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/*
* Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.google.gson.stream;
import static com.google.gson.stream.JsonScope.DANGLING_NAME;
import static com.google.gson.stream.JsonScope.EMPTY_ARRAY;
import static com.google.gson.stream.JsonScope.EMPTY_DOCUMENT;
import static com.google.gson.stream.JsonScope.EMPTY_OBJECT;
import static com.google.gson.stream.JsonScope.NONEMPTY_ARRAY;
import static com.google.gson.stream.JsonScope.NONEMPTY_DOCUMENT;
import static com.google.gson.stream.JsonScope.NONEMPTY_OBJECT;
import java.io.Closeable;
import java.io.Flushable;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
/**
* Writes a JSON (RFC 7159)
* encoded value to a stream, one token at a time. The stream includes both
* literal values (strings, numbers, booleans and nulls) as well as the begin
* and end delimiters of objects and arrays.
*
* Encoding JSON
* To encode your data as JSON, create a new {@code JsonWriter}. Call methods
* on the writer as you walk the structure's contents, nesting arrays and objects
* as necessary:
*
* - To write arrays, first call {@link #beginArray()}.
* Write each of the array's elements with the appropriate {@link #value}
* methods or by nesting other arrays and objects. Finally close the array
* using {@link #endArray()}.
*
- To write objects, first call {@link #beginObject()}.
* Write each of the object's properties by alternating calls to
* {@link #name} with the property's value. Write property values with the
* appropriate {@link #value} method or by nesting other objects or arrays.
* Finally close the object using {@link #endObject()}.
*
*
* Example
* Suppose we'd like to encode a stream of messages such as the following: {@code
* [
* {
* "id": 912345678901,
* "text": "How do I stream JSON in Java?",
* "geo": null,
* "user": {
* "name": "json_newb",
* "followers_count": 41
* }
* },
* {
* "id": 912345678902,
* "text": "@json_newb just use JsonWriter!",
* "geo": [50.454722, -104.606667],
* "user": {
* "name": "jesse",
* "followers_count": 2
* }
* }
* ]}
* This code encodes the above structure: {@code
* public void writeJsonStream(OutputStream out, List messages) throws IOException {
* JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(out, "UTF-8"));
* writer.setIndent(" ");
* writeMessagesArray(writer, messages);
* writer.close();
* }
*
* public void writeMessagesArray(JsonWriter writer, List messages) throws IOException {
* writer.beginArray();
* for (Message message : messages) {
* writeMessage(writer, message);
* }
* writer.endArray();
* }
*
* public void writeMessage(JsonWriter writer, Message message) throws IOException {
* writer.beginObject();
* writer.name("id").value(message.getId());
* writer.name("text").value(message.getText());
* if (message.getGeo() != null) {
* writer.name("geo");
* writeDoublesArray(writer, message.getGeo());
* } else {
* writer.name("geo").nullValue();
* }
* writer.name("user");
* writeUser(writer, message.getUser());
* writer.endObject();
* }
*
* public void writeUser(JsonWriter writer, User user) throws IOException {
* writer.beginObject();
* writer.name("name").value(user.getName());
* writer.name("followers_count").value(user.getFollowersCount());
* writer.endObject();
* }
*
* public void writeDoublesArray(JsonWriter writer, List doubles) throws IOException {
* writer.beginArray();
* for (Double value : doubles) {
* writer.value(value);
* }
* writer.endArray();
* }}
*
* Each {@code JsonWriter} may be used to write a single JSON stream.
* Instances of this class are not thread safe. Calls that would result in a
* malformed JSON string will fail with an {@link IllegalStateException}.
*
* @author Jesse Wilson
* @since 1.6
*/
public class JsonWriter implements Closeable, Flushable {
// Syntax as defined by https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8259#section-6
private static final Pattern VALID_JSON_NUMBER_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("-?(?:0|[1-9][0-9]*)(?:\\.[0-9]+)?(?:[eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?");
/*
* From RFC 7159, "All Unicode characters may be placed within the
* quotation marks except for the characters that must be escaped:
* quotation mark, reverse solidus, and the control characters
* (U+0000 through U+001F)."
