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/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.hadoop.hbase.master.assignment;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.SortedSet;
import java.util.TreeSet;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListMap;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HRegionLocation;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.ServerName;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.RegionInfo;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.TableState;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.master.RegionState;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.master.RegionState.State;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.master.TableStateManager;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
import org.apache.yetus.audience.InterfaceAudience;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
 * RegionStates contains a set of Maps that describes the in-memory state of the AM, with the
 * regions available in the system, the region in transition, the offline regions and the servers
 * holding regions.
 */
@InterfaceAudience.Private
public class RegionStates {
  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RegionStates.class);

  // This comparator sorts the RegionStates by time stamp then Region name.
  // Comparing by timestamp alone can lead us to discard different RegionStates that happen
  // to share a timestamp.
  private static class RegionStateStampComparator implements Comparator {
    @Override
    public int compare(final RegionState l, final RegionState r) {
      int stampCmp = Long.compare(l.getStamp(), r.getStamp());
      return stampCmp != 0 ? stampCmp : RegionInfo.COMPARATOR.compare(l.getRegion(), r.getRegion());
    }
  }

  public final static RegionStateStampComparator REGION_STATE_STAMP_COMPARATOR =
    new RegionStateStampComparator();

  private final Object regionsMapLock = new Object();

  // TODO: Replace the ConcurrentSkipListMaps
  /**
   * A Map from {@link RegionInfo#getRegionName()} to {@link RegionStateNode}
   */
  private final ConcurrentSkipListMap regionsMap =
    new ConcurrentSkipListMap<>(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);

  /**
   * this map is a hack to lookup of region in master by encoded region name is O(n). must put and
   * remove with regionsMap.
   */
  private final ConcurrentSkipListMap encodedRegionsMap =
    new ConcurrentSkipListMap<>();

  private final ConcurrentSkipListMap regionInTransition =
    new ConcurrentSkipListMap<>(RegionInfo.COMPARATOR);

  /**
   * Regions marked as offline on a read of hbase:meta. Unused or at least, once offlined, regions
   * have no means of coming on line again. TODO.
   */
  private final ConcurrentSkipListMap regionOffline =
    new ConcurrentSkipListMap();

  private final ConcurrentSkipListMap regionFailedOpen =
    new ConcurrentSkipListMap(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);

  private final ConcurrentHashMap serverMap =
    new ConcurrentHashMap();

  public RegionStates() {
  }

  /**
   * Called on stop of AssignmentManager.
   */
  public void clear() {
    regionsMap.clear();
    encodedRegionsMap.clear();
    regionInTransition.clear();
    regionOffline.clear();
    serverMap.clear();
  }

  public boolean isRegionInRegionStates(final RegionInfo hri) {
    return (regionsMap.containsKey(hri.getRegionName()) || regionInTransition.containsKey(hri)
      || regionOffline.containsKey(hri));
  }

  // ==========================================================================
  // RegionStateNode helpers
  // ==========================================================================
  RegionStateNode createRegionStateNode(RegionInfo regionInfo) {
    synchronized (regionsMapLock) {
      RegionStateNode node = regionsMap.computeIfAbsent(regionInfo.getRegionName(),
        key -> new RegionStateNode(regionInfo, regionInTransition));

      if (encodedRegionsMap.get(regionInfo.getEncodedName()) != node) {
        encodedRegionsMap.put(regionInfo.getEncodedName(), node);
      }

      return node;
    }
  }

  public RegionStateNode getOrCreateRegionStateNode(RegionInfo regionInfo) {
    RegionStateNode node = getRegionStateNodeFromName(regionInfo.getRegionName());
    return node != null ? node : createRegionStateNode(regionInfo);
  }

  public RegionStateNode getRegionStateNodeFromName(byte[] regionName) {
    return regionsMap.get(regionName);
  }

  public RegionStateNode getRegionStateNodeFromEncodedRegionName(final String encodedRegionName) {
    return encodedRegionsMap.get(encodedRegionName);
  }

