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Outline of the Collections Framework

The collections framework consists of:

Collection interfaces - The primary means by
which collections are manipulated.

Collection
- A group of objects. No assumptions are made about the order of
the collection (if any) or whether it can contain duplicate
elements.
Set - The
familiar set abstraction. No duplicate elements permitted. May or
may not be ordered. Extends the Collection interface.
List -
Ordered collection, also known as a sequence. Duplicates are
generally permitted. Allows positional access. Extends the
Collection interface.
Queue - A
collection designed for holding elements before processing. Besides
basic Collection operations, queues provide additional
insertion, extraction, and inspection operations.
Deque - A
double ended queue, supporting element insertion and
removal at both ends. Extends the Queue interface.
Map - A
mapping from keys to values. Each key can map to one value.
SortedSet
- A set whose elements are automatically sorted, either in their
natural ordering (see the Comparable
interface) or by a Comparator
object provided when a SortedSet instance is created.
Extends the Set interface.
SortedMap
- A map whose mappings are automatically sorted by key, either
using the natural ordering of the keys or by a comparator
provided when a SortedMap instance is created. Extends the
Map interface.
NavigableSet
- A SortedSet extended with navigation methods reporting
closest matches for given search targets. A NavigableSet
may be accessed and traversed in either ascending or descending
order.
NavigableMap
- A SortedMap extended with navigation methods returning
the closest matches for given search targets. A
NavigableMap can be accessed and traversed in either
ascending or descending key order.
BlockingQueue
- A Queue with operations that wait for the queue to
become nonempty when retrieving an element and that wait for space
to become available in the queue when storing an element. (This
interface is part of the java.util.concurrent
package.)
TransferQueue
- A BlockingQueue in which producers can wait for
consumers to receive elements. (This interface is part of the
java.util.concurrent
package.)
BlockingDeque
- A Deque with operations that wait for the deque to
become nonempty when retrieving an element and wait for space to
become available in the deque when storing an element. Extends both
the Deque and BlockingQueue interfaces. (This
interface is part of the java.util.concurrent
package.)
ConcurrentMap
- A Map with atomic putIfAbsent, remove,
and replace methods. (This interface is part of the
java.util.concurrent package.)

ConcurrentNavigableMap - A ConcurrentMap that
is also a NavigableMap.


General-purpose implementations - The primary
implementations of the collection interfaces.

HashSet - Hash
table implementation of the Set interface. The best
all-around implementation of the Set interface.
TreeSet
- Red-black tree implementation of the NavigableSet
interface.
LinkedHashSet
- Hash table and linked list implementation of the Set
interface. An insertion-ordered Set implementation that
runs nearly as fast as HashSet.
ArrayList -
Resizable array implementation of the List interface (an
unsynchronized Vector). The best all-around implementation
of the List interface.
ArrayDeque -
Efficient, resizable array implementation of the Deque
interface.
LinkedList
- Doubly-linked list implementation of the List interface.
Provides better performance than the ArrayList
implementation if elements are frequently inserted or deleted
within the list. Also implements the Deque interface. When
accessed through the Queue interface, LinkedList
acts as a FIFO queue.
PriorityQueue
- Heap implementation of an unbounded priority queue.
HashMap - Hash
table implementation of the Map interface (an
unsynchronized Hashtable that supports null keys
and values). The best all-around implementation of the Map
interface.
TreeMap
Red-black tree implementation of the NavigableMap
interface.
LinkedHashMap
- Hash table and linked list implementation of the Map
interface. An insertion-ordered Map implementation that
runs nearly as fast as HashMap. Also useful for building
caches (see 
removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry) ).


Wrapper implementations -
Functionality-enhancing implementations for use with other
implementations. Accessed solely through static factory methods.


Collections.unmodifiableInterface -
Returns an unmodifiable view of a specified collection that throws
an UnsupportedOperationException if the user attempts to
modify it.
Collections.synchronizedInterface
- Returns a synchronized collection that is backed by the specified
(typically unsynchronized) collection. As long as all accesses to
the backing collection are through the returned collection, thread
safety is guaranteed.

Collections.checkedInterface - Returns
a dynamically type-safe view of the specified collection, which
throws a ClassCastException if a client attempts to add an
element of the wrong type. The generics mechanism in the language
provides compile-time (static) type checking, but it is possible to
bypass this mechanism. Dynamically type-safe views eliminate this
possibility.


Adapter implementations - Implementations that
adapt one collections interface to another:


newSetFromMap(Map) - Creates a general-purpose
Set implementation from a general-purpose Map
implementation.

asLifoQueue(Deque) - Returns a view of a
Deque as a Last In First Out (LIFO) Queue.


Convenience implementations - High-performance
"mini-implementations" of the collection interfaces.

Arrays.asList
- Enables an array to be viewed as a list.
emptySet,
emptyList
and emptyMap
- Return an immutable empty set, list, or map.

singleton, 
singletonList, and singletonMap
- Return an immutable singleton set, list, or map, containing only
the specified object (or key-value mapping).

nCopies - Returns an immutable list consisting of n
copies of a specified object.


Legacy implementations - Older collection
classes were retrofitted to implement the collection interfaces.

Vector -
Synchronized resizable array implementation of the List
interface with additional legacy methods.
Hashtable
- Synchronized hash table implementation of the Map
interface that does not allow null keys or values, plus
additional legacy methods.


