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/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.wal;
import static org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.wal.WALActionsListener.RollRequestReason.ERROR;
import static org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.wal.WALActionsListener.RollRequestReason.LOW_REPLICATION;
import static org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.wal.WALActionsListener.RollRequestReason.SLOW_SYNC;
import static org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.AbstractFSWALProvider.WAL_FILE_NAME_DELIMITER;
import static org.apache.hbase.thirdparty.com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
import static org.apache.hbase.thirdparty.com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
import com.lmax.disruptor.RingBuffer;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InterruptedIOException;
import java.lang.management.MemoryType;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.OptionalLong;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentNavigableMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListMap;
import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.mutable.MutableLong;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileStatus;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.PathFilter;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Abortable;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.PrivateCellUtil;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.RegionInfo;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.exceptions.TimeoutIOException;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.util.MemorySizeUtil;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.ipc.RpcServer;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.ipc.ServerCall;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.log.HBaseMarkers;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.HRegion;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.MultiVersionConcurrencyControl;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.trace.TraceUtil;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.CommonFSUtils;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.EnvironmentEdgeManager;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Pair;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.AbstractFSWALProvider;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WAL;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALEdit;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALFactory;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALKeyImpl;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALPrettyPrinter;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALProvider.WriterBase;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALSplitter;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.protocol.DatanodeInfo;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.StringUtils;
import org.apache.htrace.core.TraceScope;
import org.apache.yetus.audience.InterfaceAudience;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.apache.hbase.thirdparty.com.google.common.util.concurrent.ThreadFactoryBuilder;
/**
* Implementation of {@link WAL} to go against {@link FileSystem}; i.e. keep WALs in HDFS. Only one
* WAL is ever being written at a time. When a WAL hits a configured maximum size, it is rolled.
* This is done internal to the implementation.
*
* As data is flushed from the MemStore to other on-disk structures (files sorted by key, hfiles), a
* WAL becomes obsolete. We can let go of all the log edits/entries for a given HRegion-sequence id.
* A bunch of work in the below is done keeping account of these region sequence ids -- what is
* flushed out to hfiles, and what is yet in WAL and in memory only.
*
* It is only practical to delete entire files. Thus, we delete an entire on-disk file
* F when all of the edits in F have a log-sequence-id that's older
* (smaller) than the most-recent flush.
*
* To read an WAL, call
* {@link WALFactory#createReader(org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem, org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path)}. *
*
Failure Semantic
If an exception on append or sync, roll the WAL because the current WAL
* is now a lame duck; any more appends or syncs will fail also with the same original exception. If
* we have made successful appends to the WAL and we then are unable to sync them, our current
* semantic is to return error to the client that the appends failed but also to abort the current
* context, usually the hosting server. We need to replay the WALs.
* TODO: Change this semantic. A roll of WAL may be sufficient as long as we have flagged client
* that the append failed.
* TODO: replication may pick up these last edits though they have been marked as failed append
* (Need to keep our own file lengths, not rely on HDFS).
*/
@InterfaceAudience.Private
public abstract class AbstractFSWAL implements WAL {
private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AbstractFSWAL.class);
protected static final String SLOW_SYNC_TIME_MS ="hbase.regionserver.wal.slowsync.ms";
protected static final int DEFAULT_SLOW_SYNC_TIME_MS = 100; // in ms
protected static final String ROLL_ON_SYNC_TIME_MS = "hbase.regionserver.wal.roll.on.sync.ms";
protected static final int DEFAULT_ROLL_ON_SYNC_TIME_MS = 10000; // in ms
protected static final String SLOW_SYNC_ROLL_THRESHOLD =
"hbase.regionserver.wal.slowsync.roll.threshold";
protected static final int DEFAULT_SLOW_SYNC_ROLL_THRESHOLD = 100; // 100 slow sync warnings
protected static final String SLOW_SYNC_ROLL_INTERVAL_MS =
"hbase.regionserver.wal.slowsync.roll.interval.ms";
protected static final int DEFAULT_SLOW_SYNC_ROLL_INTERVAL_MS = 60 * 1000; // in ms, 1 minute
protected static final String WAL_SYNC_TIMEOUT_MS = "hbase.regionserver.wal.sync.timeout";
protected static final int DEFAULT_WAL_SYNC_TIMEOUT_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000; // in ms, 5min
public static final String WAL_ROLL_MULTIPLIER = "hbase.regionserver.logroll.multiplier";
public static final String MAX_LOGS = "hbase.regionserver.maxlogs";
public static final String RING_BUFFER_SLOT_COUNT =
"hbase.regionserver.wal.disruptor.event.count";
/**
* file system instance
*/
protected final FileSystem fs;
/**
* WAL directory, where all WAL files would be placed.
*/
protected final Path walDir;
/**
* dir path where old logs are kept.
*/
protected final Path walArchiveDir;
/**
* Matches just those wal files that belong to this wal instance.
*/
protected final PathFilter ourFiles;
/**
* Prefix of a WAL file, usually the region server name it is hosted on.
*/
protected final String walFilePrefix;
/**
* Suffix included on generated wal file names
*/
protected final String walFileSuffix;
/**
* Prefix used when checking for wal membership.
*/
protected final String prefixPathStr;
protected final WALCoprocessorHost coprocessorHost;
/**
* conf object
*/
protected final Configuration conf;
protected final Abortable abortable;
/** Listeners that are called on WAL events. */
protected final List listeners = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
/**
* Class that does accounting of sequenceids in WAL subsystem. Holds oldest outstanding sequence
* id as yet not flushed as well as the most recent edit sequence id appended to the WAL. Has
* facility for answering questions such as "Is it safe to GC a WAL?".