  public RegionStateNode getRegionStateNode(RegionInfo regionInfo) {
    return getRegionStateNodeFromName(regionInfo.getRegionName());
  }

  public void deleteRegion(final RegionInfo regionInfo) {
    synchronized (regionsMapLock) {
      regionsMap.remove(regionInfo.getRegionName());
      encodedRegionsMap.remove(regionInfo.getEncodedName());
    }
    // See HBASE-20860
    // After master restarts, merged regions' RIT state may not be cleaned,
    // making sure they are cleaned here
    if (regionInTransition.containsKey(regionInfo)) {
      regionInTransition.remove(regionInfo);
    }
    // Remove from the offline regions map too if there.
    if (this.regionOffline.containsKey(regionInfo)) {
      if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) LOG.trace("Removing from regionOffline Map: " + regionInfo);
      this.regionOffline.remove(regionInfo);
    }
  }

  public void deleteRegions(final List regionInfos) {
    regionInfos.forEach(this::deleteRegion);
  }

  List getTableRegionStateNodes(final TableName tableName) {
    final ArrayList regions = new ArrayList();
    for (RegionStateNode node : regionsMap.tailMap(tableName.getName()).values()) {
      if (!node.getTable().equals(tableName)) break;
      regions.add(node);
    }
    return regions;
  }

  ArrayList getTableRegionStates(final TableName tableName) {
    final ArrayList regions = new ArrayList();
    for (RegionStateNode node : regionsMap.tailMap(tableName.getName()).values()) {
      if (!node.getTable().equals(tableName)) break;
      regions.add(node.toRegionState());
    }
    return regions;
  }

  ArrayList getTableRegionsInfo(final TableName tableName) {
    final ArrayList regions = new ArrayList();
    for (RegionStateNode node : regionsMap.tailMap(tableName.getName()).values()) {
      if (!node.getTable().equals(tableName)) break;
      regions.add(node.getRegionInfo());
    }
    return regions;
  }

  /** Returns A view of region state nodes for all the regions. */
  public Collection getRegionStateNodes() {
    return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(regionsMap.values());
  }

  /** Returns A snapshot of region state nodes for all the regions. */
  public ArrayList getRegionStates() {
    final ArrayList regions = new ArrayList<>(regionsMap.size());
    for (RegionStateNode node : regionsMap.values()) {
      regions.add(node.toRegionState());
    }
    return regions;
  }

  // ==========================================================================
  // RegionState helpers
  // ==========================================================================
  public RegionState getRegionState(final RegionInfo regionInfo) {
    RegionStateNode regionStateNode = getRegionStateNode(regionInfo);
    return regionStateNode == null ? null : regionStateNode.toRegionState();
  }

  public RegionState getRegionState(final String encodedRegionName) {
    final RegionStateNode node = encodedRegionsMap.get(encodedRegionName);
    if (node == null) {
      return null;
    }
    return node.toRegionState();
  }

  // ============================================================================================
  // TODO: helpers
  // ============================================================================================
  public boolean hasTableRegionStates(final TableName tableName) {
    // TODO
    return !getTableRegionStates(tableName).isEmpty();
  }

  /** Returns Return online regions of table; does not include OFFLINE or SPLITTING regions. */
  public List getRegionsOfTable(TableName table) {
    return getRegionsOfTable(table, regionNode -> !regionNode.isInState(State.OFFLINE, State.SPLIT)
      && !regionNode.getRegionInfo().isSplitParent());
  }

  private HRegionLocation createRegionForReopen(RegionStateNode node) {
    node.lock();
    try {
      if (!include(node, false)) {
        return null;
      }
      if (node.isInState(State.OPEN)) {
        return new HRegionLocation(node.getRegionInfo(), node.getRegionLocation(),
          node.getOpenSeqNum());
      } else if (node.isInState(State.OPENING)) {
        return new HRegionLocation(node.getRegionInfo(), node.getRegionLocation(), -1);
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    } finally {
      node.unlock();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Get the regions to be reopened when modifying a table.
   * 