*
* We also escape '\u2028' and '\u2029', which JavaScript interprets as
* newline characters. This prevents eval() from failing with a syntax
* error. http://code.google.com/p/google-gson/issues/detail?id=341
*/
private static final String[] REPLACEMENT_CHARS;
private static final String[] HTML_SAFE_REPLACEMENT_CHARS;
static {
REPLACEMENT_CHARS = new String[128];
for (int i = 0; i <= 0x1f; i++) {
REPLACEMENT_CHARS[i] = String.format("\\u%04x", i);
}
REPLACEMENT_CHARS['"'] = "\\\"";
REPLACEMENT_CHARS['\\'] = "\\\\";
REPLACEMENT_CHARS['\t'] = "\\t";
REPLACEMENT_CHARS['\b'] = "\\b";
REPLACEMENT_CHARS['\n'] = "\\n";
REPLACEMENT_CHARS['\r'] = "\\r";
REPLACEMENT_CHARS['\f'] = "\\f";
HTML_SAFE_REPLACEMENT_CHARS = REPLACEMENT_CHARS.clone();
HTML_SAFE_REPLACEMENT_CHARS['<'] = "\\u003c";
HTML_SAFE_REPLACEMENT_CHARS['>'] = "\\u003e";
HTML_SAFE_REPLACEMENT_CHARS['&'] = "\\u0026";
HTML_SAFE_REPLACEMENT_CHARS['='] = "\\u003d";
HTML_SAFE_REPLACEMENT_CHARS['\''] = "\\u0027";
}
/** The JSON output destination */
private final Writer out;
private int[] stack = new int[32];
private int stackSize = 0;
{
push(EMPTY_DOCUMENT);
}
/**
* A string containing a full set of spaces for a single level of
* indentation, or null for no pretty printing.
*/
private String indent;
/**
* The name/value separator; either ":" or ": ".
*/
private String separator = ":";
private boolean lenient;
private boolean htmlSafe;
private String deferredName;
private boolean serializeNulls = true;
/**
* Creates a new instance that writes a JSON-encoded stream to {@code out}.
* For best performance, ensure {@link Writer} is buffered; wrapping in
* {@link java.io.BufferedWriter BufferedWriter} if necessary.
*/
public JsonWriter(Writer out) {
this.out = Objects.requireNonNull(out, "out == null");
}
/**
* Sets the indentation string to be repeated for each level of indentation
* in the encoded document. If {@code indent.isEmpty()} the encoded document
* will be compact. Otherwise the encoded document will be more
* human-readable.
*
* @param indent a string containing only whitespace.
*/
public final void setIndent(String indent) {
if (indent.length() == 0) {
this.indent = null;
this.separator = ":";
} else {
this.indent = indent;
this.separator = ": ";
}
}
/**
* Configure this writer to relax its syntax rules. By default, this writer
* only emits well-formed JSON as specified by RFC 7159. Setting the writer
* to lenient permits the following:
*
* - Numbers may be {@link Double#isNaN() NaNs} or {@link
* Double#isInfinite() infinities}.
*
*/
public final void setLenient(boolean lenient) {
this.lenient = lenient;
}
/**
* Returns true if this writer has relaxed syntax rules.
*/
public boolean isLenient() {
return lenient;
}
/**
* Configure this writer to emit JSON that's safe for direct inclusion in HTML
* and XML documents. This escapes the HTML characters {@code <}, {@code >},
* {@code &} and {@code =} before writing them to the stream. Without this
* setting, your XML/HTML encoder should replace these characters with the
* corresponding escape sequences.
*/
public final void setHtmlSafe(boolean htmlSafe) {
this.htmlSafe = htmlSafe;
}
/**
* Returns true if this writer writes JSON that's safe for inclusion in HTML
* and XML documents.
*/
public final boolean isHtmlSafe() {
return htmlSafe;
}
/**
* Sets whether object members are serialized when their value is null.
* This has no impact on array elements. The default is true.
*/
public final void setSerializeNulls(boolean serializeNulls) {
this.serializeNulls = serializeNulls;
}
/**
* Returns true if object members are serialized when their value is null.
* This has no impact on array elements. The default is true.
*/
public final boolean getSerializeNulls() {
return serializeNulls;
}
/**
* Begins encoding a new array. Each call to this method must be paired with
* a call to {@link #endArray}.
*
* @return this writer.
*/
public JsonWriter beginArray() throws IOException {
writeDeferredName();
return open(EMPTY_ARRAY, '[');
}
/**
* Ends encoding the current array.
*
* @return this writer.
*/
public JsonWriter endArray() throws IOException {
return close(EMPTY_ARRAY, NONEMPTY_ARRAY, ']');
}
/**
* Begins encoding a new object. Each call to this method must be paired
* with a call to {@link #endObject}.
*
* @return this writer.
*/
public JsonWriter beginObject() throws IOException {
writeDeferredName();
return open(EMPTY_OBJECT, '{');
}
/**
* Ends encoding the current object.
*
* @return this writer.