*/
protected final SequenceIdAccounting sequenceIdAccounting = new SequenceIdAccounting();
protected final long slowSyncNs, rollOnSyncNs;
protected final int slowSyncRollThreshold;
protected final int slowSyncCheckInterval;
protected final AtomicInteger slowSyncCount = new AtomicInteger();
private final long walSyncTimeoutNs;
// If > than this size, roll the log.
protected final long logrollsize;
/**
* Block size to use writing files.
*/
protected final long blocksize;
/*
* If more than this many logs, force flush of oldest region to oldest edit goes to disk. If too
* many and we crash, then will take forever replaying. Keep the number of logs tidy.
*/
protected final int maxLogs;
protected final boolean useHsync;
/**
* This lock makes sure only one log roll runs at a time. Should not be taken while any other lock
* is held. We don't just use synchronized because that results in bogus and tedious findbugs
* warning when it thinks synchronized controls writer thread safety. It is held when we are
* actually rolling the log. It is checked when we are looking to see if we should roll the log or
* not.
*/
protected final ReentrantLock rollWriterLock = new ReentrantLock(true);
// The timestamp (in ms) when the log file was created.
protected final AtomicLong filenum = new AtomicLong(-1);
// Number of transactions in the current Wal.
protected final AtomicInteger numEntries = new AtomicInteger(0);
/**
* The highest known outstanding unsync'd WALEdit transaction id. Usually, we use a queue to pass
* WALEdit to background consumer thread, and the transaction id is the sequence number of the
* corresponding entry in queue.
*/
protected volatile long highestUnsyncedTxid = -1;
/**
* Updated to the transaction id of the last successful sync call. This can be less than
* {@link #highestUnsyncedTxid} for case where we have an append where a sync has not yet come in
* for it.
*/
protected final AtomicLong highestSyncedTxid = new AtomicLong(0);
/**
* The total size of wal
*/
protected final AtomicLong totalLogSize = new AtomicLong(0);
/**
* Current log file.
*/
volatile W writer;
// Last time to check low replication on hlog's pipeline
private volatile long lastTimeCheckLowReplication = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTime();
// Last time we asked to roll the log due to a slow sync
private volatile long lastTimeCheckSlowSync = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTime();
protected volatile boolean closed = false;
protected final AtomicBoolean shutdown = new AtomicBoolean(false);
/**
* WAL Comparator; it compares the timestamp (log filenum), present in the log file name. Throws
* an IllegalArgumentException if used to compare paths from different wals.
*/
final Comparator LOG_NAME_COMPARATOR =
(o1, o2) -> Long.compare(getFileNumFromFileName(o1), getFileNumFromFileName(o2));
private static final class WalProps {
/**
* Map the encoded region name to the highest sequence id.
* Contains all the regions it has an entry for.
*/
public final Map encodedName2HighestSequenceId;
/**
* The log file size. Notice that the size may not be accurate if we do asynchronous close in
* sub classes.
*/
public final long logSize;
public WalProps(Map encodedName2HighestSequenceId, long logSize) {
this.encodedName2HighestSequenceId = encodedName2HighestSequenceId;
this.logSize = logSize;
}
}
/**
* Map of WAL log file to properties. The map is sorted by the log file creation timestamp
* (contained in the log file name).
*/
protected ConcurrentNavigableMap walFile2Props =
new ConcurrentSkipListMap<>(LOG_NAME_COMPARATOR);
/**
* Map of {@link SyncFuture}s owned by Thread objects. Used so we reuse SyncFutures.
* Thread local is used so JVM can GC the terminated thread for us. See HBASE-21228
*
*/
private final ThreadLocal cachedSyncFutures;
/**
* The class name of the runtime implementation, used as prefix for logging/tracing.
*
* Performance testing shows getClass().getSimpleName() might be a bottleneck so we store it here,
* refer to HBASE-17676 for more details
*
*/
protected final String implClassName;
protected final AtomicBoolean rollRequested = new AtomicBoolean(false);
private final ExecutorService logArchiveExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(
new ThreadFactoryBuilder().setDaemon(true).setNameFormat("Log-Archiver-%d").build());
private final int archiveRetries;
public long getFilenum() {
return this.filenum.get();
}
/**
* A log file has a creation timestamp (in ms) in its file name ({@link #filenum}. This helper
* method returns the creation timestamp from a given log file. It extracts the timestamp assuming
* the filename is created with the {@link #computeFilename(long filenum)} method.
* @return timestamp, as in the log file name.
*/
protected long getFileNumFromFileName(Path fileName) {
checkNotNull(fileName, "file name can't be null");
if (!ourFiles.accept(fileName)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"The log file " + fileName + " doesn't belong to this WAL. (" + toString() + ")");
}
final String fileNameString = fileName.toString();
String chompedPath = fileNameString.substring(prefixPathStr.length(),
(fileNameString.length() - walFileSuffix.length()));
return Long.parseLong(chompedPath);
}
private int calculateMaxLogFiles(Configuration conf, long logRollSize) {
Pair globalMemstoreSize = MemorySizeUtil.getGlobalMemStoreSize(conf);
return (int) ((globalMemstoreSize.getFirst() * 2) / logRollSize);
}
// must be power of 2
protected final int getPreallocatedEventCount() {
// Preallocate objects to use on the ring buffer. The way that appends and syncs work, we will
// be stuck and make no progress if the buffer is filled with appends only and there is no
// sync. If no sync, then the handlers will be outstanding just waiting on sync completion
// before they return.
