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/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
 * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 * specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */
package org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.tinkergraph.structure;

import org.apache.commons.configuration2.BaseConfiguration;
import org.apache.commons.configuration2.Configuration;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.computer.GraphComputer;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.TraversalStrategies;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Edge;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Element;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Graph;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Transaction;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Vertex;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.VertexProperty;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.io.Io;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.io.IoCore;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.io.graphson.GraphSONVersion;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.io.gryo.GryoVersion;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.util.ElementHelper;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.util.GraphFactory;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.util.StringFactory;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.tinkergraph.process.computer.TinkerGraphComputer;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.tinkergraph.process.computer.TinkerGraphComputerView;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.tinkergraph.process.traversal.strategy.optimization.TinkerGraphCountStrategy;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.tinkergraph.process.traversal.strategy.optimization.TinkerGraphStepStrategy;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.util.iterator.IteratorUtils;

import java.io.File;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

/**
 * An in-memory (with optional persistence on calls to {@link #close()}), reference implementation of the property
 * graph interfaces provided by TinkerPop.
 *
 * @author Marko A. Rodriguez (http://markorodriguez.com)
 * @author Stephen Mallette (http://stephen.genoprime.com)
 */
@Graph.OptIn(Graph.OptIn.SUITE_STRUCTURE_STANDARD)
@Graph.OptIn(Graph.OptIn.SUITE_STRUCTURE_INTEGRATE)
@Graph.OptIn(Graph.OptIn.SUITE_PROCESS_STANDARD)
@Graph.OptIn(Graph.OptIn.SUITE_PROCESS_COMPUTER)
public final class TinkerGraph implements Graph {

    static {
        TraversalStrategies.GlobalCache.registerStrategies(TinkerGraph.class, TraversalStrategies.GlobalCache.getStrategies(Graph.class).clone().addStrategies(
                TinkerGraphStepStrategy.instance(),
                TinkerGraphCountStrategy.instance()));
    }

    private static final Configuration EMPTY_CONFIGURATION = new BaseConfiguration() {{
        this.setProperty(Graph.GRAPH, TinkerGraph.class.getName());
    }};

    public static final String GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_VERTEX_ID_MANAGER = "gremlin.tinkergraph.vertexIdManager";
    public static final String GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_EDGE_ID_MANAGER = "gremlin.tinkergraph.edgeIdManager";
    public static final String GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_VERTEX_PROPERTY_ID_MANAGER = "gremlin.tinkergraph.vertexPropertyIdManager";
    public static final String GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_DEFAULT_VERTEX_PROPERTY_CARDINALITY = "gremlin.tinkergraph.defaultVertexPropertyCardinality";
    public static final String GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_GRAPH_LOCATION = "gremlin.tinkergraph.graphLocation";
    public static final String GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_GRAPH_FORMAT = "gremlin.tinkergraph.graphFormat";
    public static final String GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_ALLOW_NULL_PROPERTY_VALUES = "gremlin.tinkergraph.allowNullPropertyValues";

    private final TinkerGraphFeatures features = new TinkerGraphFeatures();

    protected AtomicLong currentId = new AtomicLong(-1L);
    protected Map vertices = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
    protected Map edges = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

    protected TinkerGraphVariables variables = null;
    protected TinkerGraphComputerView graphComputerView = null;
    protected TinkerIndex vertexIndex = null;
    protected TinkerIndex edgeIndex = null;

    protected final IdManager vertexIdManager;
    protected final IdManager edgeIdManager;
    protected final IdManager vertexPropertyIdManager;
    protected final VertexProperty.Cardinality defaultVertexPropertyCardinality;
    protected final boolean allowNullPropertyValues;

    private final Configuration configuration;
    private final String graphLocation;
    private final String graphFormat;

