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Truffle SL is an example language implemented using the Truffle API.
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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2015, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * The Universal Permissive License (UPL), Version 1.0
 *
 * Subject to the condition set forth below, permission is hereby granted to any
 * person obtaining a copy of this software, associated documentation and/or
 * data (collectively the "Software"), free of charge and under any and all
 * copyright rights in the Software, and any and all patent rights owned or
 * freely licensable by each licensor hereunder covering either (i) the
 * unmodified Software as contributed to or provided by such licensor, or (ii)
 * the Larger Works (as defined below), to deal in both
 *
 * (a) the Software, and
 *
 * (b) any piece of software and/or hardware listed in the lrgrwrks.txt file if
 * one is included with the Software each a "Larger Work" to which the Software
 * is contributed by such licensors),
 *
 * without restriction, including without limitation the rights to copy, create
 * derivative works of, display, perform, and distribute the Software and make,
 * use, sell, offer for sale, import, export, have made, and have sold the
 * Software and the Larger Work(s), and to sublicense the foregoing rights on
 * either these or other terms.
 *
 * This license is subject to the following condition:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and either this complete permission notice or at a
 * minimum a reference to the UPL must be included in all copies or substantial
 * portions of the Software.
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 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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 */
package com.oracle.truffle.sl.builtins;

import com.oracle.truffle.api.CallTarget;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.CachedContext;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.DirectCallNode;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.NodeInfo;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.source.Source;
import com.oracle.truffle.sl.SLLanguage;
import com.oracle.truffle.sl.runtime.SLContext;

/**
 * Builtin function to evaluate source code in any supported language.
 * 
 * The call target is cached against the language id and the source code, so that if they are the
 * same each time then a direct call will be made to a cached AST, allowing it to be compiled and
 * possibly inlined.
 */
@NodeInfo(shortName = "eval")
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
public abstract class SLEvalBuiltin extends SLBuiltinNode {

    static final int LIMIT = 2;

    @Specialization(guards = {"stringsEqual(cachedId, id)", "stringsEqual(cachedCode, code)"}, limit = "LIMIT")
    public Object evalCached(String id, String code,
                    @Cached("id") String cachedId,
                    @Cached("code") String cachedCode,
                    @CachedContext(SLLanguage.class) SLContext context,
                    @Cached("create(parse(id, code, context))") DirectCallNode callNode) {
        return callNode.call(new Object[]{});
    }

    @TruffleBoundary
    @Specialization(replaces = "evalCached")
    public Object evalUncached(String id, String code, @CachedContext(SLLanguage.class) SLContext context) {
        return parse(id, code, context).call();
    }

    protected CallTarget parse(String id, String code, SLContext context) {
        final Source source = Source.newBuilder(id, code, "(eval)").build();
        return context.parse(source);
    }

    /* Work around findbugs warning in generate code. */
    protected static boolean stringsEqual(String a, String b) {
        return a.equals(b);
    }
}