int preallocatedEventCount =
this.conf.getInt(RING_BUFFER_SLOT_COUNT, 1024 * 16);
checkArgument(preallocatedEventCount >= 0, RING_BUFFER_SLOT_COUNT + " must > 0");
int floor = Integer.highestOneBit(preallocatedEventCount);
if (floor == preallocatedEventCount) {
return floor;
}
// max capacity is 1 << 30
if (floor >= 1 << 29) {
return 1 << 30;
}
return floor << 1;
}
protected AbstractFSWAL(final FileSystem fs, final Path rootDir, final String logDir,
final String archiveDir, final Configuration conf, final List listeners,
final boolean failIfWALExists, final String prefix, final String suffix)
throws FailedLogCloseException, IOException {
this(fs, null, rootDir, logDir, archiveDir, conf, listeners, failIfWALExists, prefix, suffix);
}
protected AbstractFSWAL(final FileSystem fs, final Abortable abortable, final Path rootDir,
final String logDir, final String archiveDir, final Configuration conf,
final List listeners, final boolean failIfWALExists, final String prefix,
final String suffix)
throws FailedLogCloseException, IOException {
this.fs = fs;
this.walDir = new Path(rootDir, logDir);
this.walArchiveDir = new Path(rootDir, archiveDir);
this.conf = conf;
this.abortable = abortable;
if (!fs.exists(walDir) && !fs.mkdirs(walDir)) {
throw new IOException("Unable to mkdir " + walDir);
}
if (!fs.exists(this.walArchiveDir)) {
if (!fs.mkdirs(this.walArchiveDir)) {
throw new IOException("Unable to mkdir " + this.walArchiveDir);
}
}
// If prefix is null||empty then just name it wal
this.walFilePrefix =
prefix == null || prefix.isEmpty() ? "wal" : URLEncoder.encode(prefix, "UTF8");
// we only correctly differentiate suffices when numeric ones start with '.'
if (suffix != null && !(suffix.isEmpty()) && !(suffix.startsWith(WAL_FILE_NAME_DELIMITER))) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("WAL suffix must start with '" + WAL_FILE_NAME_DELIMITER +
"' but instead was '" + suffix + "'");
}
// Now that it exists, set the storage policy for the entire directory of wal files related to
// this FSHLog instance
String storagePolicy =
conf.get(HConstants.WAL_STORAGE_POLICY, HConstants.DEFAULT_WAL_STORAGE_POLICY);
CommonFSUtils.setStoragePolicy(fs, this.walDir, storagePolicy);
this.walFileSuffix = (suffix == null) ? "" : URLEncoder.encode(suffix, "UTF8");
this.prefixPathStr = new Path(walDir, walFilePrefix + WAL_FILE_NAME_DELIMITER).toString();
this.ourFiles = new PathFilter() {
@Override
public boolean accept(final Path fileName) {
// The path should start with dir/ and end with our suffix
final String fileNameString = fileName.toString();
if (!fileNameString.startsWith(prefixPathStr)) {
return false;
}
if (walFileSuffix.isEmpty()) {
// in the case of the null suffix, we need to ensure the filename ends with a timestamp.
return org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils
.isNumeric(fileNameString.substring(prefixPathStr.length()));
} else if (!fileNameString.endsWith(walFileSuffix)) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
};
if (failIfWALExists) {
final FileStatus[] walFiles = CommonFSUtils.listStatus(fs, walDir, ourFiles);
if (null != walFiles && 0 != walFiles.length) {
throw new IOException("Target WAL already exists within directory " + walDir);
}
}
// Register listeners. TODO: Should this exist anymore? We have CPs?
if (listeners != null) {
for (WALActionsListener i : listeners) {
registerWALActionsListener(i);
}
}
this.coprocessorHost = new WALCoprocessorHost(this, conf);
// Schedule a WAL roll when the WAL is 50% of the HDFS block size. Scheduling at 50% of block
// size should make it so WAL rolls before we get to the end-of-block (Block transitions cost
// some latency). In hbase-1 we did this differently. We scheduled a roll when we hit 95% of
// the block size but experience from the field has it that this was not enough time for the
// roll to happen before end-of-block. So the new accounting makes WALs of about the same
// size as those made in hbase-1 (to prevent surprise), we now have default block size as
// 2 times the DFS default: i.e. 2 * DFS default block size rolling at 50% full will generally
// make similar size logs to 1 * DFS default block size rolling at 95% full. See HBASE-19148.
this.blocksize = WALUtil.getWALBlockSize(this.conf, this.fs, this.walDir);
float multiplier = conf.getFloat(WAL_ROLL_MULTIPLIER, 0.5f);
this.logrollsize = (long) (this.blocksize * multiplier);
this.maxLogs = conf.getInt(MAX_LOGS, Math.max(32, calculateMaxLogFiles(conf, logrollsize)));
LOG.info("WAL configuration: blocksize=" + StringUtils.byteDesc(blocksize) + ", rollsize=" +
StringUtils.byteDesc(this.logrollsize) + ", prefix=" + this.walFilePrefix + ", suffix=" +
walFileSuffix + ", logDir=" + this.walDir + ", archiveDir=" + this.walArchiveDir +
", maxLogs=" + this.maxLogs);
this.slowSyncNs = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(conf.getInt(SLOW_SYNC_TIME_MS,
conf.getInt("hbase.regionserver.hlog.slowsync.ms", DEFAULT_SLOW_SYNC_TIME_MS)));
this.rollOnSyncNs = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(conf.getInt(ROLL_ON_SYNC_TIME_MS,
DEFAULT_ROLL_ON_SYNC_TIME_MS));
this.slowSyncRollThreshold = conf.getInt(SLOW_SYNC_ROLL_THRESHOLD,
DEFAULT_SLOW_SYNC_ROLL_THRESHOLD);
this.slowSyncCheckInterval = conf.getInt(SLOW_SYNC_ROLL_INTERVAL_MS,
DEFAULT_SLOW_SYNC_ROLL_INTERVAL_MS);
this.walSyncTimeoutNs = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(conf.getLong(WAL_SYNC_TIMEOUT_MS,
conf.getLong("hbase.regionserver.hlog.sync.timeout", DEFAULT_WAL_SYNC_TIMEOUT_MS)));
this.cachedSyncFutures = new ThreadLocal() {
@Override
protected SyncFuture initialValue() {
return new SyncFuture();
}
};
this.implClassName = getClass().getSimpleName();
this.useHsync = conf.getBoolean(HRegion.WAL_HSYNC_CONF_KEY, HRegion.DEFAULT_WAL_HSYNC);
archiveRetries = this.conf.getInt("hbase.regionserver.logroll.archive.retries", 0);
}
/**
* Used to initialize the WAL. Usually just call rollWriter to create the first log writer.
