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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="../../../../../../../../../languagetool-core/src/main/resources/org/languagetool/rules/print.xsl" ?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="../../../../../../../../../languagetool-core/src/main/resources/org/languagetool/rules/rules.css"
title="Easy editing stylesheet" ?>
<!--
British English Grammar and Typo Rules for LanguageTool
See tagset.txt for the meaning of the POS tags
Copyright (C) 2012 Marcin Miłkowski (http://www.languagetool.org)
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301
USA
-->
<rules lang="en-GB" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="../../../../../../../../../../languagetool-core/src/main/resources/org/languagetool/rules/rules.xsd"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<category id="AMERICAN_ENGLISH" name="American English phrases" type="locale-violation">
<rule id="ZIP_CODE_POSTCODE" name="zip code/postcode">
<pattern>
<token>zip</token>
<token postag_regexp="yes" postag="NN:UN|NNS" regexp="yes">codes?</token>
</pattern>
<message>The term '\1 \2' is common for American English. Did you mean <suggestion><match no="2" postag_regexp="yes" postag="NN(S)|NN:UN" postag_replace="NN$1">postcode</match></suggestion>?</message>
<url>http://www.learnenglish.de/mistakes/USvsBrEnglish.html</url>
<short>AmE/BrE: zip code/postcode</short>
<example correction="postcode">Please enter your <marker>zip code</marker>.</example>
<example correction="Postcodes"><marker>Zip codes</marker> are not always necessary.</example>
</rule>
<rule id="APARTMENT-FLAT" name="apartment/flat">
<pattern>
<token inflected="yes">apartment</token>
</pattern>
<message>The word '\1' is common for American English. Did you mean <suggestion><match no="1" postag="(NN.*)" postag_replace="$1">flat</match></suggestion>?</message>
<url>http://www.learnenglish.de/mistakes/USvsBrEnglish.html</url>
<short>AmE/BrE: apartment/flat</short>
<example correction="flats">These <marker>apartments</marker> are expensive.</example>
<example correction="flat">I just bought an <marker>apartment</marker>.</example>
</rule>
<rulegroup id="BAND-AID_PLASTER" name="band-aid/plaster">
<rule><!-- 'Band-Aid' is a trademark according to Merriam Webster's dictionary. Thus, it must not have postags NN or NNS. -->
<pattern>
<token>band-aid</token>
</pattern>
<message>The word '\1' is common for American English. (Band-Aid is a trademark.) Did you mean <suggestion>plaster</suggestion>?</message>
<url>http://www.learnenglish.de/mistakes/USvsBrEnglish.html</url>
<short>AmE/BrE: band-aid/plaster</short>
<example correction="plaster">Where's the <marker>band-aid</marker>?</example>
</rule>
<rule>
<pattern>
<token>band-aids</token>
</pattern>
<message>The word '\1' is common for American English. (Band-Aid is a trademark.) Did you mean <suggestion>plasters</suggestion>?</message>
<url>http://www.learnenglish.de/mistakes/USvsBrEnglish.html</url>
<short>AmE/BrE: band-aid/plaster</short>
<example correction="plasters">These <marker>band-aids</marker> are dirty.</example>
</rule>
</rulegroup>
<rule id="GROUND_VS_MINCED" name="ground beef/minced beef">
<pattern>
<token>ground</token>
<token>beef</token>
</pattern>
<message>The term '\1 \2' is common for American English. Did you mean <suggestion>minced \2</suggestion>?</message>
<url>http://www.learnenglish.de/mistakes/USvsBrEnglish.html</url>
<short>AmE/BrE: ground beef/minced beef</short>
<example correction="minced beef">Do vegetarians eat <marker>ground beef</marker>?</example>
</rule>
<rule id="MOVIE_THEATER_CINEMA" name="movie theater/cinema">
<pattern>
<token>movie</token>
<token inflected="yes">theater</token>
</pattern>
<message>The term '\1 \2' is common for American English. Did you mean <suggestion><match no="2" postag="NN|NN(S)" postag_replace="NN$1(:UN)?">cinema</match></suggestion>?</message>
<url>http://www.learnenglish.de/mistakes/USvsBrEnglish.html</url>
<short>AmE/BrE: movie theater/cinema</short>
<example correction="cinema">Let's go to a <marker>movie theater</marker>.</example>
<example correction="Cinemas"><marker>Movie theaters</marker> are popular, despite the new online movie streaming services.</example>
<example>Edward Norton – not appearing in a <marker>cinema</marker> near you.</example>
</rule>
<rule id="GOT_GOTTEN" name="gotten/got">
<pattern>
<token>gotten</token>
</pattern>
<message>In the UK, the word 'gotten' is not used. Did you mean <suggestion>got</suggestion>?</message>
<url>http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/got.html</url>
<short>AmE/BrE: gotten/got</short>
<example correction="got">He has <marker>gotten</marker> some food.</example>
<example correction="got">He's <marker>gotten</marker> up on the wrong side of bed.</example>
</rule>
<rule id="GAS_PETROL" name="gas/petrol" default="off"> <!-- This rule needs more exceptions to be usable -->