    /**
     * An empty private constructor that initializes {@link TinkerGraph}.
     */
    private TinkerGraph(final Configuration configuration) {
        this.configuration = configuration;
        vertexIdManager = selectIdManager(configuration, GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_VERTEX_ID_MANAGER, Vertex.class);
        edgeIdManager = selectIdManager(configuration, GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_EDGE_ID_MANAGER, Edge.class);
        vertexPropertyIdManager = selectIdManager(configuration, GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_VERTEX_PROPERTY_ID_MANAGER, VertexProperty.class);
        defaultVertexPropertyCardinality = VertexProperty.Cardinality.valueOf(
                configuration.getString(GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_DEFAULT_VERTEX_PROPERTY_CARDINALITY, VertexProperty.Cardinality.single.name()));
        allowNullPropertyValues = configuration.getBoolean(GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_ALLOW_NULL_PROPERTY_VALUES, false);

        graphLocation = configuration.getString(GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_GRAPH_LOCATION, null);
        graphFormat = configuration.getString(GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_GRAPH_FORMAT, null);

        if ((graphLocation != null && null == graphFormat) || (null == graphLocation && graphFormat != null))
            throw new IllegalStateException(String.format("The %s and %s must both be specified if either is present",
                    GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_GRAPH_LOCATION, GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_GRAPH_FORMAT));

        if (graphLocation != null) loadGraph();
    }

    /**
     * Open a new {@link TinkerGraph} instance.
     * 

* Reference Implementation Help: If a {@link Graph} implementation does not require a {@code Configuration} * (or perhaps has a default configuration) it can choose to implement a zero argument * {@code open()} method. This is an optional constructor method for TinkerGraph. It is not enforced by the Gremlin * Test Suite. */ public static TinkerGraph open() { return open(EMPTY_CONFIGURATION); } /** * Open a new {@code TinkerGraph} instance. *