* Notice that the {@code openSeqNum} in the returned HRegionLocation is also used to indicate the * state of this region, positive means the region is in {@link State#OPEN}, -1 means * {@link State#OPENING}. And for regions in other states we do not need reopen them. */ public List getRegionsOfTableForReopen(TableName tableName) { return getTableRegionStateNodes(tableName).stream().map(this::createRegionForReopen) .filter(r -> r != null).collect(Collectors.toList()); } /** * Check whether the region has been reopened. The meaning of the {@link HRegionLocation} is the * same with {@link #getRegionsOfTableForReopen(TableName)}. *

* For a region which is in {@link State#OPEN} before, if the region state is changed or the open * seq num is changed, we can confirm that it has been reopened. *

* For a region which is in {@link State#OPENING} before, usually it will be in {@link State#OPEN} * now and we will schedule a MRP to reopen it. But there are several exceptions: *

    *
  • The region is in state other than {@link State#OPEN} or {@link State#OPENING}.
  • *
  • The location of the region has been changed
  • *
* Of course the region could still be in {@link State#OPENING} state and still on the same * server, then here we will still return a {@link HRegionLocation} for it, just like * {@link #getRegionsOfTableForReopen(TableName)}. * @param oldLoc the previous state/location of this region * @return null if the region has been reopened, otherwise a new {@link HRegionLocation} which * means we still need to reopen the region. * @see #getRegionsOfTableForReopen(TableName) */ public HRegionLocation checkReopened(HRegionLocation oldLoc) { RegionStateNode node = getRegionStateNode(oldLoc.getRegion()); // HBASE-20921 // if the oldLoc's state node does not exist, that means the region is // merged or split, no need to check it if (node == null) { return null; } node.lock(); try { if (oldLoc.getSeqNum() >= 0) { // in OPEN state before if (node.isInState(State.OPEN)) { if (node.getOpenSeqNum() > oldLoc.getSeqNum()) { // normal case, the region has been reopened return null; } else { // the open seq num does not change, need to reopen again return new HRegionLocation(node.getRegionInfo(), node.getRegionLocation(), node.getOpenSeqNum()); } } else { // the state has been changed so we can make sure that the region has been reopened(not // finished maybe, but not a problem). return null; } } else { // in OPENING state before if (!node.isInState(State.OPEN, State.OPENING)) { // not in OPEN or OPENING state, then we can make sure that the region has been // reopened(not finished maybe, but not a problem) return null; } else { if (!node.getRegionLocation().equals(oldLoc.getServerName())) { // the region has been moved, so we can make sure that the region has been reopened. return null; } // normal case, we are still in OPENING state, or the reopen has been opened and the state // is changed to OPEN. long openSeqNum = node.isInState(State.OPEN) ? node.getOpenSeqNum() : -1; return new HRegionLocation(node.getRegionInfo(), node.getRegionLocation(), openSeqNum); } } } finally { node.unlock(); } } /** * Get the regions for enabling a table. *

* Here we want the EnableTableProcedure to be more robust and can be used to fix some nasty * states, so the checks in this method will be a bit strange. In general, a region can only be * offline when it is split, for merging we will just delete the parent regions, but with HBCK we * may force update the state of a region to fix some nasty bugs, so in this method we will try to * bring the offline regions back if it is not split. That's why we only check for split state * here. */ public List getRegionsOfTableForEnabling(TableName table) { return getRegionsOfTable(table, regionNode -> !regionNode.isInState(State.SPLIT) && !regionNode.getRegionInfo().isSplit()); } /** * Get the regions for deleting a table. *