*/
public JsonWriter endObject() throws IOException {
return close(EMPTY_OBJECT, NONEMPTY_OBJECT, '}');
}
/**
* Enters a new scope by appending any necessary whitespace and the given
* bracket.
*/
private JsonWriter open(int empty, char openBracket) throws IOException {
beforeValue();
push(empty);
out.write(openBracket);
return this;
}
/**
* Closes the current scope by appending any necessary whitespace and the
* given bracket.
*/
private JsonWriter close(int empty, int nonempty, char closeBracket)
throws IOException {
int context = peek();
if (context != nonempty && context != empty) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Nesting problem.");
}
if (deferredName != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Dangling name: " + deferredName);
}
stackSize--;
if (context == nonempty) {
newline();
}
out.write(closeBracket);
return this;
}
private void push(int newTop) {
if (stackSize == stack.length) {
stack = Arrays.copyOf(stack, stackSize * 2);
}
stack[stackSize++] = newTop;
}
/**
* Returns the value on the top of the stack.
*/
private int peek() {
if (stackSize == 0) {
throw new IllegalStateException("JsonWriter is closed.");
}
return stack[stackSize - 1];
}
/**
* Replace the value on the top of the stack with the given value.
*/
private void replaceTop(int topOfStack) {
stack[stackSize - 1] = topOfStack;
}
/**
* Encodes the property name.
*
* @param name the name of the forthcoming value. May not be null.
* @return this writer.
*/
public JsonWriter name(String name) throws IOException {
Objects.requireNonNull(name, "name == null");
if (deferredName != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
if (stackSize == 0) {
throw new IllegalStateException("JsonWriter is closed.");
}
deferredName = name;
return this;
}
private void writeDeferredName() throws IOException {
if (deferredName != null) {
beforeName();
string(deferredName);
deferredName = null;
}
}
/**
* Encodes {@code value}.
*
* @param value the literal string value, or null to encode a null literal.
* @return this writer.
*/
public JsonWriter value(String value) throws IOException {
if (value == null) {
return nullValue();
}
writeDeferredName();
beforeValue();
string(value);
return this;
}
/**
* Writes {@code value} directly to the writer without quoting or
* escaping. This might not be supported by all implementations, if
* not supported an {@code UnsupportedOperationException} is thrown.
*
* @param value the literal string value, or null to encode a null literal.
* @return this writer.
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this writer does not support
* writing raw JSON values.
* @since 2.4
*/
public JsonWriter jsonValue(String value) throws IOException {
if (value == null) {
return nullValue();
}
writeDeferredName();
beforeValue();
out.append(value);
return this;
}
/**
* Encodes {@code null}.
*
* @return this writer.
*/
public JsonWriter nullValue() throws IOException {
if (deferredName != null) {
if (serializeNulls) {
writeDeferredName();
} else {
deferredName = null;
return this; // skip the name and the value
}
}
beforeValue();
out.write("null");
return this;
}
/**
* Encodes {@code value}.
*
* @return this writer.
*/
public JsonWriter value(boolean value) throws IOException {
writeDeferredName();
beforeValue();
out.write(value ? "true" : "false");
return this;
}
/**
* Encodes {@code value}.
*
* @return this writer.
* @since 2.7
*/
public JsonWriter value(Boolean value) throws IOException {
if (value == null) {
return nullValue();
}
writeDeferredName();
beforeValue();
out.write(value ? "true" : "false");
return this;
}
/**
* Encodes {@code value}.
*
* @param value a finite value, or if {@link #setLenient(boolean) lenient},
* also {@link Float#isNaN() NaN} or {@link Float#isInfinite()
* infinity}.
* @return this writer.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is NaN or Infinity and this writer is not {@link
* #setLenient(boolean) lenient}.
* @since 2.9.1
*/
public JsonWriter value(float value) throws IOException {
writeDeferredName();
if (!lenient && (Float.isNaN(value) || Float.isInfinite(value))) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Numeric values must be finite, but was " + value);
}
beforeValue();
out.append(Float.toString(value));
return this;
}
/**
* Encodes {@code value}.
*
* @param value a finite value, or if {@link #setLenient(boolean) lenient},
* also {@link Double#isNaN() NaN} or {@link Double#isInfinite() infinity}.
* @return this writer.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is NaN or Infinity and this writer is
* not {@link #setLenient(boolean) lenient}.
*/
public JsonWriter value(double value) throws IOException {
writeDeferredName();
if (!lenient && (Double.isNaN(value) || Double.isInfinite(value))) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Numeric values must be finite, but was " + value);
}
beforeValue();
out.append(Double.toString(value));
return this;
}
/**
* Encodes {@code value}.
*
* @return this writer.
