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/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements.See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership.The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License.You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.optimizer;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.Stack;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.conf.HiveConf;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.api.FieldSchema;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.ColumnInfo;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.GroupByOperator;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.Operator;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.OperatorFactory;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.ReduceSinkOperator;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.RowSchema;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.SelectOperator;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.TableScanOperator;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.Utilities;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lib.DefaultGraphWalker;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lib.DefaultRuleDispatcher;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lib.Dispatcher;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lib.GraphWalker;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lib.Node;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lib.NodeProcessor;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lib.NodeProcessorCtx;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lib.Rule;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lib.RuleRegExp;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.metadata.Partition;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.metadata.Table;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.parse.ParseContext;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.parse.PrunedPartitionList;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.parse.SemanticException;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.plan.AggregationDesc;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.plan.ExprNodeColumnDesc;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.plan.ExprNodeConstantDesc;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.plan.ExprNodeDesc;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.plan.GroupByDesc;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.plan.OperatorDesc;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.plan.SelectDesc;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.udf.generic.GenericUDAFEvaluator.Mode;
/**
* This transformation does group by optimization. If the grouping key is a superset
* of the bucketing and sorting keys of the underlying table in the same order, the
* group by can be be performed on the map-side completely.
*/
public class GroupByOptimizer extends Transform {
private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GroupByOptimizer.class
.getName());
public GroupByOptimizer() {
}
@Override
public ParseContext transform(ParseContext pctx) throws SemanticException {
Map opRules = new LinkedHashMap();
HiveConf conf = pctx.getConf();
if (!HiveConf.getBoolVar(conf, HiveConf.ConfVars.HIVEGROUPBYSKEW)) {
// process group-by pattern
opRules.put(new RuleRegExp("R1",
GroupByOperator.getOperatorName() + "%" +
ReduceSinkOperator.getOperatorName() + "%" +
GroupByOperator.getOperatorName() + "%"),
getMapSortedGroupbyProc(pctx));
} else {
// If hive.groupby.skewindata is set to true, the operator tree is as below
opRules.put(new RuleRegExp("R2",
GroupByOperator.getOperatorName() + "%" +
ReduceSinkOperator.getOperatorName() + "%" +
GroupByOperator.getOperatorName() + "%" +
ReduceSinkOperator.getOperatorName() + "%" +
GroupByOperator.getOperatorName() + "%"),
getMapSortedGroupbySkewProc(pctx));
}
// The dispatcher fires the processor corresponding to the closest matching
// rule and passes the context along
Dispatcher disp =
new DefaultRuleDispatcher(getDefaultProc(), opRules,
new GroupByOptimizerContext(conf));
GraphWalker ogw = new DefaultGraphWalker(disp);
// Create a list of topop nodes
List topNodes = new ArrayList();
topNodes.addAll(pctx.getTopOps().values());
ogw.startWalking(topNodes, null);
return pctx;
}
private NodeProcessor getDefaultProc() {
return new NodeProcessor() {
@Override
public Object process(Node nd, Stack stack,
NodeProcessorCtx procCtx, Object... nodeOutputs) throws SemanticException {
return null;
}
};
}
private NodeProcessor getMapSortedGroupbyProc(ParseContext pctx) {
return new SortGroupByProcessor(pctx);
}
private NodeProcessor getMapSortedGroupbySkewProc(ParseContext pctx) {
return new SortGroupBySkewProcessor(pctx);
}
public enum GroupByOptimizerSortMatch {
NO_MATCH, PARTIAL_MATCH, COMPLETE_MATCH
};
private enum ColumnOrderMatch {
NO_MATCH, PREFIX_COL1_MATCH, PREFIX_COL2_MATCH, COMPLETE_MATCH
};
/**
* SortGroupByProcessor.