* Here we need to return all the regions irrespective of the states in order to archive them all. * This is because if we don't archive OFFLINE/SPLIT regions and if a snapshot or a cloned table * references to the regions, we will lose the data of the regions. */ public List getRegionsOfTableForDeleting(TableName table) { return getTableRegionStateNodes(table).stream().map(RegionStateNode::getRegionInfo) .collect(Collectors.toList()); } /** Returns Return the regions of the table and filter them. */ private List getRegionsOfTable(TableName table, Predicate filter) { return getTableRegionStateNodes(table).stream().filter(filter).map(n -> n.getRegionInfo()) .collect(Collectors.toList()); } /** * Utility. Whether to include region in list of regions. Default is to weed out split and offline * regions. * @return True if we should include the node (do not include if split or offline * unless offline is set to true. */ private boolean include(final RegionStateNode node, final boolean offline) { if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) { LOG.trace("WORKING ON " + node + " " + node.getRegionInfo()); } final RegionInfo hri = node.getRegionInfo(); if (node.isInState(State.SPLIT) || hri.isSplit()) { return false; } if ((node.isInState(State.OFFLINE) || hri.isOffline()) && !offline) { return false; } return (!hri.isOffline() && !hri.isSplit()) || ((hri.isOffline() || hri.isSplit()) && offline); } // ============================================================================================ // Split helpers // These methods will only be called in ServerCrashProcedure, and at the end of SCP we will remove // the ServerStateNode by calling removeServer. // ============================================================================================ private void setServerState(ServerName serverName, ServerState state) { ServerStateNode serverNode = getOrCreateServer(serverName); synchronized (serverNode) { serverNode.setState(state); } } /** * Call this when we start meta log splitting a crashed Server. * @see #metaLogSplit(ServerName) */ public void metaLogSplitting(ServerName serverName) { setServerState(serverName, ServerState.SPLITTING_META); } /** * Called after we've split the meta logs on a crashed Server. * @see #metaLogSplitting(ServerName) */ public void metaLogSplit(ServerName serverName) { setServerState(serverName, ServerState.SPLITTING_META_DONE); } /** * Call this when we start log splitting for a crashed Server. * @see #logSplit(ServerName) */ public void logSplitting(final ServerName serverName) { setServerState(serverName, ServerState.SPLITTING); } /** * Called after we've split all logs on a crashed Server. * @see #logSplitting(ServerName) */ public void logSplit(final ServerName serverName) { setServerState(serverName, ServerState.OFFLINE); } public void updateRegionState(RegionInfo regionInfo, State state) { RegionStateNode regionNode = getOrCreateRegionStateNode(regionInfo); regionNode.lock(); try { regionNode.setState(state); } finally { regionNode.unlock(); } } // ============================================================================================ // TODO: // ============================================================================================ public List getAssignedRegions() { final List result = new ArrayList(); for (RegionStateNode node : regionsMap.values()) { if (!node.isInTransition()) { result.add(node.getRegionInfo()); } } return result; } public boolean isRegionInState(RegionInfo regionInfo, State... state) { RegionStateNode regionNode = getRegionStateNode(regionInfo); if (regionNode != null) { regionNode.lock(); try { return regionNode.isInState(state); } finally { regionNode.unlock(); } } return false; } public boolean isRegionOnline(final RegionInfo regionInfo) { return isRegionInState(regionInfo, State.OPEN); } /** Returns True if region is offline (In OFFLINE or CLOSED state). */ public boolean isRegionOffline(final RegionInfo regionInfo) { return isRegionInState(regionInfo, State.OFFLINE, State.CLOSED); } public Map> getSnapShotOfAssignment(final Collection regions) { final Map> result = new HashMap>(); if (regions != null) { for (RegionInfo hri : regions) { final RegionStateNode node = getRegionStateNode(hri); if (node == null) { continue; } createSnapshot(node, result); } } else { for (RegionStateNode node : regionsMap.values()) { if (node == null) { continue; } createSnapshot(node, result); } } return result; } private void createSnapshot(RegionStateNode node, Map> result) { final ServerName serverName = node.getRegionLocation(); if (serverName == null) { return; } List