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/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.builder;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.data.Data;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.data.Dataset;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.data.Instance;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.data.conditions.Condition;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.node.CategoricalNode;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.node.Leaf;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.node.Node;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.node.NumericalNode;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.split.IgSplit;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.split.OptIgSplit;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.split.RegressionSplit;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.split.Split;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Random;
/**
* Builds a classification tree or regression tree
* A classification tree is built when the criterion variable is the categorical attribute.
* A regression tree is built when the criterion variable is the numerical attribute.
*/
public class DecisionTreeBuilder implements TreeBuilder {
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DecisionTreeBuilder.class);
private static final int[] NO_ATTRIBUTES = new int[0];
private static final double EPSILON = 1.0e-6;
/**
* indicates which CATEGORICAL attributes have already been selected in the parent nodes
*/
private boolean[] selected;
/**
* number of attributes to select randomly at each node
*/
private int m;
/**
* IgSplit implementation
*/
private IgSplit igSplit;
/**
* tree is complemented
*/
private boolean complemented = true;
/**
* minimum number for split
*/
private double minSplitNum = 2.0;
/**
* minimum proportion of the total variance for split
*/
private double minVarianceProportion = 1.0e-3;
/**
* full set data
*/
private Data fullSet;
/**
* minimum variance for split
*/
private double minVariance = Double.NaN;
public void setM(int m) {
this.m = m;
}
public void setIgSplit(IgSplit igSplit) {
this.igSplit = igSplit;
}
public void setComplemented(boolean complemented) {
this.complemented = complemented;
}
public void setMinSplitNum(int minSplitNum) {
this.minSplitNum = minSplitNum;
}
public void setMinVarianceProportion(double minVarianceProportion) {
this.minVarianceProportion = minVarianceProportion;
}
@Override
public Node build(Random rng, Data data) {
if (selected == null) {
selected = new boolean[data.getDataset().nbAttributes()];
selected[data.getDataset().getLabelId()] = true; // never select the label
}
if (m == 0) {
// set default m
double e = data.getDataset().nbAttributes() - 1;
if (data.getDataset().isNumerical(data.getDataset().getLabelId())) {
// regression
m = (int) Math.ceil(e / 3.0);
} else {
// classification
m = (int) Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(e));
}
}
if (data.isEmpty()) {
return new Leaf(Double.NaN);
}
double sum = 0.0;
if (data.getDataset().isNumerical(data.getDataset().getLabelId())) {
// regression
// sum and sum squared of a label is computed
double sumSquared = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
double label = data.getDataset().getLabel(data.get(i));
sum += label;
sumSquared += label * label;
}
// computes the variance
double var = sumSquared - (sum * sum) / data.size();
// computes the minimum variance
if (Double.compare(minVariance, Double.NaN) == 0) {
minVariance = var / data.size() * minVarianceProportion;
log.debug("minVariance:{}", minVariance);
}
// variance is compared with minimum variance
if ((var / data.size()) < minVariance) {
log.debug("variance({}) < minVariance({}) Leaf({})", var / data.size(), minVariance, sum / data.size());
return new Leaf(sum / data.size());
}
} else {
// classification
if (isIdentical(data)) {
return new Leaf(data.majorityLabel(rng));
}
if (data.identicalLabel()) {
return new Leaf(data.getDataset().getLabel(data.get(0)));
}
}
// store full set data
if (fullSet == null) {
fullSet = data;
}
int[] attributes = randomAttributes(rng, selected, m);
if (attributes == null || attributes.length == 0) {
// we tried all the attributes and could not split the data anymore
double label;
if (data.getDataset().isNumerical(data.getDataset().getLabelId())) {
// regression
label = sum / data.size();
} else {
// classification
label = data.majorityLabel(rng);
}
log.warn("attribute which can be selected is not found Leaf({})", label);
return new Leaf(label);
}
if (igSplit == null) {
if (data.getDataset().isNumerical(data.getDataset().getLabelId())) {
// regression
igSplit = new RegressionSplit();
} else {
// classification
igSplit = new OptIgSplit();
}
}
// find the best split
Split best = null;
for (int attr : attributes) {
Split split = igSplit.computeSplit(data, attr);
if (best == null || best.getIg() < split.getIg()) {
best = split;
}
}
// information gain is near to zero.