*
*/
public class SortGroupByProcessor implements NodeProcessor {
protected ParseContext pGraphContext;
public SortGroupByProcessor(ParseContext pGraphContext) {
this.pGraphContext = pGraphContext;
}
// Check if the group by operator has already been processed
protected boolean checkGroupByOperatorProcessed(
GroupByOptimizerContext groupBySortOptimizerContext,
GroupByOperator groupByOp) {
// The group by operator has already been processed
if (groupBySortOptimizerContext.getListGroupByOperatorsProcessed().contains(groupByOp)) {
return true;
}
groupBySortOptimizerContext.getListGroupByOperatorsProcessed().add(groupByOp);
return false;
}
protected void processGroupBy(GroupByOptimizerContext ctx,
Stack stack,
GroupByOperator groupByOp,
int depth) throws SemanticException {
HiveConf hiveConf = ctx.getConf();
GroupByOptimizerSortMatch match = checkSortGroupBy(stack, groupByOp);
boolean useMapperSort =
HiveConf.getBoolVar(hiveConf, HiveConf.ConfVars.HIVE_MAP_GROUPBY_SORT);
GroupByDesc groupByOpDesc = groupByOp.getConf();
boolean removeReduceSink = false;
boolean optimizeDistincts = false;
boolean setBucketGroup = false;
// Dont remove the operator for distincts
if (useMapperSort &&
(match == GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.COMPLETE_MATCH)) {
if (!groupByOpDesc.isDistinct()) {
removeReduceSink = true;
}
else if (!HiveConf.getBoolVar(hiveConf, HiveConf.ConfVars.HIVEGROUPBYSKEW)) {
// Optimize the query: select count(distinct keys) from T, where
// T is bucketized and sorted by T
// Partial aggregation can be done by the mappers in this scenario
List keys =
((GroupByOperator)
(groupByOp.getChildOperators().get(0).getChildOperators().get(0)))
.getConf().getKeys();
if ((keys == null) || (keys.isEmpty())) {
optimizeDistincts = true;
}
}
}
if ((match == GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.PARTIAL_MATCH) ||
(match == GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.COMPLETE_MATCH)) {
setBucketGroup = true;
}
if (removeReduceSink) {
convertGroupByMapSideSortedGroupBy(hiveConf, groupByOp, depth);
}
else if (optimizeDistincts && !HiveConf.getBoolVar(hiveConf, HiveConf.ConfVars.HIVE_VECTORIZATION_ENABLED)) {
pGraphContext.getQueryProperties().setHasMapGroupBy(true);
ReduceSinkOperator reduceSinkOp =
(ReduceSinkOperator)groupByOp.getChildOperators().get(0);
GroupByDesc childGroupByDesc =
((GroupByOperator)
(reduceSinkOp.getChildOperators().get(0))).getConf();
for (int pos = 0; pos < childGroupByDesc.getAggregators().size(); pos++) {
AggregationDesc aggr = childGroupByDesc.getAggregators().get(pos);
// Partial aggregation is not done for distincts on the mapper
// However, if the data is bucketed/sorted on the distinct key, partial aggregation
// can be performed on the mapper.
if (aggr.getDistinct()) {
ArrayList parameters = new ArrayList();
ExprNodeDesc param = aggr.getParameters().get(0);
assert param instanceof ExprNodeColumnDesc;
ExprNodeColumnDesc paramC = (ExprNodeColumnDesc) param;
paramC.setIsPartitionColOrVirtualCol(false);
paramC.setColumn("VALUE._col" + pos);
parameters.add(paramC);
aggr.setParameters(parameters);
aggr.setDistinct(false);
aggr.setMode(Mode.FINAL);
}
}
// Partial aggregation is performed on the mapper, no distinct processing at the reducer
childGroupByDesc.setDistinct(false);
groupByOpDesc.setDontResetAggrsDistinct(true);
groupByOpDesc.setBucketGroup(true);
groupByOp.setUseBucketizedHiveInputFormat(true);
// no distinct processing at the reducer
// A query like 'select count(distinct key) from T' is transformed into
// 'select count(key) from T' as far as the reducer is concerned.