<pattern>
<token>gas<exception scope="previous">natural</exception></token>
</pattern>
<message>With the meaning of "gasoline", in British English is more common to use <suggestion>petrol</suggestion>.</message>
<short>AmE/BrE: gas/petrol</short>
<example>Natural gas.</example>
<example correction="petrol">More <marker>gas</marker>.</example>
</rule>
<rule id="LICENCE_LICENSE_NOUN_SINGULAR" name="License/Licence (noun)">
<pattern>
<token negate_pos="yes" postag="VB|VBD|VBG|VBN|VBP|VBZ" postag_regexp="yes">license</token>
</pattern>
<message><match no="1"/> must be spelled with a "c" when used as a noun in British English. Use <suggestion>licence</suggestion>.</message>
<short>AmE/BrE: license/licence (noun singular)</short>
<example correction="licence">Please show me your <marker>license</marker>.</example>
</rule>
<rule id="LICENCE_LICENSE_NOUN_PLURAL" name="Licenses/Licences (noun)">
<pattern>
<token negate_pos="yes" postag="VB|VBD|VBG|VBN|VBP|VBZ" postag_regexp="yes">licenses</token>
</pattern>
<message><match no="1"/> must be spelled with a "c" when used as a noun in British English. Use <suggestion>licences</suggestion>.</message>
<short>AmE/BrE: license/licence (noun plural)</short>
<example correction="licences">Please show me your <marker>licenses</marker>.</example>
</rule>
<rule id="TRUNK_BOOT" name="trunk/boot (of car)">
<antipattern>
<token>car</token>
<token regexp="yes" skip="-1">boots?</token>
<token regexp="yes">trunks?</token>
</antipattern>
<antipattern>
<token regexp="yes" skip="-1">trunks?</token>
<token>car</token>
<token regexp="yes">boots?</token>
</antipattern>
<antipattern>
<token>car</token>
<token regexp="yes">’|'</token>
<token>s</token>
<token skip="-1">boot</token>
<token regexp="yes">trunks?</token>
</antipattern>
<antipattern>
<token regexp="yes" skip="-1">trunks?</token>
<token>car</token>
<token regexp="yes">’|'</token>
<token>s</token>
<token>boot</token>
</antipattern>
<antipattern>
<token regexp="yes">boots?</token>
<token>of</token>
<token postag_regexp="yes" postag="DT|PDT" />
<token inflected="yes" skip="-1">car</token>
<token regexp="yes">trunks?</token>
</antipattern>
<antipattern>
<token regexp="yes" skip="-1">trunks?</token>
<token regexp="yes">boots?</token>
<token>of</token>
<token postag_regexp="yes" postag="DT|PDT" />
<token inflected="yes">car</token>
</antipattern>
<pattern>
<token postag="SENT_START" skip="-1"><exception scope="next" inflected="yes" regexp="yes">elephant|river|swimming|tree</exception></token>
<marker>
<token regexp="yes" skip="-1">trunk|trunks<exception scope="next" inflected="yes" regexp="yes">elephant|river|swimming|tree</exception></token>
</marker>
<token postag="SENT_END"><exception scope="current" inflected="yes" regexp="yes">elephant|river|swimming|tree</exception></token>
</pattern>
<message>In the context of cars (automobiles), '<match no="2"/>' is American English. For British English use <suggestion><match no="2" postag="(NN.*)" postag_replace="$1">boot</match></suggestion>.</message>
<url>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_%28car%29</url>
<short>AmE/BrE: trunk/boot</short>
<example type="incorrect" correction="boot">The automobile has a small <marker>trunk</marker>.</example>
<example type="incorrect" correction="boots">Automobiles that have large <marker>trunks</marker> are usually expensive.</example>
<example type="incorrect" correction="Boots"><marker>Trunks</marker> on some automobiles are at the front.</example>
<example type="incorrect" correction="boot">This Volkswagen has a large <marker>trunk</marker>.</example>
<example type="incorrect" correction="boots">Volkswagens and Chryslers usually have large <marker>trunks</marker>.</example>
<example type="correct">The elephant's <marker>trunk</marker> is long.</example>
<example type="correct">This tree <marker>trunk</marker> is large.</example>
<example type="correct">The <marker>trunks</marker> of some trees were damaged during the storm.</example>
<example type="correct">The arterial <marker>trunks</marker> of some rivers are ...</example>
<example type="correct"><marker>Trunks</marker> (swimming) of various colours are available from ...</example>
<example type="correct">If the electrical <marker>trunking</marker> on the car is ...</example>
<example type="correct">Put the <marker>trunk</marker> into the car boot.</example>
<example type="correct">The car boot contained <marker>trunks</marker> of many colours.</example>
<example type="correct">The car boots contained <marker>trunks</marker> of many sizes.</example>
<example type="correct">Put these items into the boot of the car: <marker>trunk</marker>, table, chair, kitchen sink.</example>
<example type="correct">Put the <marker>trunks</marker> into the boot of the car.</example>
<example type="correct">The lace on this <marker>boot</marker> is frayed.</example>