* Reference Implementation Help: This method is the one use by the {@link GraphFactory} to instantiate * {@link Graph} instances. This method must be overridden for the Structure Test Suite to pass. Implementers have * latitude in terms of how exceptions are handled within this method. Such exceptions will be considered * implementation specific by the test suite as all test generate graph instances by way of * {@link GraphFactory}. As such, the exceptions get generalized behind that facade and since * {@link GraphFactory} is the preferred method to opening graphs it will be consistent at that level. * * @param configuration the configuration for the instance * @return a newly opened {@link Graph} */ public static TinkerGraph open(final Configuration configuration) { return new TinkerGraph(configuration); } ////////////// STRUCTURE API METHODS ////////////////// @Override public Vertex addVertex(final Object... keyValues) { ElementHelper.legalPropertyKeyValueArray(keyValues); Object idValue = vertexIdManager.convert(ElementHelper.getIdValue(keyValues).orElse(null)); final String label = ElementHelper.getLabelValue(keyValues).orElse(Vertex.DEFAULT_LABEL); if (null != idValue) { if (this.vertices.containsKey(idValue)) throw Exceptions.vertexWithIdAlreadyExists(idValue); } else { idValue = vertexIdManager.getNextId(this); } final Vertex vertex = new TinkerVertex(idValue, label, this); this.vertices.put(vertex.id(), vertex); ElementHelper.attachProperties(vertex, VertexProperty.Cardinality.list, keyValues); return vertex; } @Override public C compute(final Class graphComputerClass) { if (!graphComputerClass.equals(TinkerGraphComputer.class)) throw Graph.Exceptions.graphDoesNotSupportProvidedGraphComputer(graphComputerClass); return (C) new TinkerGraphComputer(this); } @Override public GraphComputer compute() { return new TinkerGraphComputer(this); } @Override public Variables variables() { if (null == this.variables) this.variables = new TinkerGraphVariables(); return this.variables; } @Override public I io(final Io.Builder builder) { if (builder.requiresVersion(GryoVersion.V1_0) || builder.requiresVersion(GraphSONVersion.V1_0)) return (I) builder.graph(this).onMapper(mapper -> mapper.addRegistry(TinkerIoRegistryV1d0.instance())).create(); else if (builder.requiresVersion(GraphSONVersion.V2_0)) // there is no gryo v2 return (I) builder.graph(this).onMapper(mapper -> mapper.addRegistry(TinkerIoRegistryV2d0.instance())).create(); else return (I) builder.graph(this).onMapper(mapper -> mapper.addRegistry(TinkerIoRegistryV3d0.instance())).create(); } @Override public String toString() { return StringFactory.graphString(this, "vertices:" + this.vertices.size() + " edges:" + this.edges.size()); } public void clear() { this.vertices.clear(); this.edges.clear(); this.variables = null; this.currentId.set(-1L); this.vertexIndex = null; this.edgeIndex = null; this.graphComputerView = null; } /** * This method only has an effect if the {@link #GREMLIN_TINKERGRAPH_GRAPH_LOCATION} is set, in which case the * data in the graph is persisted to that location. This method may be called multiple times and does not release * resources. */ @Override public void close() { if (graphLocation != null) saveGraph(); } @Override public Transaction tx() { throw Exceptions.transactionsNotSupported(); } @Override public Configuration configuration() { return configuration; } @Override public Iterator vertices(final Object... vertexIds) { return createElementIterator(Vertex.class, vertices, vertexIdManager, vertexIds); } @Override public Iterator edges(final Object... edgeIds) { return createElementIterator(Edge.class, edges, edgeIdManager, edgeIds); } private void loadGraph() { final File f = new File(graphLocation); if (f.exists() && f.isFile()) { try { if (graphFormat.equals("graphml")) { io(IoCore.graphml()).readGraph(graphLocation); } else if (graphFormat.equals("graphson")) { io(IoCore.graphson()).readGraph(graphLocation); } else if (graphFormat.equals("gryo")) { io(IoCore.gryo()).readGraph(graphLocation); } else { io(IoCore.createIoBuilder(graphFormat)).readGraph(graphLocation); } } catch (Exception ex) { throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Could not load graph at %s with %s", graphLocation, graphFormat), ex); } } } private void saveGraph() { final File f = new File(graphLocation); if (f.exists()) { f.delete(); } else { final File parent = f.getParentFile(); // the parent would be null in the case of an relative path if the graphLocation was simply: "f.gryo" if (parent != null && !parent.exists()) { parent.mkdirs(); } } try { if (graphFormat.equals("graphml")) { io(IoCore.graphml()).writeGraph(graphLocation); } else if (graphFormat.equals("graphson")) { io(IoCore.graphson()).writeGraph(graphLocation); } else if (graphFormat.equals("gryo")) { io(IoCore.gryo()).writeGraph(graphLocation); } else { io(IoCore.createIoBuilder(graphFormat)).writeGraph(graphLocation); } } catch (Exception ex) { throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Could not save graph at %s with %s", graphLocation, graphFormat), ex); } } private Iterator createElementIterator(final Class clazz, final Map elements, final IdManager idManager, final Object... ids) { final Iterator iterator; if (0 == ids.length) { iterator = new TinkerGraphIterator(elements.values().iterator()); } else { final List idList = Arrays.asList(ids); validateHomogenousIds(idList); // if the type is of Element - have to look each up because it might be an Attachable instance or // other implementation. the assumption is that id conversion is not required for detached // stuff - doesn't seem likely someone would detach a Titan vertex then try to expect that // vertex to be findable in OrientDB return clazz.isAssignableFrom(ids[0].getClass()) ? new TinkerGraphIterator(IteratorUtils.filter(IteratorUtils.map(idList, id -> elements.get(clazz.cast(id).id())).iterator(), Objects::nonNull)) : new TinkerGraphIterator(IteratorUtils.filter(IteratorUtils.map(idList, id -> elements.get(idManager.convert(id))).iterator(), Objects::nonNull)); } return TinkerHelper.inComputerMode(this) ? (Iterator) (clazz.equals(Vertex.class) ? IteratorUtils.filter((Iterator) iterator, t -> this.graphComputerView.legalVertex(t)) : IteratorUtils.filter((Iterator) iterator, t -> this.graphComputerView.legalEdge(t.outVertex(), t))) : iterator; } /** * Return TinkerGraph feature set. *

