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Declarative Machine Learning
#-------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
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# distributed with this work for additional information
# regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
# with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
# KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
# specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.
#
#-------------------------------------------------------------
#
# THIS SCRIPT COMPUTES AN APPROXIMATE FACTORIZATIONOF A LOW-RANK MATRIX V INTO TWO MATRICES L AND R
# USING ALTERNATING-LEAST-SQUARES (ALS) ALGORITHM
# MATRICES L AND R ARE COMPUTED BY MINIMIZING A LOSS FUNCTION (WITH REGULARIZATION)
#
# INPUT PARAMETERS:
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# NAME TYPE DEFAULT MEANING
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# V String --- Location to read the input matrix V to be factorized
# L String --- Location to write the factor matrix L
# R String --- Location to write the factor matrix R
# rank Int 10 Rank of the factorization
# reg String "L2" Regularization:
# "L2" = L2 regularization;
# "wL2" = weighted L2 regularization
# lambda Double 0.0 Regularization parameter, no regularization if 0.0
# maxi Int 50 Maximum number of iterations
# check Boolean FALSE Check for convergence after every iteration, i.e., updating L and R once
# thr Double 0.0001 Assuming check is set to TRUE, the algorithm stops and convergence is declared
# if the decrease in loss in any two consecutive iterations falls below this threshold;
# if check is FALSE thr is ignored
# fmt String "text" The output format of the factor matrices L and R, such as "text" or "csv"
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# OUTPUT:
# 1- An m x r matrix L, where r is the factorization rank
# 2- An r x n matrix R
#
# HOW TO INVOKE THIS SCRIPT - EXAMPLE:
# hadoop jar SystemML.jar -f ALS.dml -nvargs V=INPUT_DIR/V L=OUTPUT_DIR/L R=OUTPUT_DIR/R rank=10 reg="L2" lambda=0.0001 fmt=csv
fileV = $V;
fileL = $L;
fileR = $R;
# Default values of some parameters
r = ifdef ($rank, 10); # $rank=10;
reg = ifdef ($reg, "L2") # $reg="L2";
lambda = ifdef ($lambda, 0.000001); # $lambda=0.000001;
max_iter = ifdef ($maxi, 50); # $maxi=50;
check = ifdef ($check, FALSE); # $check=FALSE;
thr = ifdef ($thr, 0.0001); # $thr=0.0001;
fmtO = ifdef ($fmt, "text"); # $fmt="text";
V = read (fileV);
# check the input matrix V, if some rows or columns contain only zeros remove them from V
V_nonzero_ind = ppred (V, 0, "!=");
row_nonzeros = rowSums (V_nonzero_ind);
col_nonzeros = t (colSums (V_nonzero_ind));
orig_nonzero_rows_ind = ppred (row_nonzeros, 0, "!=");
orig_nonzero_cols_ind = ppred (col_nonzeros, 0, "!=");
num_zero_rows = nrow (V) - sum (orig_nonzero_rows_ind);
num_zero_cols = ncol (V) - sum (orig_nonzero_cols_ind);
if (num_zero_rows > 0) {
print ("Matrix V contains empty rows! These rows will be removed.");
V = removeEmpty (target = V, margin = "rows");
}
if (num_zero_cols > 0) {
print ("Matrix V contains empty columns! These columns will be removed.");
V = removeEmpty (target = V, margin = "cols");
}
if (num_zero_rows > 0 | num_zero_cols > 0) {
print ("Recomputing nonzero rows and columns!");
V_nonzero_ind = ppred (V, 0, "!=");
row_nonzeros = rowSums (V_nonzero_ind);
col_nonzeros = t (colSums (V_nonzero_ind));
}
###### MAIN PART ######
m = nrow (V);
n = ncol (V);
# initializing factor matrices
L = rand (rows = m, cols = r, min = -0.5, max = 0.5);
R = rand (rows = n, cols = r, min = -0.5, max = 0.5);
# initializing transformed matrices
Vt = t(V);
# check for regularization
if (reg == "L2") {
print ("BEGIN ALS SCRIPT WITH NONZERO SQUARED LOSS + L2 WITH LAMBDA - " + lambda);
} else if (reg == "wL2") {
print ("BEGIN ALS SCRIPT WITH NONZERO SQUARED LOSS + WEIGHTED L2 WITH LAMBDA - " + lambda);
} else {
stop ("wrong regularization! " + reg);
}
if (check) {
loss_init = sum (V_nonzero_ind * (V - (L %*% t(R)))^2) + lambda * (sum ((L^2) * row_nonzeros) + sum ((R^2) * col_nonzeros));
print ("----- Initial train loss: " + loss_init + " -----");
}
lambda_I = diag (matrix (lambda, rows = r, cols = 1));
it = 0;
converged = FALSE;
while ((it < max_iter) & (!converged)) {
it = it + 1;
# keep R fixed and update L
parfor (i in 1:m) {
R_nonzero_ind = t(ppred(V[i,],0,"!="));
R_nonzero = removeEmpty (target=R * R_nonzero_ind, margin="rows");
A1 = (t(R_nonzero) %*% R_nonzero) + (as.scalar(row_nonzeros[i,1]) * lambda_I); # coefficient matrix
L[i,] = t(solve (A1, t(V[i,] %*% R)));
}
# keep L fixed and update R
parfor (j in 1:n) {
L_nonzero_ind = t(ppred(Vt[j,],0,"!="))
L_nonzero = removeEmpty (target=L * L_nonzero_ind, margin="rows");
A2 = (t(L_nonzero) %*% L_nonzero) + (as.scalar(col_nonzeros[j,1]) * lambda_I); # coefficient matrix
R[j,] = t(solve (A2, t(Vt[j,] %*% L)));
}
# check for convergence
if (check) {
loss_cur = sum (V_nonzero_ind * (V - (L %*% t(R)))^2) + lambda * (sum ((L^2) * row_nonzeros) + sum ((R^2) * col_nonzeros));
loss_dec = (loss_init - loss_cur) / loss_init;
print ("Train loss at iteration (R) " + it + ": " + loss_cur + " loss-dec " + loss_dec);
if (loss_dec >= 0 & loss_dec < thr | loss_init == 0) {
print ("----- ALS converged after " + it + " iterations!");
converged = TRUE;
}
loss_init = loss_cur;
}
} # end of while loop
if (check) {
print ("----- Final train loss: " + loss_init + " -----");
}
if (!converged) {
print ("Max iteration achieved but not converged!");
}
# inject 0s in L if original V had empty rows
if (num_zero_rows > 0) {
L = removeEmpty (target = diag (orig_nonzero_rows_ind), margin = "cols") %*% L;
}
# inject 0s in R if original V had empty rows
if (num_zero_cols > 0) {
R = removeEmpty (target = diag (orig_nonzero_cols_ind), margin = "cols") %*% R;
}
Rt = t (R);
write (L, fileL, format=fmtO);
write (Rt, fileR, format=fmtO);