<example type="correct">The car boot contained a <marker>trunk</marker> and a ...</example>
<example type="correct">The car's boot contained a <marker>trunk</marker> and a ...</example>
<example type="correct">The <marker>trunks</marker> were in our car’s boot.</example>
<example type="triggers_error">The boot of this Volkswagen contains a large <marker>trunk</marker>.</example>
<example type="triggers_error">The boots of Volkswagens are sufficiently large to contain 2 or 3 <marker>trunks</marker>.</example>
<example type="triggers_error">The <marker>trunk</marker> was in the Ford.</example>
<example type="triggers_error">Mr Ford has a large blue <marker>trunk</marker>.</example>
<example type="triggers_error">The <marker>trunk</marker> was on the back seat of the Ford.</example>
<example type="triggers_error">The abandoned car contained a stolen <marker>trunk</marker>.</example>
<example type="triggers_error">The Chrysler's boot contained a <marker>trunk</marker> and a ...</example>
<example type="triggers_error">Some cars' boots can contain <marker>trunks</marker> of enormous size.</example>
</rule>
<rule id="AIR_PLANE_AEROPLANE" name="air plane/aeroplane"><!-- 'airplane' is in replace.txt -->
<pattern>
<token>air</token>
<token postag_regexp="yes" postag="NN|NNS" regexp="yes">planes?</token>
</pattern>
<message>The term '\1 \2' is common for American English. For British English use <suggestion><match no="2" postag="(NN.*)" postag_replace="$1">aeroplane</match></suggestion>.</message>
<url>https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/airplane</url>
<short>AmE/BrE: air plane/aeroplane</short>
<example type="incorrect" correction="aeroplane">This <marker>air plane</marker> is very quiet.</example>
<example type="incorrect" correction="aeroplanes">These <marker>air planes</marker> can fly for 12 hours when they are fully loaded with fuel.</example>
<example type="correct">This <marker>aeroplane</marker> is very quiet.</example>
</rule>
<rule id="SI_UNITS_OF_MEASUREMENT_ADJECTIVES_AME" name="1-liter/1-litre">
<pattern>
<token regexp="yes">([0-9]+-)(yotta|zetta|exa|peta|tera|giga|mega|kilo|hecto|deka|deci|centi|milli|micro|nano|pico|femto|atto|zepto|yocto)?(liter|meter)<exception postag="NNP"/></token>
</pattern>
<message>The word '<match no="1"/>' is an adjective (SI unit of measurement), but the spelling is not correct British English.</message>
<short>AmE/BrE: SI units (adjectives)</short>
<example type="incorrect">Use a <marker>6-millimeter</marker> bolt.</example>
<example type="correct">Use a <marker>6-millimetre</marker> bolt.</example>
<example type="correct">Do not find incorrect English: use a <marker>10-millimeters</marker> bolt.</example>
<example type="correct">The 4.<marker>6-centigram</marker> difference is not a problem.</example><!-- Refer to OXFORD_SPELLING_GRAM -->
<example type="incorrect">Use a <marker>10-meter</marker> rope.</example>
<example type="incorrect">Also find typographic errors: a 5.7.<marker>8-femtoliter</marker> difference is not important.</example>
</rule>
</category>
<category id="BRE_STYLE_OXFORD_SPELLING" name="British English, Oxford spelling (~iz~ not ~is~)" type="style">
<rulegroup id="OXFORD_SPELLING_GRAM" name="Oxford spelling of 'gram' (not 'gramme')">
<rule><!-- nouns. Nouns and adjectives have separate rules to prevent incorrect suggestions for incorrect adjectives such as '5-grammes'. -->
<pattern>
<token regexp="yes">(yotta|zetta|exa|peta|tera|giga|mega|kilo|hecto|deca|deci|centi|milli|micro|nano|pico|femto|atto|zepto|yocto)?grammes?<exception postag="NNP"/></token>
</pattern>
<message>Oxford Manual of Style, 2002, gives 'gram' as the preferred spelling of these: gram, kilogram, and other units of measurement. Also, UK Weights and Measures Act 1985, section 92 shows that both 'gram' and 'gramme' are permitted in British English, and this spelling is applicable to other units that are compounds of 'gram'. Use <suggestion><match no="1" regexp_match="gramme" regexp_replace="gram"/></suggestion>.</message>
<url>http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/section/92</url>
<short>Oxford spelling: gram, not gramme</short>
<example correction="milligrams">Use 3 <marker>milligrammes</marker> of surfactant.</example>
<example>Use 3 <marker>milligrams</marker> of surfactant.</example>
<example>The television <marker>programme</marker> is scheduled for 17:00.</example>
<example>If the distance is less than 2 <marker>millimeters</marker>, ...</example>
<example>A <marker>6-gramme</marker> force is sufficient.</example>
<example correction="gram">The weight must be less than 1 <marker>gramme</marker>.</example>
<example correction="kilograms">The weight must be more than 20 <marker>kilogrammes</marker>.</example>
<example correction="yottagram">One <marker>yottagramme</marker> is a lotta grams!</example>
