the input key. * @return true if we find a equal key. * @throws IOException */ private boolean inBlockAdvance(RawComparable key, boolean greater) throws IOException { int curBid = currentLocation.getBlockIndex(); long entryInBlock = reader.getBlockEntryCount(curBid); if (curBid == endLocation.getBlockIndex()) { entryInBlock = endLocation.getRecordIndex(); } while (currentLocation.getRecordIndex() < entryInBlock) { int cmp = compareCursorKeyTo(key); if (cmp > 0) return false; if (cmp == 0 && !greater) return true; if (!valueBufferInputStream.isClosed()) { valueBufferInputStream.close(); } klen = -1; currentLocation.incRecordIndex(); } throw new RuntimeException("Cannot find matching key in block."); } } long getBlockEntryCount(int curBid) { return tfileIndex.getEntry(curBid).entries(); } BlockReader getBlockReader(int blockIndex) throws IOException { return readerBCF.getDataBlock(blockIndex); } } /** * Data structure representing "TFile.meta" meta block. */ static final class TFileMeta { final static String BLOCK_NAME = "TFile.meta"; final Version version; private long recordCount; private final String strComparator; private final BytesComparator comparator; // ctor for writes public TFileMeta(String comparator) { // set fileVersion to API version when we create it. version = TFile.API_VERSION; recordCount = 0; strComparator = (comparator == null) ? "" : comparator; this.comparator = makeComparator(strComparator); } // ctor for reads public TFileMeta(DataInput in) throws IOException { version = new Version(in); if (!version.compatibleWith(TFile.API_VERSION)) { throw new RuntimeException("Incompatible TFile fileVersion."); } recordCount = Utils.readVLong(in); strComparator = Utils.readString(in); comparator = makeComparator(strComparator); } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") static BytesComparator makeComparator(String comparator) { if (comparator.length() == 0) { // unsorted keys return null; } if (comparator.equals(COMPARATOR_MEMCMP)) { // default comparator return new BytesComparator(new MemcmpRawComparator()); } else if (comparator.startsWith(COMPARATOR_JCLASS)) { String compClassName = comparator.substring(COMPARATOR_JCLASS.length()).trim(); try { Class compClass = Class.forName(compClassName); // use its default ctor to create an instance return new BytesComparator((RawComparator) compClass .newInstance()); } catch (Exception e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Failed to instantiate comparator: " + comparator + "(" + e.toString() + ")"); } } else { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported comparator: " + comparator); } } public void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException { TFile.API_VERSION.write(out); Utils.writeVLong(out, recordCount); Utils.writeString(out, strComparator); } public long getRecordCount() { return recordCount; } public void incRecordCount() { ++recordCount; } public boolean isSorted() { return !strComparator.isEmpty(); } public String getComparatorString() { return strComparator; } public BytesComparator getComparator() { return comparator; } public Version getVersion() { return version; } } // END: class MetaTFileMeta /** * Data structure representing "TFile.index" meta block. */ static class TFileIndex { final static String BLOCK_NAME = "TFile.index"; private ByteArray firstKey; private final ArrayList index; private final ArrayList recordNumIndex; private final BytesComparator comparator; private long sum = 0; /** * For reading from file. * * @throws IOException */ public TFileIndex(int entryCount, DataInput in, BytesComparator comparator) throws IOException { index = new ArrayList(entryCount); recordNumIndex = new ArrayList(entryCount); int size = Utils.readVInt(in); // size for the first key entry. if (size > 0) { byte[] buffer = new byte[size]; in.readFully(buffer); DataInputStream firstKeyInputStream = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(buffer, 0, size)); int firstKeyLength = Utils.readVInt(firstKeyInputStream); firstKey = new ByteArray(new byte[firstKeyLength]); firstKeyInputStream.readFully(firstKey.buffer()); for (int i = 0; i < entryCount; i++) { size = Utils.readVInt(in); if (buffer.length < size) { buffer = new byte[size]; } in.readFully(buffer, 0, size); TFileIndexEntry idx = new TFileIndexEntry(new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream( buffer, 