* Reference Implementation Help: Implementers only need to implement features for which there are * negative or instance configured features. By default, all {@link Graph.Features} return true. */ @Override public Features features() { return features; } private void validateHomogenousIds(final List ids) { final Iterator iterator = ids.iterator(); Object id = iterator.next(); if (id == null) throw Graph.Exceptions.idArgsMustBeEitherIdOrElement(); final Class firstClass = id.getClass(); while (iterator.hasNext()) { id = iterator.next(); if (id == null || !id.getClass().equals(firstClass)) throw Graph.Exceptions.idArgsMustBeEitherIdOrElement(); } } public class TinkerGraphFeatures implements Features { private final TinkerGraphGraphFeatures graphFeatures = new TinkerGraphGraphFeatures(); private final TinkerGraphEdgeFeatures edgeFeatures = new TinkerGraphEdgeFeatures(); private final TinkerGraphVertexFeatures vertexFeatures = new TinkerGraphVertexFeatures(); private TinkerGraphFeatures() { } @Override public GraphFeatures graph() { return graphFeatures; } @Override public EdgeFeatures edge() { return edgeFeatures; } @Override public VertexFeatures vertex() { return vertexFeatures; } @Override public String toString() { return StringFactory.featureString(this); } } public class TinkerGraphVertexFeatures implements Features.VertexFeatures { private final TinkerGraphVertexPropertyFeatures vertexPropertyFeatures = new TinkerGraphVertexPropertyFeatures(); private TinkerGraphVertexFeatures() { } @Override public boolean supportsNullPropertyValues() { return allowNullPropertyValues; } @Override public Features.VertexPropertyFeatures properties() { return vertexPropertyFeatures; } @Override public boolean supportsCustomIds() { return false; } @Override public boolean willAllowId(final Object id) { return vertexIdManager.allow(id); } @Override public VertexProperty.Cardinality getCardinality(final String key) { return defaultVertexPropertyCardinality; } } public class TinkerGraphEdgeFeatures implements Features.EdgeFeatures { private TinkerGraphEdgeFeatures() { } @Override public boolean supportsNullPropertyValues() { return allowNullPropertyValues; } @Override public boolean supportsCustomIds() { return false; } @Override public boolean willAllowId(final Object id) { return edgeIdManager.allow(id); } } public class TinkerGraphGraphFeatures implements Features.GraphFeatures { private TinkerGraphGraphFeatures() { } @Override public boolean supportsConcurrentAccess() { return false; } @Override public boolean supportsTransactions() { return false; } @Override public boolean supportsThreadedTransactions() { return false; } } public class TinkerGraphVertexPropertyFeatures implements Features.VertexPropertyFeatures { private TinkerGraphVertexPropertyFeatures() { } @Override public boolean supportsNullPropertyValues() { return allowNullPropertyValues; } @Override public boolean supportsCustomIds() { return false; } @Override public boolean willAllowId(final Object id) { return vertexIdManager.allow(id); } } ///////////// GRAPH SPECIFIC INDEXING METHODS /////////////// /** * Create an index for said element class ({@link Vertex} or {@link Edge}) and said property key. * Whenever an element has the specified key mutated, the index is updated. * When the index is created, all existing elements are indexed to ensure that they are captured by the index. * * @param key the property key to index * @param elementClass the element class to index * @param The type of the element class */ public void createIndex(final String key, final Class elementClass) { if (Vertex.class.isAssignableFrom(elementClass)) { if (null == this.vertexIndex) this.vertexIndex = new TinkerIndex<>(this, TinkerVertex.class); this.vertexIndex.createKeyIndex(key); } else if (Edge.class.isAssignableFrom(elementClass)) { if (null == this.edgeIndex) this.edgeIndex = new TinkerIndex<>(this, TinkerEdge.class); this.edgeIndex.createKeyIndex(key); } else { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Class is not indexable: " + elementClass); } } /** * Drop the index for the specified element class ({@link Vertex} or {@link Edge}) and key. * * @param key the property key to stop indexing * @param elementClass the element class of the index to drop * @param The type of the element class */ public void dropIndex(final String key, final Class elementClass) { if (Vertex.class.isAssignableFrom(elementClass)) { if (null != this.vertexIndex) this.vertexIndex.dropKeyIndex(key); } else if (Edge.class.isAssignableFrom(elementClass)) { if (null != this.edgeIndex) this.edgeIndex.dropKeyIndex(key); } else { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Class is not indexable: " + elementClass); } } /** * Return all the keys currently being index for said element class ({@link Vertex} or {@link Edge}). * * @param elementClass the element class to get the indexed keys for * @param The type of the element class * @return the set of keys currently being indexed */ public Set getIndexedKeys(final Class elementClass) { if (Vertex.class.isAssignableFrom(elementClass)) { return null == this.vertexIndex ? Collections.emptySet() : this.vertexIndex.getIndexedKeys(); } else if (Edge.class.isAssignableFrom(elementClass)) { return null == this.edgeIndex ? Collections.emptySet() : this.edgeIndex.getIndexedKeys(); } else { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Class