<example correction="Centigrams">'<marker>Centigrammes</marker>' is an alternative spelling of 'centigrams'.</example>
<example correction="KILOgrams">Add 2 <marker>KILOgrammes</marker> of the powder.</example><!-- The default spelling rules find this non-standard typography. -->
<example type="triggers_error">Did you read "<marker>The Teragramme Terror from Tangiers</marker>"? I think it's a good book.</example>
</rule>
<rule><!-- adjectives -->
<pattern>
<token regexp="yes">([0-9]+-)(yotta|zetta|exa|peta|tera|giga|mega|kilo|hecto|deca|deci|centi|milli|micro|nano|pico|femto|atto|zepto|yocto)?gramme<exception postag="NNP"/></token>
</pattern>
<message>Oxford Manual of Style, 2002, gives 'gram' as the preferred spelling of these: gram, kilogram, and other units of measurement. Also, UK Weights and Measures Act 1985, section 92 shows that both 'gram' and 'gramme' are permitted in British English, and this spelling is applicable to other units that are compounds of 'gram'. Use <suggestion><match no="1" regexp_match="gramme" regexp_replace="gram"/></suggestion>.</message>
<url>http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/section/92</url>
<short>Oxford spelling: 2-gram, not 2-gramme</short>
<example correction="6-gram">A <marker>6-gramme</marker> force is sufficient.</example>
<example>A <marker>6-gram</marker> force is sufficient.</example>
<example>Use a <marker>five-kilogramme</marker> weight.</example><!-- TODO -->
<example correction="10-microgram">A <marker>10-microgramme</marker> difference is not sufficient.</example>
<example correction="5-yoctogram">A <marker>5-yoctogramme</marker> error is not important.</example>
</rule>
</rulegroup>
<rulegroup id="OXFORD_SPELLING_IZE" name="Oxford spelling of 'iz' (not 'is')">
<!-- Created by Tiago F. Santos, based on the coherency list created by Mike Unwalla, 2018-11-15 -->
<rule>
<pattern>
<token regexp="yes">(?:a(bsolutised?|cademised?|ccessorised?|cclimatisable|cclimatisation|cclimatised?|cclimatiser|chromatised?|cidisation|cidised?|ctionised?|ctualisation|ctualised?|donised?|drenalectomised?|drenalised?|dulterised?|erobicised?|erosolised?|erosolised|estheticised?|fricanisation|fricanised?|gatised?|genised?|ggrandised?|gnised?|gonised?|gonising|gonisingly|lbitised?|lchemised?|lcoholised?|ldolisation|lienised?|lkalinisation|lkalinised?|lkalisable|lkalised?|llatectomised?|llegorised?|lphabetisation|lphabetised?|lphabetiser|luminised?|mericanisation|mericanised?|mericaniser|mortisable|mortisation|mortised?|naesthetisation|naesthetised?|nagrammatised?|nalogised?|nalyse|nalyser|nathematised?|natomisation|natomised?|natomiser|ndrogenisation|ndrogenised?|nglicisation|nglicised?|nimalisation|nimalised?|nnualised?|nnuitised?|nodisation|nodised?|nonymised?|ntagonisable|ntagonised?|nthologised?|nthropologised?|nthropomorphised?|nticised?|phetised?|phorised?|pologised?|postatised?|postrophised?|potheosised?|ppetised?|ppetiser|ppetising|rabicisation|rabicised?|rabisation|rabised?|rborisation|rborised?|rchaised?|romatisation|romatised?|rterialisation|rterialised?|rtificialised?|ryanised?|septicised?|spheterised?|strologised?|tomisation|tomised?|tomiser|tticised?|ttitudinised?|ttitudiniser|ustralianised?|uthorisable|uthorisation|uthorised?|uthorised|uthoriser|utoionisation|utomatisation|utomatised?|utomised?|utotomised?|utoxidisable|vianised?|xiomatisation|xiomatise)|b(acterisation|acterised?|alkanised?|analisation|analised?|aptised?|arbarisation|arbarised?|astardisation|astardised?|astardised|estialised?|iosynthesised?|ipolarised?|ituminisation|ituminised?|olshevised?|otanised?|otrytised|owdlerisation|owdlerised?|owdleriser|romised?|rutalisation|rutalised?|ureaucratised?|urnettise)|c(alendarised?|alorised?|anadianised?|analisation|analised?|anisterised?|annibalisation|annibalised?|anonicalised?|anonisation|anonised?|anoniser|antonisation|antonised?|apitalisation|apitalised?|aponised?|apsulised?|aramelisation|aramelised?|arbolised?|arbonisable|arbonisation|arbonised?|arburisation|arburised?|arnalised?|artelisation|artelised?|asualisation|asualised?|atabolised?|atalogised?|atastrophised?|atechisation|atechised?|atechiser|ategorisation|ategorised?|atharised?|atheterisation|atheterised?|atholicisation|atholicised?|auterisation|auterised?|ellularised?|entralisation|entralised?|entraliser|hannelised?|haptalisation|haptalised?|haracterisable|haracterisation|haracterised?|haracteriser|hemicalised?|horisation|hristianisation|hristianised?|hristianiser|hromised?|hronologised?|icatrisant|icatrisation|icatrised?|icatriser|inchonisation|inchonised?|ircularised?|itizenised?|ivilianisation|ivilianised?|ivilisable|ivilisation|ivilisational|ivilised?|ivilised|iviliser|lassicised?|limatised?|oalised?|ocainisation|ocainised?|ognisable|ognisably|ognisance|ognisant|ognised?|ollateralised?|ollectivisation|ollectivised?|olloquised?|olonialised?|olonisable|olonisation|olonisationist|olonised?|oloniser|olourisation|olourised?