*/
public void init() throws IOException {
rollWriter();
}
@Override
public void registerWALActionsListener(WALActionsListener listener) {
this.listeners.add(listener);
}
@Override
public boolean unregisterWALActionsListener(WALActionsListener listener) {
return this.listeners.remove(listener);
}
@Override
public WALCoprocessorHost getCoprocessorHost() {
return coprocessorHost;
}
@Override
public Long startCacheFlush(byte[] encodedRegionName, Set families) {
return this.sequenceIdAccounting.startCacheFlush(encodedRegionName, families);
}
@Override
public Long startCacheFlush(byte[] encodedRegionName, Map familyToSeq) {
return this.sequenceIdAccounting.startCacheFlush(encodedRegionName, familyToSeq);
}
@Override
public void completeCacheFlush(byte[] encodedRegionName, long maxFlushedSeqId) {
this.sequenceIdAccounting.completeCacheFlush(encodedRegionName, maxFlushedSeqId);
}
@Override
public void abortCacheFlush(byte[] encodedRegionName) {
this.sequenceIdAccounting.abortCacheFlush(encodedRegionName);
}
@Override
public long getEarliestMemStoreSeqNum(byte[] encodedRegionName) {
// Used by tests. Deprecated as too subtle for general usage.
return this.sequenceIdAccounting.getLowestSequenceId(encodedRegionName);
}
@Override
public long getEarliestMemStoreSeqNum(byte[] encodedRegionName, byte[] familyName) {
// This method is used by tests and for figuring if we should flush or not because our
// sequenceids are too old. It is also used reporting the master our oldest sequenceid for use
// figuring what edits can be skipped during log recovery. getEarliestMemStoreSequenceId
// from this.sequenceIdAccounting is looking first in flushingOldestStoreSequenceIds, the
// currently flushing sequence ids, and if anything found there, it is returning these. This is
// the right thing to do for the reporting oldest sequenceids to master; we won't skip edits if
// we crash during the flush. For figuring what to flush, we might get requeued if our sequence
// id is old even though we are currently flushing. This may mean we do too much flushing.
return this.sequenceIdAccounting.getLowestSequenceId(encodedRegionName, familyName);
}
@Override
public Map> rollWriter() throws FailedLogCloseException, IOException {
return rollWriter(false);
}
/**
* This is a convenience method that computes a new filename with a given file-number.
* @param filenum to use
* @return Path
*/
protected Path computeFilename(final long filenum) {
if (filenum < 0) {
throw new RuntimeException("WAL file number can't be < 0");
}
String child = walFilePrefix + WAL_FILE_NAME_DELIMITER + filenum + walFileSuffix;
return new Path(walDir, child);
}
/**
* This is a convenience method that computes a new filename with a given using the current WAL
* file-number
* @return Path
*/
public Path getCurrentFileName() {
return computeFilename(this.filenum.get());
}
/**
* retrieve the next path to use for writing. Increments the internal filenum.
*/
private Path getNewPath() throws IOException {
this.filenum.set(System.currentTimeMillis());
Path newPath = getCurrentFileName();
while (fs.exists(newPath)) {
this.filenum.incrementAndGet();
newPath = getCurrentFileName();
}
return newPath;
}
Path getOldPath() {
long currentFilenum = this.filenum.get();
Path oldPath = null;
if (currentFilenum > 0) {
// ComputeFilename will take care of meta wal filename
oldPath = computeFilename(currentFilenum);
} // I presume if currentFilenum is <= 0, this is first file and null for oldPath if fine?
return oldPath;
}
/**
* Tell listeners about pre log roll.
*/
private void tellListenersAboutPreLogRoll(final Path oldPath, final Path newPath)
throws IOException {
coprocessorHost.preWALRoll(oldPath, newPath);
if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
i.preLogRoll(oldPath, newPath);
}
}
}
/**
* Tell listeners about post log roll.
*/
private void tellListenersAboutPostLogRoll(final Path oldPath, final Path newPath)
throws IOException {
if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
i.postLogRoll(oldPath, newPath);
}
}
coprocessorHost.postWALRoll(oldPath, newPath);
}
// public only until class moves to o.a.h.h.wal
/** @return the number of rolled log files */
public int getNumRolledLogFiles() {
return walFile2Props.size();
}
// public only until class moves to o.a.h.h.wal
/** @return the number of log files in use */
public int getNumLogFiles() {
// +1 for current use log
return getNumRolledLogFiles() + 1;
}
/**
* If the number of un-archived WAL files ('live' WALs) is greater than maximum allowed,
* check the first (oldest) WAL, and return those regions which should be flushed so that
* it can be let-go/'archived'.
* @return stores of regions (encodedRegionNames) to flush in order to archive oldest WAL file.