reduceSinkOp.getConf().setDistinctColumnIndices(new ArrayList>());
}
else if (setBucketGroup) {
groupByOpDesc.setBucketGroup(true);
}
}
@Override
public Object process(Node nd, Stack stack, NodeProcessorCtx procCtx,
Object... nodeOutputs) throws SemanticException {
// GBY,RS,GBY... (top to bottom)
GroupByOperator groupByOp = (GroupByOperator) stack.get(stack.size() - 3);
GroupByOptimizerContext ctx = (GroupByOptimizerContext) procCtx;
if (!checkGroupByOperatorProcessed(ctx, groupByOp)) {
processGroupBy(ctx, stack, groupByOp, 2);
}
return null;
}
// Should this group by be converted to a map-side group by, because the grouping keys for
// the base table for the group by matches the skewed keys
protected GroupByOptimizerSortMatch checkSortGroupBy(Stack stack,
GroupByOperator groupByOp)
throws SemanticException {
// if this is not a HASH groupby, return
if (groupByOp.getConf().getMode() != GroupByDesc.Mode.HASH) {
return GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.NO_MATCH;
}
// Check all the operators in the stack. Currently, only SELECTs and FILTERs
// are allowed. A interface 'supportMapSideGroupBy has been added for the same
Operator currOp = groupByOp;
currOp = currOp.getParentOperators().get(0);
while (true) {
if ((currOp.getParentOperators() == null) || (currOp.getParentOperators().isEmpty())) {
break;
}
if ((currOp.getParentOperators().size() > 1) ||
(!currOp.columnNamesRowResolvedCanBeObtained())) {
return GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.NO_MATCH;
}
currOp = currOp.getParentOperators().get(0);
}
// currOp now points to the top-most tablescan operator
TableScanOperator tableScanOp = (TableScanOperator) currOp;
int stackPos = 0;
assert stack.get(0) == tableScanOp;
// Create a mapping from the group by columns to the table columns
Map tableColsMapping = new HashMap();
Set constantCols = new HashSet();
Table table = tableScanOp.getConf().getTableMetadata();
for (FieldSchema col : table.getAllCols()) {
tableColsMapping.put(col.getName(), col.getName());
}
while (currOp != groupByOp) {
Operator processOp = currOp;
Set newConstantCols = new HashSet();
currOp = (Operator) (stack.get(++stackPos));
// Filters don't change the column names - so, no need to do anything for them
if (processOp instanceof SelectOperator) {
SelectOperator selectOp = (SelectOperator) processOp;
SelectDesc selectDesc = selectOp.getConf();
if (selectDesc.isSelStarNoCompute()) {
continue;
}
// Only columns and constants can be selected
for (int pos = 0; pos < selectDesc.getColList().size(); pos++) {
String outputColumnName = selectDesc.getOutputColumnNames().get(pos);
if (constantCols.contains(outputColumnName)) {
tableColsMapping.remove(outputColumnName);
newConstantCols.add(outputColumnName);
continue;
}
ExprNodeDesc selectCol = selectDesc.getColList().get(pos);
if (selectCol instanceof ExprNodeColumnDesc) {
String newValue =
tableColsMapping.get(((ExprNodeColumnDesc) selectCol).getColumn());
tableColsMapping.put(outputColumnName, newValue);
}
else {
tableColsMapping.remove(outputColumnName);
if (selectCol instanceof ExprNodeConstantDesc) {
// Lets see if this constant was folded because of optimization.
String origCol = ((ExprNodeConstantDesc) selectCol).getFoldedFromCol();
if (origCol != null) {
tableColsMapping.put(outputColumnName, origCol);
} else {
newConstantCols.add(outputColumnName);
}
}
}
}
constantCols = newConstantCols;
}
}
// compute groupby columns from groupby keys
List groupByCols = new ArrayList();
// If the group by expression is anything other than a list of columns,
// the sorting property is not obeyed
for (ExprNodeDesc expr : groupByOp.getConf().getKeys()) {
if (expr instanceof ExprNodeColumnDesc) {
String groupByKeyColumn = ((ExprNodeColumnDesc) expr).getColumn();
// ignore if it is a constant
if (constantCols.contains(groupByKeyColumn)) {
continue;
}
else {
if (tableColsMapping.containsKey(groupByKeyColumn)) {
groupByCols.add(tableColsMapping.get(groupByKeyColumn));
}
else {
return GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.NO_MATCH;
}
}
}
// Constants and nulls are OK
else if (expr instanceof ExprNodeConstantDesc) {
continue;
} else {
return GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.NO_MATCH;
}
}
if (!table.isPartitioned()) {
List sortCols = Utilities.getColumnNamesFromSortCols(table.getSortCols());
List bucketCols = table.getBucketCols();
return matchBucketSortCols(groupByCols, bucketCols, sortCols);
} else {
PrunedPartitionList partsList =
pGraphContext.getPrunedPartitions(table.getTableName(), tableScanOp);
List notDeniedPartns = partsList.getNotDeniedPartns();
GroupByOptimizerSortMatch currentMatch =
notDeniedPartns.isEmpty() ? GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.NO_MATCH :
notDeniedPartns.size() > 1 ? GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.PARTIAL_MATCH :
GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.COMPLETE_MATCH;
for (Partition part : notDeniedPartns) {
List sortCols = part.getSortColNames();
List bucketCols = part.getBucketCols();
GroupByOptimizerSortMatch match = matchBucketSortCols(groupByCols, bucketCols, sortCols);
if (match == GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.NO_MATCH) {
return match;
}
if (match == GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.PARTIAL_MATCH) {
currentMatch = match;
}
}
return currentMatch;
}
}
/*
* Return how the list of columns passed in match.