|ommercialisation|ommercialised?|ommoditisation|ommoditised?|ommunalised?|ommunisation|ommunised?|ompartmentalisation|ompartmentalised?|omponentisation|omponentised?|omprehensivised?|omputerisable|omputerisation|omputerised?|onceptualisation|onceptualised?|onceptualiser|oncertised?|oncretisation|oncretised?|onditionalisation|onscientised?|onservatised?|onstitutionalised?|ontainerisation|ontainerised?|ontemporised?|ontextualisation|ontextualised?|onventionalised?|onveyorisation|onveyorised?|opolymerisation|opolymerised?|ordialised?|orporatised?|osmeticised?|osmetised?|reolised?|retinised?|riminalisation|riminalised?|riticisable|riticised?|rystallisable|rystallisation|rystallised?|ulturalised?|ustomisable|ustomisation|ustomised?|utinised?|yanised?|yclise)|d(eaminised?|ecapitalised?|ecarbonised?|ecarburisation|ecarburised?|ecartelised?|ecasualised?|ecentralisation|ecentralised?|echristianised?|ecimalisation|ecimalised?|ecitizenised?|ecivilised?|ecolonisation|ecolonised?|ecolorised?|ecolourised?|ecommunised?|ecompartmentalised?|econtextualised?|ecriminalisation|ecriminalised?|edramatised?|e-emphasised?|e-energisation|e-energised?|efamiliarised?|efeminisation|efeminised?|efeudalised?|efinitised?|eformalised?|eglamorised?|ehumanisation|ehumanised?|ehydrogenised?|ehypnotisation|ehypnotised?|eindustrialised?|einstitutionalised?|eionisation|eionised?|eioniser|elegitimisation|elegitimised?|elocalisation|elocalised?|emagnetisable|emagnetisation|emagnetised?|emagnetiser|ematerialised?|emilitarisation|emilitarised?|emineralisation|emineralised?|emineraliser|emobilisation|emobilised?|emocratisation|emocratised?|emonetisation|emonetised?|emonisation|emonised?|emonopolised?|emoralisation|emoralised?|emutualisation|emutualised?|emythologised?|emythologiser|enationalisation|enationalised?|enaturalised?|enaturised?|enisation|enormalisation|enormalised?|entalised?|enuclearised?|eodorisation|eodorised?|eodoriser|eoxidised?|eoxidiser|ep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postag="NNP"/></token>
</pattern>
<message>Oxford English Dictionary gives 'iz' as the preferred spelling of this word. Use <suggestion><match no="1" regexp_match="is([ea])" regexp_replace="iz$1"/></suggestion>.</message>
<url>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_spelling</url>
<short>Oxford spelling: ize, not ise</short>
<example correction="automatized">This has been an <marker>automatised</marker> conversion.</example>
<example correction="Visualization"><marker>Visualisation</marker> methods are useful for complex tasks.</example>
</rule>
</rulegroup>
<rulegroup id="OXFORD_SPELLING_Z_NOT_S" name="Oxford spelling is/iz">
<!-- For general notes and design decisions, refer to OXFORD_SPELLING_ISE_VERBS. Rules developed by Mike Unwalla. -->
<!-- Not uppercase: https://github.com/languagetool-org/languagetool/issues/1292 -->
<url>https://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/03/28/ize-or-ise/</url>
<antipattern><!-- Dans l'organisation de ces autonomies... -->
<token>l</token>
<token spacebefore="no">'</token>
<token spacebefore="no" postag_regexp="yes" postag="NN.*"/>
</antipattern>
<antipattern><!-- If the token before or the token after is a proper noun, then the target token is probably part of a proper name, and not a common noun. Example: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. -->
<token postag_regexp="yes" postag="NNPS?"/>
<token postag_regexp="yes" postag="NNPS?"/>
</antipattern>
<rule id="OXFORD_SPELLING_NOUNS" name="Oxford spelling of nouns (~iz not ~is), **but not CAPITALISATIONS of nouns**"><!-- Always ~isement not ~izement. Always ~ision, not ~izion. -->
<!-- For the suggestion, regexp_match and regexp_replace are sufficient. The token finds an ~is noun that has a singular or plural postag. If the ~is noun has a postag, then the ~iz noun should have that postag. (Possibly, the pairs of words are used differently in different locales, and thus they have different postags.) -->
<pattern>
<token postag_regexp="yes" postag="NN(:UN?)?|NNS" inflected="yes" regexp="yes">([a-z]+?-?[a-z]+?)is(ation|er|ability)<exception regexp="yes">(?-i)[A-Z-]+</exception>
<exception regexp="yes" inflected="yes">improvisation|xxxx</exception><!-- This exception is for nouns that are always spelled with ~isation. -->
<exception>passivisations</exception><!-- This exception prevents the incorrect suggestion: ". TODO: correct the problem. -->
<exception regexp="yes" inflected="yes">(advert|adv|appra|bru|chast|circumc|comprom|(battle)?cru|curtain-ra|desp|dev|disfranch|disgu|dispra|enfranch|exerc|franch|fundra|hell-?ra|improv|ka|merchand|mort|po|pract|pra|prom|ra|reappra|repr|rev|r|surm|surpr|upra|upr)iser</exception><!-- These nouns are always ~iser. -->
<exception regexp="yes" inflected="yes">(adv|d|)isability</exception></token><!-- These nouns are always ~isability. -->
</pattern>
