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Throwable is the superclass of all errors and exceptions in Java.
Error is the superclass of all errors, which are not meant to be caught by applications.
Catching either Throwable or Error will also catch OutOfMemoryError and InternalError, from which an application should not attempt to recover.
Only Exception and its subclasses should be caught. 
Noncompliant Code Example

try { /* ... */ } catch (Throwable t) { /* ... */ }  
try { /* ... */ } catch (Error e) { /* ... */ }   

Compliant Solution

try { /* ... */ } catch (Exception e) { /* ... */ }
try { /* ... */ } catch (RuntimeException e) { /* ... */ }
try { /* ... */ } catch (MyException e) { /* ... */ }

See


 MITRE, CWE-396 - Declaration of Catch for Generic Exception
 CERT, ERR07-J - Do not throw RuntimeException, Exception, or Throwable