serverRegions = result.get(serverName); if (serverRegions == null) { serverRegions = new ArrayList(); result.put(serverName, serverRegions); } serverRegions.add(node.getRegionInfo()); } public Map getRegionAssignments() { final HashMap assignments = new HashMap(); for (RegionStateNode node : regionsMap.values()) { assignments.put(node.getRegionInfo(), node.getRegionLocation()); } return assignments; } public Map> getRegionByStateOfTable(TableName tableName) { final State[] states = State.values(); final Map> tableRegions = new HashMap>(states.length); for (int i = 0; i < states.length; ++i) { tableRegions.put(states[i], new ArrayList()); } for (RegionStateNode node : regionsMap.values()) { if (node.getTable().equals(tableName)) { tableRegions.get(node.getState()).add(node.getRegionInfo()); } } return tableRegions; } public ServerName getRegionServerOfRegion(RegionInfo regionInfo) { RegionStateNode regionNode = getRegionStateNode(regionInfo); if (regionNode != null) { regionNode.lock(); try { ServerName server = regionNode.getRegionLocation(); return server != null ? server : regionNode.getLastHost(); } finally { regionNode.unlock(); } } return null; } /** * This is an EXPENSIVE clone. Cloning though is the safest thing to do. Can't let out original * since it can change and at least the load balancer wants to iterate this exported list. We need * to synchronize on regions since all access to this.servers is under a lock on this.regions. * @return A clone of current open or opening assignments. */ public Map>> getAssignmentsForBalancer(TableStateManager tableStateManager, List onlineServers) { final Map>> result = new HashMap<>(); for (RegionStateNode node : regionsMap.values()) { // DisableTableProcedure first sets the table state to DISABLED and then force unassigns // the regions in a loop. The balancer should ignore all regions for tables in DISABLED // state because even if still currently open we expect them to be offlined very soon. if (isTableDisabled(tableStateManager, node.getTable())) { if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) { LOG.trace("Ignoring {} because table is disabled", node); } continue; } // When balancing, we are only interested in OPEN or OPENING regions. These can be // expected to remain online until the next balancer iteration or unless the balancer // decides to move it. Regions in other states are not eligible for balancing, because // they are closing, splitting, merging, or otherwise already in transition. if (!node.isInState(State.OPEN, State.OPENING)) { if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) { LOG.trace("Ignoring {} because region is not OPEN or OPENING", node); } continue; } Map> tableResult = result.computeIfAbsent(node.getTable(), t -> new HashMap<>()); final ServerName serverName = node.getRegionLocation(); // A region in ONLINE or OPENING state should have a location. if (serverName == null) { LOG.warn("Skipping, no server for {}", node); continue; } List serverResult = tableResult.computeIfAbsent(serverName, s -> new ArrayList<>()); serverResult.add(node.getRegionInfo()); } // Add online servers with no assignment for the table. for (Map> table : result.values()) { for (ServerName serverName : serverMap.keySet()) { table.computeIfAbsent(serverName, key -> new ArrayList<>()); } } return result; } private boolean isTableDisabled(final TableStateManager tableStateManager, final TableName tableName) { return tableStateManager.isTableState(tableName, TableState.State.DISABLED, TableState.State.DISABLING); } // ========================================================================== // Region in transition helpers // ========================================================================== public boolean hasRegionsInTransition() { return !regionInTransition.isEmpty(); } public boolean isRegionInTransition(final RegionInfo regionInfo) { final RegionStateNode node = regionInTransition.get(regionInfo); return node != null ? node.isInTransition() : false; } public RegionState getRegionTransitionState(RegionInfo hri) { RegionStateNode node = regionInTransition.get(hri); if (node == null) { return null; } node.lock(); try { return node.isInTransition() ? node.toRegionState() : null; } finally { node.unlock(); } } public List getRegionsInTransition() { return new ArrayList(regionInTransition.values()); } /** * Get the number of regions in transition. */ public int getRegionsInTransitionCount() { return regionInTransition.size(); } public List getRegionsStateInTransition() { final List rit = new ArrayList(regionInTransition.size()); for (RegionStateNode