<message>Use the Oxford spelling '<suggestion><match no="1" suppress_misspelled="yes" regexp_match="([a-z]+?-?[a-z]+?)is(ations?|ers?|ability|abilities)" regexp_replace="$1iz$2"/></suggestion>', except in proper names.</message>
<short>Oxford spelling: nouns</short>
<!-- ~isation--><example correction="organization">The word '<marker>organisation</marker>' is not the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example correction="Organizations">The word '<marker>Organisations</marker>' is not the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example>The word '<marker>organization</marker>' is the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example>The word '<marker>organizations</marker>' is the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example>'<marker>Americanisation</marker>' is NNP.</example><!-- TODO. Is 'Americanisation' a proper noun? -->
<example>'<marker>Americanisations</marker>' is NNPS.</example>
<example>'<marker>ORGANISATION</marker>. All capitalised nouns are out of scope because the suggestion is ~ise.</example>
<example>Most of the surviving paperwork, up until 1986, for successful <marker>naturalisations</marker> is now held at The National Archives (www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/naturalisation-british-citizenship/).</example><!-- TODO. naturalisations[naturalization/NNS and naturalizations[naturalization/NNS. Is the word not found because naturalisation[naturalisation/NN:UN but naturalization[naturalization/NN:U ? -->
<example correction="Demutualizations">'<marker>Demutualisations</marker>: LT gives a spelling warning for demutualizations. BUT LT also suggests the Oxford spelling although the suggestion uses suppress_misspelled="yes". Why?</example>
<example>These words are always spelled with ~isation: improvisation/improvisations</example>
<example correction="de-energization"><marker>de-energisation</marker></example>
<example>Dans <marker>l'organisation</marker> de ces autonomies, la Belgique a réalisé...</example>
<example>year=2009 |publisher=<marker>L'Organisation</marker> internationale de la Francophonie</example>
<example><marker>de-energisations</marker> has no postag.</example>
<example>catheterisations, componentisations, demonisations, depoliticisations, depressurisations, immortalisations, incentivisations, intellectualisations, legitimisations, lionisations, memorialisations, militarisations, neutralisations, nominalisations, parameterisations, particularisations, photosensitisations, plagiarisations, productisations, professionalisations, proselytisations, repressurisations, satirisations, scandalisations, schematisations, sensualisations, sodomisations, spiritualisations, tenderisations, universalisations, vandalisations</example><!-- TODO: Add plural POS for these words. Are all the plurals standard BrE? -->
<example>The suggestion for the noun plural <marker>passivisations</marker> is: ". Thus, </example><!-- TODO. If we cannot prevent a suggestion of "", then this word and similar must be in an exception.-->
<example>'World Health Organization' uses ~z, but the '<marker>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</marker>' uses ~s.</example>
<example type="triggers_error">For information about the <marker>Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</marker>, refer to http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/.</example>
<example type="triggers_error">File:<marker>Panneau de signalisation multilingue à Issers (Algérie).jpg</marker></example>
<!-- ~iser --> <example correction="modernizer">The word '<marker>moderniser</marker>' is not the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example correction="Modernizers">The word '<marker>Modernisers</marker>' is not the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example correction="Americanizer">The word '<marker>Americaniser</marker>' has the postag NNP (and NN). Thus, do not use an NNP exception.</example>
<example>The word '<marker>modernizer</marker>' is the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example>The word '<marker>Modernizers</marker>' is the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example>Make sure that the regexp is correct. These are all ~iser nouns: advertisers, advisers, appraisers, bruisers, chastisers, circumcisers, compromisers, battlecruisers, curtain-raisers, despisers, devisers, disfranchisers, disguisers, dispraisers, enfranchisers, exercisers, franchisers, fundraisers, hell-raisers, hellraisers, improvisers, kaisers, merchandisers, mortisers, paralysers, poisers, practisers, praisers, promisers, raisers, reappraisers, reprisers, revisers, risers, surmisers, surprisers, upraisers, uprisers.</example>
<example>'<marker>MODERNISER</marker>. All capitalised nouns are out of scope because the suggestion is ~ise.</example>
