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/*
 * Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.google.gson.stream;

import com.google.gson.internal.JsonReaderInternalAccess;
import com.google.gson.internal.bind.JsonTreeReader;
import java.io.Closeable;
import java.io.EOFException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.util.Arrays;

/**
 * Reads a JSON (RFC 7159)
 * encoded value as a stream of tokens. This stream includes both literal
 * values (strings, numbers, booleans, and nulls) as well as the begin and
 * end delimiters of objects and arrays. The tokens are traversed in
 * depth-first order, the same order that they appear in the JSON document.
 * Within JSON objects, name/value pairs are represented by a single token.
 *
 * 

Parsing JSON

* To create a recursive descent parser for your own JSON streams, first create * an entry point method that creates a {@code JsonReader}. * *

Next, create handler methods for each structure in your JSON text. You'll * need a method for each object type and for each array type. *

    *
  • Within array handling methods, first call {@link * #beginArray} to consume the array's opening bracket. Then create a * while loop that accumulates values, terminating when {@link #hasNext} * is false. Finally, read the array's closing bracket by calling {@link * #endArray}. *
  • Within object handling methods, first call {@link * #beginObject} to consume the object's opening brace. Then create a * while loop that assigns values to local variables based on their name. * This loop should terminate when {@link #hasNext} is false. Finally, * read the object's closing brace by calling {@link #endObject}. *
*

When a nested object or array is encountered, delegate to the * corresponding handler method. * *

When an unknown name is encountered, strict parsers should fail with an * exception. Lenient parsers should call {@link #skipValue()} to recursively * skip the value's nested tokens, which may otherwise conflict. * *

If a value may be null, you should first check using {@link #peek()}. * Null literals can be consumed using either {@link #nextNull()} or {@link * #skipValue()}. * *

Example

* Suppose we'd like to parse a stream of messages such as the following:
 {@code
 * [
 *   {
 *     "id": 912345678901,
 *     "text": "How do I read a JSON stream in Java?",
 *     "geo": null,
 *     "user": {
 *       "name": "json_newb",
 *       "followers_count": 41
 *      }
 *   },
 *   {
 *     "id": 912345678902,
 *     "text": "@json_newb just use JsonReader!",
 *     "geo": [50.454722, -104.606667],
 *     "user": {
 *       "name": "jesse",
 *       "followers_count": 2
 *     }
 *   }
 * ]}
* This code implements the parser for the above structure:
   {@code
 *
 *   public List readJsonStream(InputStream in) throws IOException {
 *     JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new InputStreamReader(in, "UTF-8"));
 *     try {
 *       return readMessagesArray(reader);
 *     } finally {
 *       reader.close();
 *     }
 *   }
 *
 *   public List readMessagesArray(JsonReader reader) throws IOException {
 *     List messages = new ArrayList<>();
 *
 *     reader.beginArray();
 *     while (reader.hasNext()) {
 *       messages.add(readMessage(reader));
 *     }
 *     reader.endArray();
 *     return messages;
 *   }
 *
 *   public Message readMessage(JsonReader reader) throws IOException {
 *     long id = -1;
 *     String text = null;
 *     User user = null;
 *     List geo = null;
 *
 *     reader.beginObject();
 *     while (reader.hasNext()) {
 *       String name = reader.nextName();
 *       if (name.equals("id")) {
 *         id = reader.nextLong();
 *       } else if (name.equals("text")) {
 *         text = reader.nextString();
 *       } else if (name.equals("geo") && reader.peek() != JsonToken.NULL) {
 *         geo = readDoublesArray(reader);
 *       } else if (name.equals("user")) {
 *         user = readUser(reader);
 *       } else {
 *         reader.skipValue();
 *       }
 *     }
 *     reader.endObject();
 *     return new Message(id, text, user, geo);
 *   }
 *
 *   public List readDoublesArray(JsonReader reader) throws IOException {
 *     List doubles = new ArrayList<>();
 *
 *     reader.beginArray();
 *     while (reader.hasNext()) {
 *       doubles.add(reader.nextDouble());
 *     }
 *     reader.endArray();
 *     return doubles;
 *   }
 *
 *   public User readUser(JsonReader reader) throws IOException {
 *     String username = null;
 *     int followersCount = -1;
 *
 *     reader.beginObject();
 *     while (reader.hasNext()) {
 *       String name = reader.nextName();
 *       if (name.equals("name")) {
 *         username = reader.nextString();
 *       } else if (name.equals("followers_count")) {
 *         followersCount = reader.nextInt();
 *       } else {
 *         reader.skipValue();
 *       }
 *     }
 *     reader.endObject();
 *     return new User(username, followersCount);
 *   }}
* *

Number Handling

* This reader permits numeric values to be read as strings and string values to * be read as numbers. For example, both elements of the JSON array {@code * [1, "1"]} may be read using either {@link #nextInt} or {@link #nextString}. * This behavior is intended to prevent lossy numeric conversions: double is * JavaScript's only numeric type and very large values like {@code * 9007199254740993} cannot be represented exactly on that platform. To minimize * precision loss, extremely large values should be written and read as strings * in JSON. * *

Non-Execute Prefix

* Web servers that serve private data using JSON may be vulnerable to Cross-site * request forgery attacks. In such an attack, a malicious site gains access * to a private JSON file by executing it with an HTML {@code