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Truffle SL is an example language implemented using the Truffle API.
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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2012, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * The Universal Permissive License (UPL), Version 1.0
 *
 * Subject to the condition set forth below, permission is hereby granted to any
 * person obtaining a copy of this software, associated documentation and/or
 * data (collectively the "Software"), free of charge and under any and all
 * copyright rights in the Software, and any and all patent rights owned or
 * freely licensable by each licensor hereunder covering either (i) the
 * unmodified Software as contributed to or provided by such licensor, or (ii)
 * the Larger Works (as defined below), to deal in both
 *
 * (a) the Software, and
 *
 * (b) any piece of software and/or hardware listed in the lrgrwrks.txt file if
 * one is included with the Software each a "Larger Work" to which the Software
 * is contributed by such licensors),
 *
 * without restriction, including without limitation the rights to copy, create
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 * use, sell, offer for sale, import, export, have made, and have sold the
 * Software and the Larger Work(s), and to sublicense the foregoing rights on
 * either these or other terms.
 *
 * This license is subject to the following condition:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and either this complete permission notice or at a
 * minimum a reference to the UPL must be included in all copies or substantial
 * portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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package com.oracle.truffle.sl.nodes;

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Map;

import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.RootCallTarget;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.DirectCallNode;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.RootNode;
import com.oracle.truffle.sl.SLLanguage;
import com.oracle.truffle.sl.runtime.SLContext;
import com.oracle.truffle.sl.runtime.SLNull;

/**
 * This class performs two additional tasks:
 *
 * 
 * Lazily registration of functions on first execution. This fulfills the semantics of
 * "evaluating" source code in SL.
 * Conversion of arguments to types understood by SL. The SL source code can be evaluated from a
 * different language, i.e., the caller can be a node from a different language that uses types not
 * understood by SL.
 * 
 */
public final class SLEvalRootNode extends RootNode {

    private final Map functions;
    @CompilationFinal private boolean registered;

    @Child private DirectCallNode mainCallNode;
    private final SLLanguage language;

    public SLEvalRootNode(SLLanguage language, RootCallTarget rootFunction, Map functions) {
        super(language);
        this.language = language;
        this.functions = Collections.unmodifiableMap(functions);
        this.mainCallNode = rootFunction != null ? DirectCallNode.create(rootFunction) : null;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isInternal() {
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    protected boolean isInstrumentable() {
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public String getName() {
        return "root eval";
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return getName();
    }

    @Override
    public Object execute(VirtualFrame frame) {
        if (language.isSingleContext()) {
            /*
             * Lazy registrations of functions on first execution. This optimization only works in
             * the single context case. Otherwise function registration needs to be repeated for
             * every context on first execute.
             */
            if (!registered) {
                /* Function registration is a slow-path operation that must not be compiled. */
                CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
                registerFunctions();
                registered = true;
            }
        } else {
            /*
             * In the multi context case we always want to ensure that functions are registered. The
             * multi-context case is initialized with SLLanguage#initializeMultipleContexts. That
             * typically happens when a polyglot Context was created with an explicit Engine or if
             * an internal context was created. See Context.Builder#engine for details.
             */
            registerFunctions();
        }
        if (mainCallNode == null) {
            /* The source code did not have a "main" function, so nothing to execute. */
            return SLNull.SINGLETON;
        } else {
            /* Conversion of arguments to types understood by SL. */
            Object[] arguments = frame.getArguments();
            for (int i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
                arguments[i] = SLContext.fromForeignValue(arguments[i]);
            }
            return mainCallNode.call(arguments);
        }
    }

    @TruffleBoundary
    private void registerFunctions() {
        lookupContextReference(SLLanguage.class).get().getFunctionRegistry().register(functions);
    }

}