*/
Map> findRegionsToForceFlush() throws IOException {
Map> regions = null;
int logCount = getNumRolledLogFiles();
if (logCount > this.maxLogs && logCount > 0) {
Map.Entry firstWALEntry = this.walFile2Props.firstEntry();
regions =
this.sequenceIdAccounting.findLower(firstWALEntry.getValue().encodedName2HighestSequenceId);
}
if (regions != null) {
List listForPrint = new ArrayList();
for (Map.Entry> r : regions.entrySet()) {
StringBuilder families = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < r.getValue().size(); i++) {
if (i > 0) {
families.append(",");
}
families.append(Bytes.toString(r.getValue().get(i)));
}
listForPrint.add(Bytes.toStringBinary(r.getKey()) + "[" + families.toString() + "]");
}
LOG.info("Too many WALs; count=" + logCount + ", max=" + this.maxLogs +
"; forcing (partial) flush of " + regions.size() + " region(s): " +
StringUtils.join(",", listForPrint));
}
return regions;
}
/**
* Archive old logs. A WAL is eligible for archiving if all its WALEdits have been flushed.
*/
private void cleanOldLogs() throws IOException {
List> logsToArchive = null;
// For each log file, look at its Map of regions to highest sequence id; if all sequence ids
// are older than what is currently in memory, the WAL can be GC'd.
for (Map.Entry e : this.walFile2Props.entrySet()) {
Path log = e.getKey();
Map sequenceNums = e.getValue().encodedName2HighestSequenceId;
if (this.sequenceIdAccounting.areAllLower(sequenceNums)) {
if (logsToArchive == null) {
logsToArchive = new ArrayList<>();
}
logsToArchive.add(Pair.newPair(log, e.getValue().logSize));
if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
LOG.trace("WAL file ready for archiving " + log);
}
}
}
if (logsToArchive != null) {
final List> localLogsToArchive = logsToArchive;
// make it async
for (Pair log : localLogsToArchive) {
logArchiveExecutor.execute(() -> {
archive(log);
});
this.walFile2Props.remove(log.getFirst());
}
}
}
protected void archive(final Pair log) {
int retry = 1;
while (true) {
try {
archiveLogFile(log.getFirst());
totalLogSize.addAndGet(-log.getSecond());
// successful
break;
} catch (Throwable e) {
if (retry > archiveRetries) {
LOG.error("Failed log archiving for the log {},", log.getFirst(), e);
if (this.abortable != null) {
this.abortable.abort("Failed log archiving", e);
break;
}
} else {
LOG.error("Log archiving failed for the log {} - attempt {}", log.getFirst(), retry,
e);
}
retry++;
}
}
}
/*
* only public so WALSplitter can use.
* @return archived location of a WAL file with the given path p
*/
public static Path getWALArchivePath(Path archiveDir, Path p) {
return new Path(archiveDir, p.getName());
}
protected void archiveLogFile(final Path p) throws IOException {
Path newPath = getWALArchivePath(this.walArchiveDir, p);
// Tell our listeners that a log is going to be archived.
if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
i.preLogArchive(p, newPath);
}
}
LOG.info("Archiving " + p + " to " + newPath);
if (!CommonFSUtils.renameAndSetModifyTime(this.fs, p, newPath)) {
throw new IOException("Unable to rename " + p + " to " + newPath);
}
// Tell our listeners that a log has been archived.
if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
i.postLogArchive(p, newPath);
}
}
}
protected final void logRollAndSetupWalProps(Path oldPath, Path newPath, long oldFileLen) {
int oldNumEntries = this.numEntries.getAndSet(0);
String newPathString = newPath != null ? CommonFSUtils.getPath(newPath) : null;
if (oldPath != null) {
this.walFile2Props.put(oldPath,
new WalProps(this.sequenceIdAccounting.resetHighest(), oldFileLen));
this.totalLogSize.addAndGet(oldFileLen);
LOG.info("Rolled WAL {} with entries={}, filesize={}; new WAL {}",
CommonFSUtils.getPath(oldPath), oldNumEntries, StringUtils.byteDesc(oldFileLen),
newPathString);
} else {
LOG.info("New WAL {}", newPathString);
}
}
/**
* Cleans up current writer closing it and then puts in place the passed in {@code nextWriter}.
*
*
* - In the case of creating a new WAL, oldPath will be null.
* - In the case of rolling over from one file to the next, none of the parameters will be null.
*
* - In the case of closing out this FSHLog with no further use newPath and nextWriter will be
* null.
*
* @param oldPath may be null
* @param newPath may be null
* @param nextWriter may be null
* @return the passed in newPath
* @throws IOException if there is a problem flushing or closing the underlying FS
*/
Path replaceWriter(Path oldPath, Path newPath, W nextWriter) throws IOException {
try (TraceScope scope = TraceUtil.createTrace("FSHFile.replaceWriter")) {
doReplaceWriter(oldPath, newPath, nextWriter);
return newPath;
}
}
protected final void blockOnSync(SyncFuture syncFuture) throws IOException {
// Now we have published the ringbuffer, halt the current thread until we get an answer back.
try {
if (syncFuture != null) {
if (closed) {
throw new IOException("WAL has been closed");
} else {
syncFuture.get(walSyncTimeoutNs);
}
}
} catch (TimeoutIOException tioe) {
// SyncFuture reuse by thread, if TimeoutIOException happens, ringbuffer
// still refer to it, so if this thread use it next time may get a wrong
// result.
this.cachedSyncFutures.remove();
throw tioe;
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
LOG.warn("Interrupted", ie);
throw convertInterruptedExceptionToIOException(ie);
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
throw ensureIOException(e.getCause());
}
}
private static IOException ensureIOException(final Throwable t) {
return (t instanceof IOException) ? (IOException) t : new IOException(t);
}
private IOException convertInterruptedExceptionToIOException(final InterruptedException ie) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
IOException ioe = new InterruptedIOException();
ioe.initCause(ie);
return ioe;
}
@Override
public Map> rollWriter(boolean force) throws IOException {
rollWriterLock.lock();
try {
// Return if nothing to flush.
if (!force && this.writer != null && this.numEntries.get() <= 0) {
return null;
}
Map> regionsToFlush = null;
if (this.closed) {
LOG.debug("WAL closed. Skipping rolling of writer");
return regionsToFlush;
}
try (TraceScope scope = TraceUtil.createTrace("FSHLog.rollWriter")) {
Path oldPath = getOldPath();
Path newPath = getNewPath();
// Any exception from here on is catastrophic, non-recoverable so we currently abort.