* Return NO_MATCH if either of the list is empty or null, or if there is a mismatch.
* For eg: ([], []), ([], ["a"]), (["a"],["b"]) and (["a", "b"], ["a","c"]) return NO_MATCH
*
* Return COMPLETE_MATCH if both the lists are non-empty and are same
* Return PREFIX_COL1_MATCH if list1 is a strict subset of list2 and
* return PREFIX_COL2_MATCH if list2 is a strict subset of list1
*
* For eg: (["a"], ["a"]), (["a"], ["a", "b"]) and (["a", "b"], ["a"]) return
* COMPLETE_MATCH, PREFIX_COL1_MATCH and PREFIX_COL2_MATCH respectively.
*/
private ColumnOrderMatch matchColumnOrder(List cols1, List cols2) {
int numCols1 = cols1 == null ? 0 : cols1.size();
int numCols2 = cols2 == null ? 0 : cols2.size();
if (numCols1 == 0 || numCols2 == 0) {
return ColumnOrderMatch.NO_MATCH;
}
for (int pos = 0; pos < Math.min(numCols1, numCols2); pos++) {
if (!cols1.get(pos).equals(cols2.get(pos))) {
return ColumnOrderMatch.NO_MATCH;
}
}
return (numCols1 == numCols2) ?
ColumnOrderMatch.COMPLETE_MATCH :
((numCols1 < numCols2) ? ColumnOrderMatch.PREFIX_COL1_MATCH :
ColumnOrderMatch.PREFIX_COL2_MATCH);
}
/**
* Given the group by keys, bucket columns and sort columns, this method
* determines if we can use sorted group by or not.
*
* @param groupByCols
* @param bucketCols
* @param sortCols
* @return
* @throws SemanticException
*/
private GroupByOptimizerSortMatch matchBucketSortCols(
List groupByCols,
List bucketCols,
List sortCols) throws SemanticException {
/*
* >> Super set of
* If the grouping columns are a,b,c and the sorting columns are a,b
* grouping columns >> sorting columns
* (or grouping columns are a superset of sorting columns)
*
* Similarly << means subset of
*
* No intersection between Sort Columns and BucketCols:
*
* 1. Sort Cols = Group By Cols ---> Partial Match
* 2. Group By Cols >> Sort By Cols --> No Match
* 3. Group By Cols << Sort By Cols --> Partial Match
*
* BucketCols <= SortCols (bucket columns is either same or a prefix of sort columns)
*
* 1. Sort Cols = Group By Cols ---> Complete Match
* 2. Group By Cols >> Sort By Cols --> No Match
* 3. Group By Cols << Sort By Cols --> Complete Match if Group By Cols >= BucketCols
* --> Partial Match otherwise
*
* BucketCols >> SortCols (bucket columns is a superset of sorting columns)
*
* 1. group by cols <= sort cols --> partial match
* 2. group by cols >> sort cols --> no match
*
* One exception to this rule is:
* If GroupByCols == SortCols and all bucketing columns are part of sorting columns
* (in any order), it is a complete match
*/
ColumnOrderMatch bucketSortColsMatch = matchColumnOrder(bucketCols, sortCols);
ColumnOrderMatch sortGroupByColsMatch = matchColumnOrder(sortCols, groupByCols);
switch (sortGroupByColsMatch) {
case NO_MATCH:
return GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.NO_MATCH;
case COMPLETE_MATCH:
return ((bucketCols != null) && !bucketCols.isEmpty() &&
sortCols.containsAll(bucketCols)) ?
GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.COMPLETE_MATCH : GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.PARTIAL_MATCH;
case PREFIX_COL1_MATCH:
return GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.NO_MATCH;
case PREFIX_COL2_MATCH:
return ((bucketSortColsMatch == ColumnOrderMatch.NO_MATCH) ||
(bucketCols.size() > groupByCols.size())) ?
GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.PARTIAL_MATCH :
GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.COMPLETE_MATCH;
}
return GroupByOptimizerSortMatch.NO_MATCH;
}
// Convert the group by to a map-side group by
// The operators specified by depth and removed from the tree.
protected void convertGroupByMapSideSortedGroupBy(
HiveConf conf, GroupByOperator groupByOp, int depth) {
pGraphContext.getQueryProperties().setHasMapGroupBy(true);
if (removeChildren(groupByOp, depth)) {
// Use bucketized hive input format - that makes sure that one mapper reads the entire file
groupByOp.setUseBucketizedHiveInputFormat(true);
groupByOp.getConf().setMode(GroupByDesc.Mode.FINAL);
}
}
// Remove the operators till a certain depth.
// Return true if the remove was successful, false otherwise
public boolean removeChildren(Operator currOp, int depth) {
Operator inputOp = currOp;
for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
// If there are more than 1 children at any level, don't do anything
if ((currOp.getChildOperators() == null) || (currOp.getChildOperators().isEmpty())
|| (currOp.getChildOperators().size() > 1)) {
return false;
}
currOp = currOp.getChildOperators().get(0);
}
// add selectOp to match the schema
// after that, inputOp is the parent of selOp.
for (Operator op : inputOp.getChildOperators()) {
op.getParentOperators().clear();
}
inputOp.getChildOperators().clear();
Operator selOp = genOutputSelectForGroupBy(inputOp, currOp);
// update the childOp of selectOp
selOp.setChildOperators(currOp.getChildOperators());
// update the parentOp
for (Operator op : currOp.getChildOperators()) {
op.replaceParent(currOp, selOp);
}
return true;
}
private Operator genOutputSelectForGroupBy(
Operator parentOp, Operator currOp) {
assert (parentOp.getSchema().getSignature().size() == currOp.getSchema().getSignature().size());
Iterator pIter = parentOp.getSchema().getSignature().iterator();
Iterator cIter = currOp.getSchema().getSignature().iterator();
List columns = new ArrayList();
List colName = new ArrayList();
Map columnExprMap = new HashMap();
while (pIter.hasNext()) {
ColumnInfo pInfo = pIter.next();
ColumnInfo cInfo = cIter.next();
ExprNodeDesc column = new ExprNodeColumnDesc(pInfo.getType(), pInfo.getInternalName(),
pInfo.getTabAlias(), pInfo.getIsVirtualCol(), pInfo.isSkewedCol());
columns.add(column);
colName.add(cInfo.getInternalName());
columnExprMap.put(cInfo.getInternalName(), column);
}
return OperatorFactory.getAndMakeChild(new SelectDesc(columns, colName),
new RowSchema(currOp.getSchema().getSignature()), columnExprMap, parentOp);
}
}
/**
* SortGroupByProcessor.
*
*/
public class SortGroupBySkewProcessor extends SortGroupByProcessor {
public SortGroupBySkewProcessor(ParseContext pGraphContext) {
super(pGraphContext);
}
@Override
public Object process(Node nd, Stack stack, NodeProcessorCtx procCtx,
Object... nodeOutputs) throws SemanticException {
// GBY,RS,GBY,RS,GBY... (top to bottom)
GroupByOperator groupByOp = (GroupByOperator) stack.get(stack.size() - 5);
GroupByOptimizerContext ctx = (GroupByOptimizerContext) procCtx;
if (!checkGroupByOperatorProcessed(ctx, groupByOp)) {
processGroupBy(ctx, stack, groupByOp, 4);
}
return null;
}
}
public class GroupByOptimizerContext implements NodeProcessorCtx {
List listGroupByOperatorsProcessed;
HiveConf conf;
public GroupByOptimizerContext(HiveConf conf) {
this.conf = conf;
listGroupByOperatorsProcessed = new ArrayList();
}
public List getListGroupByOperatorsProcessed() {
return listGroupByOperatorsProcessed;
}
public void setListGroupByOperatorsProcessed(
List listGroupByOperatorsProcessed) {
this.listGroupByOperatorsProcessed = listGroupByOperatorsProcessed;
}
public HiveConf getConf() {
return conf;
}
public void setConf(HiveConf conf) {
this.conf = conf;
}
}
}