if (best.getIg() < EPSILON) {
double label;
if (data.getDataset().isNumerical(data.getDataset().getLabelId())) {
label = sum / data.size();
} else {
label = data.majorityLabel(rng);
}
log.debug("ig is near to zero Leaf({})", label);
return new Leaf(label);
}
log.debug("best split attr:{}, split:{}, ig:{}", best.getAttr(), best.getSplit(), best.getIg());
boolean alreadySelected = selected[best.getAttr()];
if (alreadySelected) {
// attribute already selected
log.warn("attribute {} already selected in a parent node", best.getAttr());
}
Node childNode;
if (data.getDataset().isNumerical(best.getAttr())) {
boolean[] temp = null;
Data loSubset = data.subset(Condition.lesser(best.getAttr(), best.getSplit()));
Data hiSubset = data.subset(Condition.greaterOrEquals(best.getAttr(), best.getSplit()));
if (loSubset.isEmpty() || hiSubset.isEmpty()) {
// the selected attribute did not change the data, avoid using it in the child notes
selected[best.getAttr()] = true;
} else {
// the data changed, so we can unselect all previousely selected NUMERICAL attributes
temp = selected;
selected = cloneCategoricalAttributes(data.getDataset(), selected);
}
// size of the subset is less than the minSpitNum
if (loSubset.size() < minSplitNum || hiSubset.size() < minSplitNum) {
// branch is not split
double label;
if (data.getDataset().isNumerical(data.getDataset().getLabelId())) {
label = sum / data.size();
} else {
label = data.majorityLabel(rng);
}
log.debug("branch is not split Leaf({})", label);
return new Leaf(label);
}
Node loChild = build(rng, loSubset);
Node hiChild = build(rng, hiSubset);
// restore the selection state of the attributes
if (temp != null) {
selected = temp;
} else {
selected[best.getAttr()] = alreadySelected;
}
childNode = new NumericalNode(best.getAttr(), best.getSplit(), loChild, hiChild);
} else { // CATEGORICAL attribute
double[] values = data.values(best.getAttr());
// tree is complemented
Collection subsetValues = null;
if (complemented) {
subsetValues = new HashSet<>();
for (double value : values) {
subsetValues.add(value);
}
values = fullSet.values(best.getAttr());
}
int cnt = 0;
Data[] subsets = new Data[values.length];
for (int index = 0; index < values.length; index++) {
if (complemented && !subsetValues.contains(values[index])) {
continue;
}
subsets[index] = data.subset(Condition.equals(best.getAttr(), values[index]));
if (subsets[index].size() >= minSplitNum) {
cnt++;
}
}
// size of the subset is less than the minSpitNum
if (cnt < 2) {
// branch is not split
double label;
if (data.getDataset().isNumerical(data.getDataset().getLabelId())) {
label = sum / data.size();
} else {
label = data.majorityLabel(rng);
}
log.debug("branch is not split Leaf({})", label);
return new Leaf(label);
}
selected[best.getAttr()] = true;
Node[] children = new Node[values.length];
for (int index = 0; index < values.length; index++) {
if (complemented && (subsetValues == null || !subsetValues.contains(values[index]))) {
// tree is complemented
double label;
if (data.getDataset().isNumerical(data.getDataset().getLabelId())) {
label = sum / data.size();
} else {
label = data.majorityLabel(rng);
}
log.debug("complemented Leaf({})", label);
children[index] = new Leaf(label);
continue;
}
children[index] = build(rng, subsets[index]);
}
selected[best.getAttr()] = alreadySelected;
childNode = new CategoricalNode(best.getAttr(), values, children);
}
return childNode;
}
/**
* checks if all the vectors have identical attribute values. Ignore selected attributes.
*
* @return true is all the vectors are identical or the data is empty
* false otherwise
*/
private boolean isIdentical(Data data) {
if (data.isEmpty()) {
return true;
}
Instance instance = data.get(0);
for (int attr = 0; attr < selected.length; attr++) {
if (selected[attr]) {
continue;
}
for (int index = 1; index < data.size(); index++) {
if (data.get(index).get(attr) != instance.get(attr)) {
return false;
}
}
}
return true;
}
/**
* Make a copy of the selection state of the attributes, unselect all numerical attributes
*
* @param selected selection state to clone
* @return cloned selection state
*/
private static boolean[] cloneCategoricalAttributes(Dataset dataset, boolean[] selected) {
boolean[] cloned = new boolean[selected.length];
for (int i = 0; i < selected.length; i++) {
cloned[i] = !dataset.isNumerical(i) && selected[i];
}
cloned[dataset.getLabelId()] = true;
return cloned;
}
/**
* Randomly selects m attributes to consider for split, excludes IGNORED and LABEL attributes
*
* @param rng random-numbers generator
* @param selected attributes' state (selected or not)
* @param m number of attributes to choose
* @return list of selected attributes' indices, or null if all attributes have already been selected
*/
private static int[] randomAttributes(Random rng, boolean[] selected, int m) {
int nbNonSelected = 0; // number of non selected attributes
for (boolean sel : selected) {
if (!sel) {
nbNonSelected++;
}
}
if (nbNonSelected == 0) {
log.warn("All attributes are selected !");
return NO_ATTRIBUTES;
}
int[] result;
if (nbNonSelected <= m) {
// return all non selected attributes
result = new int[nbNonSelected];
int index = 0;
for (int attr = 0; attr < selected.length; attr++) {
if (!selected[attr]) {
result[index++] = attr;
}
}
} else {
result = new int[m];
for (int index = 0; index < m; index++) {
// randomly choose a "non selected" attribute
int rind;
do {
rind = rng.nextInt(selected.length);
} while (selected[rind]);
result[index] = rind;
selected[rind] = true; // temporarily set the chosen attribute to be selected
}
// the chosen attributes are not yet selected
for (int attr : result) {
selected[attr] = false;
}
}
return result;
}
}