0, size))); index.add(idx); sum += idx.entries(); recordNumIndex.add(sum); } } else { if (entryCount != 0) { throw new RuntimeException("Internal error"); } } this.comparator = comparator; } /** * @param key * input key. * @return the ID of the first block that contains key >= input key. Or -1 * if no such block exists. */ public int lowerBound(RawComparable key) { if (comparator == null) { throw new RuntimeException("Cannot search in unsorted TFile"); } if (firstKey == null) { return -1; // not found } int ret = Utils.lowerBound(index, key, comparator); if (ret == index.size()) { return -1; } return ret; } /** * @param key * input key. * @return the ID of the first block that contains key > input key. Or -1 * if no such block exists. */ public int upperBound(RawComparable key) { if (comparator == null) { throw new RuntimeException("Cannot search in unsorted TFile"); } if (firstKey == null) { return -1; // not found } int ret = Utils.upperBound(index, key, comparator); if (ret == index.size()) { return -1; } return ret; } /** * For writing to file. */ public TFileIndex(BytesComparator comparator) { index = new ArrayList(); recordNumIndex = new ArrayList(); this.comparator = comparator; } public RawComparable getFirstKey() { return firstKey; } public Reader.Location getLocationByRecordNum(long recNum) { int idx = Utils.upperBound(recordNumIndex, recNum); long lastRecNum = (idx == 0)? 0: recordNumIndex.get(idx-1); return new Reader.Location(idx, recNum-lastRecNum); } public long getRecordNumByLocation(Reader.Location location) { int blkIndex = location.getBlockIndex(); long lastRecNum = (blkIndex == 0) ? 0: recordNumIndex.get(blkIndex-1); return lastRecNum + location.getRecordIndex(); } public void setFirstKey(byte[] key, int offset, int length) { firstKey = new ByteArray(new byte[length]); System.arraycopy(key, offset, firstKey.buffer(), 0, length); } public RawComparable getLastKey() { if (index.size() == 0) { return null; } return new ByteArray(index.get(index.size() - 1).buffer()); } public void addEntry(TFileIndexEntry keyEntry) { index.add(keyEntry); sum += keyEntry.entries(); recordNumIndex.add(sum); } public TFileIndexEntry getEntry(int bid) { return index.get(bid); } public void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException { if (firstKey == null) { Utils.writeVInt(out, 0); return; } DataOutputBuffer dob = new DataOutputBuffer(); Utils.writeVInt(dob, firstKey.size()); dob.write(firstKey.buffer()); Utils.writeVInt(out, dob.size()); out.write(dob.getData(), 0, dob.getLength()); for (TFileIndexEntry entry : index) { dob.reset(); entry.write(dob); Utils.writeVInt(out, dob.getLength()); out.write(dob.getData(), 0, dob.getLength()); } } } /** * TFile Data Index entry. We should try to make the memory footprint of each * index entry as small as possible. */ static final class TFileIndexEntry implements RawComparable { final byte[] key; // count of entries in the block. final long kvEntries; public TFileIndexEntry(DataInput in) throws IOException { int len = Utils.readVInt(in); key = new byte[len]; in.readFully(key, 0, len); kvEntries = Utils.readVLong(in); } // default entry, without any padding public TFileIndexEntry(byte[] newkey, int offset, int len, long entries) { key = new byte[len]; System.arraycopy(newkey, offset, key, 0, len); this.kvEntries = entries; } @Override public byte[] buffer() { return key; } @Override public int offset() { return 0; } @Override public int size() { return key.length; } long entries() { return kvEntries; } public void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException { Utils.writeVInt(out, key.length); out.write(key, 0, key.length); Utils.writeVLong(out, kvEntries); } } /** * Dumping the TFile information. * * @param args * A list of TFile paths. */ public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.printf("TFile Dumper (TFile %s, BCFile %s)%n", TFile.API_VERSION .toString(), BCFile.API_VERSION.toString()); if (args.length == 0) { System.out .println("Usage: java ... org.apache.hadoop.io.file.tfile.TFile tfile-path [tfile-path ...]"); System.exit(0); } Configuration conf = new Configuration(); for (String file : args) { System.out.println("===" + file + "==="); try { TFileDumper.dumpInfo(file, System.out, conf); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(System.err); } } } }