W nextWriter = this.createWriterInstance(newPath);
tellListenersAboutPreLogRoll(oldPath, newPath);
// NewPath could be equal to oldPath if replaceWriter fails.
newPath = replaceWriter(oldPath, newPath, nextWriter);
tellListenersAboutPostLogRoll(oldPath, newPath);
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
LOG.debug("Create new " + implClassName + " writer with pipeline: " +
Arrays.toString(getPipeline()));
}
// We got a new writer, so reset the slow sync count
lastTimeCheckSlowSync = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTime();
slowSyncCount.set(0);
// Can we delete any of the old log files?
if (getNumRolledLogFiles() > 0) {
cleanOldLogs();
regionsToFlush = findRegionsToForceFlush();
}
} catch (CommonFSUtils.StreamLacksCapabilityException exception) {
// If the underlying FileSystem can't do what we ask, treat as IO failure so
// we'll abort.
throw new IOException(
"Underlying FileSystem can't meet stream requirements. See RS log " + "for details.",
exception);
}
return regionsToFlush;
} finally {
rollWriterLock.unlock();
}
}
// public only until class moves to o.a.h.h.wal
/** @return the size of log files in use */
public long getLogFileSize() {
return this.totalLogSize.get();
}
// public only until class moves to o.a.h.h.wal
public void requestLogRoll() {
requestLogRoll(ERROR);
}
/**
* Get the backing files associated with this WAL.
* @return may be null if there are no files.
*/
FileStatus[] getFiles() throws IOException {
return CommonFSUtils.listStatus(fs, walDir, ourFiles);
}
@Override
public void shutdown() throws IOException {
if (!shutdown.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
return;
}
closed = true;
// Tell our listeners that the log is closing
if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
i.logCloseRequested();
}
}
rollWriterLock.lock();
try {
doShutdown();
if (logArchiveExecutor != null) {
logArchiveExecutor.shutdownNow();
}
} finally {
rollWriterLock.unlock();
}
}
@Override
public void close() throws IOException {
shutdown();
final FileStatus[] files = getFiles();
if (null != files && 0 != files.length) {
for (FileStatus file : files) {
Path p = getWALArchivePath(this.walArchiveDir, file.getPath());
// Tell our listeners that a log is going to be archived.
if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
i.preLogArchive(file.getPath(), p);
}
}
if (!CommonFSUtils.renameAndSetModifyTime(fs, file.getPath(), p)) {
throw new IOException("Unable to rename " + file.getPath() + " to " + p);
}
// Tell our listeners that a log was archived.
if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
i.postLogArchive(file.getPath(), p);
}
}
}
LOG.debug(
"Moved " + files.length + " WAL file(s) to " + CommonFSUtils.getPath(this.walArchiveDir));
}
LOG.info("Closed WAL: " + toString());
}
/**
* updates the sequence number of a specific store. depending on the flag: replaces current seq
* number if the given seq id is bigger, or even if it is lower than existing one
*/
@Override
public void updateStore(byte[] encodedRegionName, byte[] familyName, Long sequenceid,
boolean onlyIfGreater) {
sequenceIdAccounting.updateStore(encodedRegionName, familyName, sequenceid, onlyIfGreater);
}
protected final SyncFuture getSyncFuture(long sequence, boolean forceSync) {
return cachedSyncFutures.get().reset(sequence).setForceSync(forceSync);
}
protected boolean isLogRollRequested() {
return rollRequested.get();
}
protected final void requestLogRoll(final WALActionsListener.RollRequestReason reason) {
// If we have already requested a roll, don't do it again
// And only set rollRequested to true when there is a registered listener
if (!this.listeners.isEmpty() && rollRequested.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
i.logRollRequested(reason);
}
}
}
long getUnflushedEntriesCount() {
long highestSynced = this.highestSyncedTxid.get();
long highestUnsynced = this.highestUnsyncedTxid;
return highestSynced >= highestUnsynced ? 0 : highestUnsynced - highestSynced;
}
boolean isUnflushedEntries() {
return getUnflushedEntriesCount() > 0;
}
/**
* Exposed for testing only. Use to tricks like halt the ring buffer appending.
*/
protected void atHeadOfRingBufferEventHandlerAppend() {
// Noop
}
protected final boolean appendEntry(W writer, FSWALEntry entry) throws IOException {
// TODO: WORK ON MAKING THIS APPEND FASTER. DOING WAY TOO MUCH WORK WITH CPs, PBing, etc.
atHeadOfRingBufferEventHandlerAppend();
long start = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTime();
byte[] encodedRegionName = entry.getKey().getEncodedRegionName();
long regionSequenceId = entry.getKey().getSequenceId();
// Edits are empty, there is nothing to append. Maybe empty when we are looking for a
// region sequence id only, a region edit/sequence id that is not associated with an actual
// edit. It has to go through all the rigmarole to be sure we have the right ordering.
if (entry.getEdit().isEmpty()) {
return false;
}
// Coprocessor hook.