*/
public JsonWriter value(long value) throws IOException {
writeDeferredName();
beforeValue();
out.write(Long.toString(value));
return this;
}
/**
* Returns whether the {@code toString()} of {@code c} can be trusted to return
* a valid JSON number.
*/
private static boolean isTrustedNumberType(Class c) {
// Note: Don't consider LazilyParsedNumber trusted because it could contain
// an arbitrary malformed string
return c == Integer.class || c == Long.class || c == Double.class || c == Float.class || c == Byte.class || c == Short.class
|| c == BigDecimal.class || c == BigInteger.class || c == AtomicInteger.class || c == AtomicLong.class;
}
/**
* Encodes {@code value}. The value is written by directly writing the {@link Number#toString()}
* result to JSON. Implementations must make sure that the result represents a valid JSON number.
*
* @param value a finite value, or if {@link #setLenient(boolean) lenient},
* also {@link Double#isNaN() NaN} or {@link Double#isInfinite() infinity}.
* @return this writer.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is NaN or Infinity and this writer is
* not {@link #setLenient(boolean) lenient}; or if the {@code toString()} result is not a
* valid JSON number.
*/
public JsonWriter value(Number value) throws IOException {
if (value == null) {
return nullValue();
}
writeDeferredName();
String string = value.toString();
if (string.equals("-Infinity") || string.equals("Infinity") || string.equals("NaN")) {
if (!lenient) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Numeric values must be finite, but was " + string);
}
} else {
Class numberClass = value.getClass();
// Validate that string is valid before writing it directly to JSON output
if (!isTrustedNumberType(numberClass) && !VALID_JSON_NUMBER_PATTERN.matcher(string).matches()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("String created by " + numberClass + " is not a valid JSON number: " + string);
}
}
beforeValue();
out.append(string);
return this;
}
/**
* Ensures all buffered data is written to the underlying {@link Writer}
* and flushes that writer.
*/
@Override public void flush() throws IOException {
if (stackSize == 0) {
throw new IllegalStateException("JsonWriter is closed.");
}
out.flush();
}
/**
* Flushes and closes this writer and the underlying {@link Writer}.
*
* @throws IOException if the JSON document is incomplete.
*/
@Override public void close() throws IOException {
out.close();
int size = stackSize;
if (size > 1 || size == 1 && stack[size - 1] != NONEMPTY_DOCUMENT) {
throw new IOException("Incomplete document");
}
stackSize = 0;
}
private void string(String value) throws IOException {
String[] replacements = htmlSafe ? HTML_SAFE_REPLACEMENT_CHARS : REPLACEMENT_CHARS;
out.write('\"');
int last = 0;
int length = value.length();
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
char c = value.charAt(i);
String replacement;
if (c < 128) {
replacement = replacements[c];
if (replacement == null) {
continue;
}
} else if (c == '\u2028') {
replacement = "\\u2028";
} else if (c == '\u2029') {
replacement = "\\u2029";
} else {
continue;
}
if (last < i) {
out.write(value, last, i - last);
}
out.write(replacement);
last = i + 1;
}
if (last < length) {
out.write(value, last, length - last);
}
out.write('\"');
}
private void newline() throws IOException {
if (indent == null) {
return;
}
out.write('\n');
for (int i = 1, size = stackSize; i < size; i++) {
out.write(indent);
}
}
/**
* Inserts any necessary separators and whitespace before a name. Also
* adjusts the stack to expect the name's value.
*/
private void beforeName() throws IOException {
int context = peek();
if (context == NONEMPTY_OBJECT) { // first in object
out.write(',');
} else if (context != EMPTY_OBJECT) { // not in an object!
throw new IllegalStateException("Nesting problem.");
}
newline();
replaceTop(DANGLING_NAME);
}
/**
* Inserts any necessary separators and whitespace before a literal value,
* inline array, or inline object. Also adjusts the stack to expect either a
* closing bracket or another element.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
private void beforeValue() throws IOException {
switch (peek()) {
case NONEMPTY_DOCUMENT:
if (!lenient) {
throw new IllegalStateException(
"JSON must have only one top-level value.");
}
// fall-through
case EMPTY_DOCUMENT: // first in document
replaceTop(NONEMPTY_DOCUMENT);
break;
case EMPTY_ARRAY: // first in array
replaceTop(NONEMPTY_ARRAY);
newline();
break;
case NONEMPTY_ARRAY: // another in array
out.append(',');
newline();
break;
case DANGLING_NAME: // value for name
out.append(separator);
replaceTop(NONEMPTY_OBJECT);
break;
default:
throw new IllegalStateException("Nesting problem.");
}
}
}
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