is not indexable: " + elementClass); } } /** * Construct an {@link TinkerGraph.IdManager} from the TinkerGraph {@code Configuration}. */ private static IdManager selectIdManager(final Configuration config, final String configKey, final Class clazz) { final String vertexIdManagerConfigValue = config.getString(configKey, DefaultIdManager.ANY.name()); try { return DefaultIdManager.valueOf(vertexIdManagerConfigValue); } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) { try { return (IdManager) Class.forName(vertexIdManagerConfigValue).newInstance(); } catch (Exception ex) { throw new IllegalStateException(String.format("Could not configure TinkerGraph %s id manager with %s", clazz.getSimpleName(), vertexIdManagerConfigValue)); } } } /** * TinkerGraph will use an implementation of this interface to generate identifiers when a user does not supply * them and to handle identifier conversions when querying to provide better flexibility with respect to * handling different data types that mean the same thing. For example, the * {@link DefaultIdManager#LONG} implementation will allow {@code g.vertices(1l, 2l)} and * {@code g.vertices(1, 2)} to both return values. * * @param the id type */ public interface IdManager { /** * Generate an identifier which should be unique to the {@link TinkerGraph} instance. */ T getNextId(final TinkerGraph graph); /** * Convert an identifier to the type required by the manager. */ T convert(final Object id); /** * Determine if an identifier is allowed by this manager given its type. */ boolean allow(final Object id); } /** * A default set of {@link IdManager} implementations for common identifier types. */ public enum DefaultIdManager implements IdManager { /** * Manages identifiers of type {@code Long}. Will convert any class that extends from {@link Number} to a * {@link Long} and will also attempt to convert {@code String} values */ LONG { @Override public Long getNextId(final TinkerGraph graph) { return Stream.generate(() -> (graph.currentId.incrementAndGet())).filter(id -> !graph.vertices.containsKey(id) && !graph.edges.containsKey(id)).findAny().get(); } @Override public Object convert(final Object id) { if (null == id) return null; else if (id instanceof Long) return id; else if (id instanceof Number) return ((Number) id).longValue(); else if (id instanceof String) { try { return Long.parseLong((String) id); } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(createErrorMessage(Long.class, id)); } } else throw new IllegalArgumentException(createErrorMessage(Long.class, id)); } @Override public boolean allow(final Object id) { return id instanceof Number || id instanceof String; } }, /** * Manages identifiers of type {@code Integer}. Will convert any class that extends from {@link Number} to a * {@link Integer} and will also attempt to convert {@code String} values */ INTEGER { @Override public Integer getNextId(final TinkerGraph graph) { return Stream.generate(() -> (graph.currentId.incrementAndGet())).map(Long::intValue).filter(id -> !graph.vertices.containsKey(id) && !graph.edges.containsKey(id)).findAny().get(); } @Override public Object convert(final Object id) { if (null == id) return null; else if (id instanceof Integer) return id; else if (id instanceof Number) return ((Number) id).intValue(); else if (id instanceof String) { try { return Integer.parseInt((String) id); } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(createErrorMessage(Integer.class, id)); } } else throw new IllegalArgumentException(createErrorMessage(Integer.class, id)); } @Override public boolean allow(final Object id) { return id instanceof Number || id instanceof String; } }, /** * Manages identifiers of type {@code UUID}. Will convert {@code String} values to * {@code UUID}. */ UUID { @Override public UUID getNextId(final TinkerGraph graph) { return java.util.UUID.randomUUID(); } @Override public Object convert(final Object id) { if (null == id) return null; else if (id instanceof java.util.UUID) return id; else if (id instanceof String) { try { return java.util.UUID.fromString((String) id); } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(createErrorMessage(java.util.UUID.class, id)); } } else throw new IllegalArgumentException(createErrorMessage(java.util.UUID.class, id)); } @Override public boolean allow(final Object id) { return id instanceof UUID || id instanceof String; } }, /** * Manages identifiers of any type. This represents the default way {@link TinkerGraph} has always worked. * In other words, there is no identifier conversion so if the identifier of a vertex is a {@code Long}, then * trying to request it with an {@code Integer} will have no effect. Also, like the original * {@link TinkerGraph}, it will generate {@link Long} values for identifiers. */ ANY { @Override public Long getNextId(final TinkerGraph graph) { return Stream.generate(() -> (graph.currentId.incrementAndGet())).filter(id -> !graph.vertices.containsKey(id) && !graph.edges.containsKey(id)).findAny().get(); } @Override public Object convert(final Object id) { return id; } @Override public boolean allow(final Object id) { return true; } }; private static String createErrorMessage(final Class expectedType, final Object id) { return String.format("Expected an id that is convertible to %s but received %s - [%s]", expectedType, id.getClass(), id); } } }