coprocessorHost.preWALWrite(entry.getRegionInfo(), entry.getKey(), entry.getEdit());
if (!listeners.isEmpty()) {
for (WALActionsListener i : listeners) {
i.visitLogEntryBeforeWrite(entry.getKey(), entry.getEdit());
}
}
doAppend(writer, entry);
assert highestUnsyncedTxid < entry.getTxid();
highestUnsyncedTxid = entry.getTxid();
if (entry.isCloseRegion()) {
// let's clean all the records of this region
sequenceIdAccounting.onRegionClose(encodedRegionName);
} else {
sequenceIdAccounting.update(encodedRegionName, entry.getFamilyNames(), regionSequenceId,
entry.isInMemStore());
}
coprocessorHost.postWALWrite(entry.getRegionInfo(), entry.getKey(), entry.getEdit());
// Update metrics.
postAppend(entry, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTime() - start);
numEntries.incrementAndGet();
return true;
}
private long postAppend(final Entry e, final long elapsedTime) throws IOException {
long len = 0;
if (!listeners.isEmpty()) {
for (Cell cell : e.getEdit().getCells()) {
len += PrivateCellUtil.estimatedSerializedSizeOf(cell);
}
for (WALActionsListener listener : listeners) {
listener.postAppend(len, elapsedTime, e.getKey(), e.getEdit());
}
}
return len;
}
protected final void postSync(final long timeInNanos, final int handlerSyncs) {
if (timeInNanos > this.slowSyncNs) {
String msg = new StringBuilder().append("Slow sync cost: ")
.append(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(timeInNanos))
.append(" ms, current pipeline: ")
.append(Arrays.toString(getPipeline())).toString();
TraceUtil.addTimelineAnnotation(msg);
LOG.info(msg);
// A single sync took too long.
// Elsewhere in checkSlowSync, called from checkLogRoll, we will look at cumulative
// effects. Here we have a single data point that indicates we should take immediate
// action, so do so.
if (timeInNanos > this.rollOnSyncNs) {
LOG.warn("Requesting log roll because we exceeded slow sync threshold; time=" +
TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(timeInNanos) + " ms, threshold=" +
TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(rollOnSyncNs) + " ms, current pipeline: " +
Arrays.toString(getPipeline()));
requestLogRoll(SLOW_SYNC);
}
slowSyncCount.incrementAndGet(); // it's fine to unconditionally increment this
}
if (!listeners.isEmpty()) {
for (WALActionsListener listener : listeners) {
listener.postSync(timeInNanos, handlerSyncs);
}
}
}
protected final long stampSequenceIdAndPublishToRingBuffer(RegionInfo hri, WALKeyImpl key,
WALEdit edits, boolean inMemstore, RingBuffer ringBuffer)
throws IOException {
if (this.closed) {
throw new IOException(
"Cannot append; log is closed, regionName = " + hri.getRegionNameAsString());
}
MutableLong txidHolder = new MutableLong();
MultiVersionConcurrencyControl.WriteEntry we = key.getMvcc().begin(() -> {
txidHolder.setValue(ringBuffer.next());
});
long txid = txidHolder.longValue();
ServerCall rpcCall = RpcServer.getCurrentCall().filter(c -> c instanceof ServerCall)
.filter(c -> c.getCellScanner() != null).map(c -> (ServerCall) c).orElse(null);
try (TraceScope scope = TraceUtil.createTrace(implClassName + ".append")) {
FSWALEntry entry = new FSWALEntry(txid, key, edits, hri, inMemstore, rpcCall);
entry.stampRegionSequenceId(we);
ringBuffer.get(txid).load(entry);
} finally {
ringBuffer.publish(txid);
}
return txid;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return implClassName + " " + walFilePrefix + ":" + walFileSuffix + "(num " + filenum + ")";
}
/**
* if the given {@code path} is being written currently, then return its length.
*
* This is used by replication to prevent replicating unacked log entries. See
* https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HBASE-14004 for more details.
*/
@Override
public OptionalLong getLogFileSizeIfBeingWritten(Path path) {
rollWriterLock.lock();
try {
Path currentPath = getOldPath();
if (path.equals(currentPath)) {
W writer = this.writer;
return writer != null ? OptionalLong.of(writer.getSyncedLength()) : OptionalLong.empty();
} else {
return OptionalLong.empty();
}
} finally {
rollWriterLock.unlock();
}
}
@Override
public long appendData(RegionInfo info, WALKeyImpl key, WALEdit edits) throws IOException {
return append(info, key, edits, true);
}
@Override
public long appendMarker(RegionInfo info, WALKeyImpl key, WALEdit edits)
throws IOException {
return append(info, key, edits, false);
}
/**
* Append a set of edits to the WAL.
*
* The WAL is not flushed/sync'd after this transaction completes BUT on return this edit must
* have its region edit/sequence id assigned else it messes up our unification of mvcc and
* sequenceid. On return key will have the region edit/sequence id filled in.
*
* NOTE: This append, at a time that is usually after this call returns, starts an mvcc
* transaction by calling 'begin' wherein which we assign this update a sequenceid. At assignment
* time, we stamp all the passed in Cells inside WALEdit with their sequenceId. You must
* 'complete' the transaction this mvcc transaction by calling
* MultiVersionConcurrencyControl#complete(...) or a variant otherwise mvcc will get stuck. Do it
* in the finally of a try/finally block within which this append lives and any subsequent
* operations like sync or update of memstore, etc. Get the WriteEntry to pass mvcc out of the
* passed in WALKey walKey parameter. Be warned that the WriteEntry is not
* immediately available on return from this method. It WILL be available subsequent to a sync of
* this append; otherwise, you will just have to wait on the WriteEntry to get filled in.
* @param info the regioninfo associated with append
* @param key Modified by this call; we add to it this edits region edit/sequence id.
* @param edits Edits to append. MAY CONTAIN NO EDITS for case where we want to get an edit
* sequence id that is after all currently appended edits.