<example>The <marker>Stratocruiser</marker> set a new standard for luxurious air travel (www.boeing.com/history/products/model-377-stratocruiser.page).</example>
<example type="triggers_error">The first Liquid only events were <marker>Liquidiser</marker> at Bristol Academy.</example>
<!-- ~isability--><example correction="magnetizability">The word '<marker>magnetisability</marker>' is not the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example correction="Magnetizability">The word '<marker>Magnetisability</marker>' is not the Oxford spelling.</example>
<!-- <example correction="Magnetizabilities">The word '<marker>Magnetisabilities</marker>' is not the Oxford spelling.</example> TODO. Find a plural example. -->
<example correction="polarizability">This effect (<marker>polarisability</marker>) is shown to be...</example>
<example>The word '<marker>magnetizability</marker>' is the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example>Refer to <marker>www.example.com/polarisability.html</marker>.</example>
<example>Make sure that the regexp is correct. These are all ~isability nouns: advisability, disability, disabilities</example>
<example>'<marker>MAGNETISABILITY</marker>. All capitalised nouns are out of scope because the suggestion is ~ise.</example>
</rule>
<rule id="OXFORD_SPELLING_ISE_VERBS" name="Oxford spelling of verbs (~ize not ~ise), **but not CAPITALISED verbs**"><!-- ~yse verbs are not ~yze in BrE: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/spelling/ize-ise-or-yse -->
<pattern>
<token postag_regexp="yes" postag="VB.*" inflected="yes" regexp="yes">([a-z]+?-?[a-z]+?)ise<exception regexp="yes">(?-i)[A-Z-]+</exception><exception regexp="yes" inflected="yes">abscise|advertise|advise|affranchise|alias|appraise|arise|braise|bruise|chastise|circumcise|comprise|compromise|counterpoise|cruise|demise|despise|devise|disenfranchise|disfranchise|disguise|dispraise|enfranchise|equipoise|excise|exercise|franchise|fundraise|improvise|incise|liaise|merchandise|misadvise|miscategorise|misraise|mortise|noise|outraise|overexercise|overpraise|overpromise|paralyse|poise|porpoise|practise|praise|premise|previse|prise|promise|raise|readvertise|readvise|rearise|reappraise|reprise|repromise|re-raise|reraise|revise|rise|supervise|surmise|surprise|televise|trellis|underpraise|upraise|uprise|wise</exception></token><!-- suppress_misspelled does not work with some verbs. The fail-safe solution is to put ~ise-only verbs in the exception. AmE prize = BrE prise (move or lift). BrE prize = to value. Aside: some z spellings are not verbs but are correct spellings: example 'braize' is a fish. --><!-- TODO: merchandize is a verb, but rare -->
<!-- Remove uppercase from the rule: case_sensitive="yes" in the token does not work; (?-i)([a-zA-Z][a-z]+... in the regexp does not work. Use an exception. -->
</pattern>
<message>Use the Oxford spelling '<suggestion suppress_misspelled="yes"><match suppress_misspelled="yes" no="1" regexp_match="([a-z]+?-?[a-z]+?)is(e|es|ed|ing)" regexp_replace="$1iz$2" /></suggestion>'.</message><!-- Cannot use postag_regexp="yes" postag="(VB.*)" postag_replace="$1" because it causes the suggestion to be the same as the target token. -->
<short>Oxford spelling: ~ise verbs</short>
<example correction="organize">The verb '<marker>organise</marker>' is not the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example>The word '<marker>organize</marker>' is the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example correction="organizes">Who usually <marker>organises</marker> the meetings?</example>
<example correction="Organized"><marker>Organised</marker> the meeting? Ha!</example>
<example correction="organizing">Basic <marker>organising</marker> principles are...</example>
<example correction="de-energize"><marker>de-energise</marker></example>
<example correction="De-energizes"><marker>De-energises</marker></example>
<example correction="de-energized"><marker>de-energised</marker></example>
<example correction="de-energizing"><marker>de-energising</marker></example>
<example>The word '<marker>otherwise</marker>' is not a verb.</example>
<example>In tests, the words 'surprise' and 'Surprise' caused no warning, but <marker>SURPRISE</marker> and all its uppercase inflections caused a warning. This problem occurs with other verbs also. Solution: put all ~ise-only base verbs in an exception. [Keep this note for reference. Refer to the next example/comment.]</example>
<example><marker>CAPITALISED</marker> verbs are out of scope. In tests, for all verbs, the suggestion for the capitalised verb was the ~ise spelling.</example>
<example>The rule finds verbs that are only all lowercase or initial caps. Not: <marker>ORGANise</marker></example>
<example>All ~ise-only verbs are in an exception. As a fail-safe test, keep this list of inflections that previously caused incorrect warnings: alias [aliased], arise [arose], porpoise [aviation slang], trellis [VBZ = trellises]</example>