node : regionInTransition.values()) { rit.add(node.toRegionState()); } return rit; } public SortedSet getRegionsInTransitionOrderedByTimestamp() { final SortedSet rit = new TreeSet(REGION_STATE_STAMP_COMPARATOR); for (RegionStateNode node : regionInTransition.values()) { rit.add(node.toRegionState()); } return rit; } // ========================================================================== // Region offline helpers // ========================================================================== // TODO: Populated when we read meta but regions never make it out of here. public void addToOfflineRegions(final RegionStateNode regionNode) { LOG.info("Added to offline, CURRENTLY NEVER CLEARED!!! " + regionNode); regionOffline.put(regionNode.getRegionInfo(), regionNode); } // ========================================================================== // Region FAIL_OPEN helpers // ========================================================================== public static final class RegionFailedOpen { private final RegionStateNode regionNode; private volatile Exception exception = null; private AtomicInteger retries = new AtomicInteger(); public RegionFailedOpen(final RegionStateNode regionNode) { this.regionNode = regionNode; } public RegionStateNode getRegionStateNode() { return regionNode; } public RegionInfo getRegionInfo() { return regionNode.getRegionInfo(); } public int incrementAndGetRetries() { return this.retries.incrementAndGet(); } public int getRetries() { return retries.get(); } public void setException(final Exception exception) { this.exception = exception; } public Exception getException() { return this.exception; } } public RegionFailedOpen addToFailedOpen(final RegionStateNode regionNode) { final byte[] key = regionNode.getRegionInfo().getRegionName(); return regionFailedOpen.computeIfAbsent(key, (k) -> new RegionFailedOpen(regionNode)); } public RegionFailedOpen getFailedOpen(final RegionInfo regionInfo) { return regionFailedOpen.get(regionInfo.getRegionName()); } public void removeFromFailedOpen(final RegionInfo regionInfo) { regionFailedOpen.remove(regionInfo.getRegionName()); } public List getRegionFailedOpen() { if (regionFailedOpen.isEmpty()) return Collections.emptyList(); ArrayList regions = new ArrayList(regionFailedOpen.size()); for (RegionFailedOpen r : regionFailedOpen.values()) { regions.add(r.getRegionStateNode().toRegionState()); } return regions; } // ========================================================================== // Servers // ========================================================================== /** * Be judicious calling this method. Do it on server register ONLY otherwise you could mess up * online server accounting. TOOD: Review usage and convert to {@link #getServerNode(ServerName)} * where we can. */ public ServerStateNode getOrCreateServer(final ServerName serverName) { return serverMap.computeIfAbsent(serverName, key -> new ServerStateNode(key)); } /** * Called by SCP at end of successful processing. */ public void removeServer(final ServerName serverName) { serverMap.remove(serverName); } /** Returns Pertinent ServerStateNode or NULL if none found (Do not make modifications). */ public ServerStateNode getServerNode(final ServerName serverName) { return serverMap.get(serverName); } public double getAverageLoad() { int numServers = 0; int totalLoad = 0; for (ServerStateNode node : serverMap.values()) { totalLoad += node.getRegionCount(); numServers++; } return numServers == 0 ? 0.0 : (double) totalLoad / (double) numServers; } public ServerStateNode addRegionToServer(final RegionStateNode regionNode) { ServerStateNode serverNode = getOrCreateServer(regionNode.getRegionLocation()); serverNode.addRegion(regionNode); return serverNode; } public ServerStateNode removeRegionFromServer(final ServerName serverName, final RegionStateNode regionNode) { ServerStateNode serverNode = getOrCreateServer(serverName); serverNode.removeRegion(regionNode); return serverNode; } // ========================================================================== // ToString helpers // ========================================================================== public static String regionNamesToString(final Collection regions) { final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); final Iterator it = regions.iterator(); sb.append("["); if (it.hasNext()) { sb.append(Bytes.toStringBinary(it.next())); while (it.hasNext()) { sb.append(", "); sb.append(Bytes.toStringBinary(it.next())); } } sb.append("]"); return sb.toString(); } }





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