* @param inMemstore Always true except for case where we are writing a region event meta
* marker edit, for example, a compaction completion record into the WAL or noting a
* Region Open event. In these cases the entry is just so we can finish an unfinished
* compaction after a crash when the new Server reads the WAL on recovery, etc. These
* transition event 'Markers' do not go via the memstore. When memstore is false,
* we presume a Marker event edit.
* @return Returns a 'transaction id' and key will have the region edit/sequence id
* in it.
*/
protected abstract long append(RegionInfo info, WALKeyImpl key, WALEdit edits, boolean inMemstore)
throws IOException;
protected abstract void doAppend(W writer, FSWALEntry entry) throws IOException;
protected abstract W createWriterInstance(Path path)
throws IOException, CommonFSUtils.StreamLacksCapabilityException;
/**
* Notice that you need to clear the {@link #rollRequested} flag in this method, as the new writer
* will begin to work before returning from this method. If we clear the flag after returning from
* this call, we may miss a roll request. The implementation class should choose a proper place to
* clear the {@link #rollRequested} flag so we do not miss a roll request, typically before you
* start writing to the new writer.
*/
protected abstract void doReplaceWriter(Path oldPath, Path newPath, W nextWriter)
throws IOException;
protected abstract void doShutdown() throws IOException;
protected abstract boolean doCheckLogLowReplication();
/**
* @return true if we exceeded the slow sync roll threshold over the last check
* interval
*/
protected boolean doCheckSlowSync() {
boolean result = false;
long now = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTime();
long elapsedTime = now - lastTimeCheckSlowSync;
if (elapsedTime >= slowSyncCheckInterval) {
if (slowSyncCount.get() >= slowSyncRollThreshold) {
if (elapsedTime >= (2 * slowSyncCheckInterval)) {
// If two or more slowSyncCheckInterval have elapsed this is a corner case
// where a train of slow syncs almost triggered us but then there was a long
// interval from then until the one more that pushed us over. If so, we
// should do nothing and let the count reset.
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
LOG.debug("checkSlowSync triggered but we decided to ignore it; " +
"count=" + slowSyncCount.get() + ", threshold=" + slowSyncRollThreshold +
", elapsedTime=" + elapsedTime + " ms, slowSyncCheckInterval=" +
slowSyncCheckInterval + " ms");
}
// Fall through to count reset below
} else {
LOG.warn("Requesting log roll because we exceeded slow sync threshold; count=" +
slowSyncCount.get() + ", threshold=" + slowSyncRollThreshold +
", current pipeline: " + Arrays.toString(getPipeline()));
result = true;
}
}
lastTimeCheckSlowSync = now;
slowSyncCount.set(0);
}
return result;
}
public void checkLogLowReplication(long checkInterval) {
long now = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTime();
if (now - lastTimeCheckLowReplication < checkInterval) {
return;
}
// Will return immediately if we are in the middle of a WAL log roll currently.
if (!rollWriterLock.tryLock()) {
return;
}
try {
lastTimeCheckLowReplication = now;
if (doCheckLogLowReplication()) {
requestLogRoll(LOW_REPLICATION);
}
} finally {
rollWriterLock.unlock();
}
}
/**
* This method gets the pipeline for the current WAL.
*/
abstract DatanodeInfo[] getPipeline();
/**
* This method gets the datanode replication count for the current WAL.
*/
abstract int getLogReplication();
private static void split(final Configuration conf, final Path p) throws IOException {
FileSystem fs = CommonFSUtils.getWALFileSystem(conf);
if (!fs.exists(p)) {
throw new FileNotFoundException(p.toString());
}
if (!fs.getFileStatus(p).isDirectory()) {
throw new IOException(p + " is not a directory");
}
final Path baseDir = CommonFSUtils.getWALRootDir(conf);
Path archiveDir = new Path(baseDir, HConstants.HREGION_OLDLOGDIR_NAME);
if (conf.getBoolean(AbstractFSWALProvider.SEPARATE_OLDLOGDIR,
AbstractFSWALProvider.DEFAULT_SEPARATE_OLDLOGDIR)) {
archiveDir = new Path(archiveDir, p.getName());
}
WALSplitter.split(baseDir, p, archiveDir, fs, conf, WALFactory.getInstance(conf));
}
private static void usage() {
System.err.println("Usage: AbstractFSWAL ");
System.err.println("Arguments:");
System.err.println(" --dump Dump textual representation of passed one or more files");
System.err.println(" For example: " +
"AbstractFSWAL --dump hdfs://example.com:9000/hbase/WALs/MACHINE/LOGFILE");
System.err.println(" --split Split the passed directory of WAL logs");
System.err.println(
" For example: AbstractFSWAL --split hdfs://example.com:9000/hbase/WALs/DIR");
}
/**
* Pass one or more log file names and it will either dump out a text version on
* stdout or split the specified log files.
*/
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
if (args.length < 2) {
usage();
System.exit(-1);
}
// either dump using the WALPrettyPrinter or split, depending on args
if (args[0].compareTo("--dump") == 0) {
WALPrettyPrinter.run(Arrays.copyOfRange(args, 1, args.length));
} else if (args[0].compareTo("--perf") == 0) {
LOG.error(HBaseMarkers.FATAL, "Please use the WALPerformanceEvaluation tool instead. i.e.:");
LOG.error(HBaseMarkers.FATAL,
"\thbase org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALPerformanceEvaluation --iterations " + args[1]);
System.exit(-1);
} else if (args[0].compareTo("--split") == 0) {
Configuration conf = HBaseConfiguration.create();
for (int i = 1; i < args.length; i++) {
try {
Path logPath = new Path(args[i]);
CommonFSUtils.setFsDefault(conf, logPath);
split(conf, logPath);
} catch (IOException t) {
t.printStackTrace(System.err);
System.exit(-1);
}
}
} else {
usage();
System.exit(-1);
}
}
}