<example>These rare/obsolete ~ise-only verbs have no postag: annalise, bepraise, debruise, disseise, grandise, grise, hoise, marmalise, misprise, remise, re-rise, rerise, seise, sensibilise, unpromise, </example>
<example><marker>recentralise</marker> is not found because suppress_misspelled="yes". 'Recentralize' has no pos.</example><!-- TODO: get a more obscure example as a test. -->
</rule>
<rule id="OXFORD_SPELLING_ADJECTIVES" name="Oxford spelling of adjectives (~iz not ~is), **but not adjectives in CAPITALS**"><!-- ~isable, ~isational, ~ised, ~ising -->
<pattern>
<token postag="JJ" regexp="yes">([a-z]+?-?[a-z]+?)is(able|ational|ed|ing)<exception regexp="yes">(?-i)[A-Z-]+</exception>
<exception regexp="yes">advisable|hair-raising|ill-advised|improvisational|inadvisable|memorisable|self-advertising</exception><!-- These adjectives are always ~is. Some adjectives are ~isible (divisible, indivisible, invisible), but I did not find ~isible adjectives that are also spelled ~izible.-->
<exception regexp="yes">(un)?(advis|bruis|circumcis|compromis|devis|(dis)?enfranchis|disguis|enterpris|excis|exercis|franchis|immunocompromis|improvis|incis|noncompromis|pois|practis|promis|rais|recognis|revis|supervis|surpris|televis)(ed|ing)</exception></token><!-- These words (adjectives/past participle adjectives/verbs are always ~is. Some words such as 'excised' do not have the postag JJ, but in some contexts, disambiguation DT_VBN_JJ gives the postag JJ to the VBN word (also, other rules do similarly). Possibly, some un* words do not exist, but that is not a problem. -->
</pattern>
<message>Use the Oxford spelling '<suggestion><match no="1" suppress_misspelled="yes" regexp_match="([a-z]+?-?[a-z]+?)is(able|ational|ed|ing)" regexp_replace="$1iz$2"/></suggestion>', except in proper names.</message>
<short>Oxford spelling: adjectives</short>
<example correction="magnetizable">The adjective '<marker>magnetisable</marker>' is not the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example correction="Magnetizable">The adjective '<marker>Magnetisable</marker>' is not the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example correction="organizational">Her <marker>organisational</marker> ability is good.</example>
<example correction="randomized">These <marker>randomised</marker> controlled trials are...</example>
<example correction="unappetizing">This food is <marker>unappetising</marker>.</example>
<example>The word '<marker>magnetizable</marker>' is the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example>'<marker>MAGNETISABLE</marker>. All capitalised adjectives are out of scope because the suggestion is ~is.</example>
<example>...as a parody of modern DJs' own soundbites and <marker>self-advertising</marker> pieces.</example>
<example>These words are always spelled with ~s: advisable, advised, bruised, circumcised, compromised, disenfranchised, divisible, excised, franchised, immunocompromised, improvised, inadvisable, incised, indivisible, invisible, memorisable, noncompromised, poised, practised, promised, raised, revised, surprised, televised, uncircumcised, unenfranchised, unrevised, unsupervised, unsurprised. Enterprising, excising, incising, noncompromising, promising, surprising, uncompromising, unsurprising</example>
<example>For information about the <marker>Conference of Specialised Ministers</marker> refer to www.coe.int/en/web/cm/iguide-chapter6</example><!-- Refer to disambiguation.xml CONFERENCE_OF_SPECIALISED_MINISTERS -->
</rule>
<rule id="OXFORD_SPELLING_ADVERBS" name="Oxford spelling of adverbs (~iz not ~is), **but not adverbs in CAPITALS**"><!-- ~isably, ~isationally) -->
<pattern>
<token postag="RB" regexp="yes">([a-z]+?-?[a-z]+?)is(ably|ationally)<exception regexp="yes">(?-i)[A-Z-]+</exception>
<exception regexp="yes">(in)?advisably</exception></token><!-- These adverbs are always ~is.-->
</pattern>
<message>Use the Oxford spelling '<suggestion><match no="1" suppress_misspelled="yes" regexp_match="([a-z]+?-?[a-z]+?)is(ably|ationally)" regexp_replace="$1iz$2"/></suggestion>', except in proper names.</message>
<short>Oxford spelling: adverbs</short>
<example correction="organizationally">The adverb '<marker>organisationally</marker>' is not the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example correction="Organizationally">The adverb '<marker>Organisationally</marker>' is not the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example>The word '<marker>organizationally</marker>' is the Oxford spelling.</example>
<example>Not an adverb in standard English: ...he came to an opening, choked with timbers and bars of iron; <marker>surmisably</marker> the front portal at present in disuse.</example>
<example>'<marker>ORGANISATIONALLY</marker>. All capitalised adjectives are out of scope because the suggestion is ~is.</example>
</rule>
</rulegroup>
</category>
</rules>