Special-purpose implementations

WeakHashMap
- An implementation of the Map interface that stores only
weak
references to its keys. Storing only weak references
enables key-value pairs to be garbage collected when the key is no
longer referenced outside of the WeakHashMap. This class
is the easiest way to use the power of weak references. It is
useful for implementing registry-like data structures, where the
utility of an entry vanishes when its key is no longer reachable by
any thread.
IdentityHashMap
- Identity-based Map implementation based on a hash table.
This class is useful for topology-preserving object graph
transformations (such as serialization or deep copying). To perform
these transformations, you must maintain an identity-based "node
table" that keeps track of which objects have already been seen.
Identity-based maps are also used to maintain
object-to-meta-information mappings in dynamic debuggers and
similar systems. Finally, identity-based maps are useful in
preventing "spoof attacks" resulting from intentionally perverse
equals methods. (IdentityHashMap never invokes the equals
method on its keys.) An added benefit of this implementation is
that it is fast.
CopyOnWriteArrayList
- A List implementation backed by an copy-on-write array.
All mutative operations (such as add, set, and
remove) are implemented by making a new copy of the array.
No synchronization is necessary, even during iteration, and
iterators are guaranteed never to throw
ConcurrentModificationException. This implementation is
well-suited to maintaining event-handler lists (where change is
infrequent, and traversal is frequent and potentially
time-consuming).
CopyOnWriteArraySet
- A Set implementation backed by a copy-on-write array.
This implementation is similar to CopyOnWriteArrayList.
Unlike most Set implementations, the add,
remove, and contains methods require time
proportional to the size of the set. This implementation is well
suited to maintaining event-handler lists that must prevent
duplicates.
EnumSet - A
high-performance Set implementation backed by a bit
vector. All elements of each EnumSet instance must be
elements of a single enum type.
EnumMap - A
high-performance Map implementation backed by an array.
All keys in each EnumMap instance must be elements of a
single enum type.


Concurrent implementations - These
implementations are part of java.util.concurrent.

ConcurrentLinkedQueue
- An unbounded first in, first out (FIFO) queue based on linked
nodes.

LinkedBlockingQueue - An optionally bounded FIFO
blocking queue backed by linked nodes.

ArrayBlockingQueue - A bounded FIFO blocking queue
backed by an array.

PriorityBlockingQueue - An unbounded blocking priority
queue backed by a priority heap.
DelayQueue
- A time-based scheduling queue backed by a priority heap.
SynchronousQueue
- A simple rendezvous mechanism that uses the
BlockingQueue interface.

LinkedBlockingDeque - An optionally bounded FIFO
blocking deque backed by linked nodes.

LinkedTransferQueue - An unbounded
TransferQueue backed by linked nodes.
ConcurrentHashMap
- A highly concurrent, high-performance ConcurrentMap
implementation based on a hash table. This implementation never
blocks when performing retrievals and enables the client to select
the concurrency level for updates. It is intended as a drop-in
replacement for Hashtable. In
addition to implementing ConcurrentMap, it supports all of
the legacy methods of Hashtable.

ConcurrentSkipListSet - Skips list implementation of
the NavigableSet interface.

ConcurrentSkipListMap - Skips list implementation of
the ConcurrentNavigableMap interface.


Abstract implementations - Skeletal
implementations of the collection interfaces to facilitate custom
implementations.

AbstractCollection
- Skeletal Collection implementation that is neither a set
nor a list (such as a "bag" or multiset).
AbstractSet
- Skeletal Set implementation.
AbstractList
- Skeletal List implementation backed by a random access
data store (such as an array).
AbstractSequentialList
- Skeletal List implementation backed by a sequential
access data store (such as a linked list).
AbstractQueue
- Skeletal Queue implementation.
AbstractMap
- Skeletal Map implementation.


Algorithms - The Collections
class contains these useful static methods.

sort(List)
- Sorts a list using a merge sort algorithm, which provides average
case performance comparable to a high quality quicksort, guaranteed
O(n*log n) performance (unlike quicksort), and stability
(unlike quicksort). A stable sort is one that does not reorder
equal elements.

binarySearch(List, Object) - Searches for an element
in an ordered list using the binary search algorithm.
reverse(List)
- Reverses the order of the elements in a list.
shuffle(List)
- Randomly changes the order of the elements in a list.

fill(List, Object) - Overwrites every element in a
list with the specified value.

copy(List dest, List src) - Copies the source list
into the destination list.

min(Collection) - Returns the minimum element in a
collection.

max(Collection) - Returns the maximum element in a
collection.

rotate(List list, int distance) - Rotates all of the
elements in the list by the specified distance.

replaceAll(List list, Object oldVal, Object newVal) -
Replaces all occurrences of one specified value with another.

indexOfSubList(List source, List target) - Returns the
index of the first sublist of source that is equal to target.

lastIndexOfSubList(List source, List target) - Returns
the index of the last sublist of source that is equal to
target.

swap(List, int, int) - Swaps the elements at the
specified positions in the specified list.

frequency(Collection, Object) - Counts the number of
times the specified element occurs in the specified
collection.

disjoint(Collection, Collection) - Determines whether
two collections are disjoint, in other words, whether they contain
no elements in common.

addAll(Collection<? super T>, T...) - Adds all
of the elements in the specified array to the specified
collection.


Infrastructure

Iterators - Similar to the familiar Enumeration
interface, but more powerful, and with improved method names.

Iterator
- In addition to the functionality of the Enumeration
interface, enables the user to remove elements from the backing
collection with well-defined, useful semantics.
ListIterator
- Iterator for use with lists. In addition to the functionality of
the Iterator interface, supports bidirectional iteration,
element replacement, element insertion, and index retrieval.


Ordering

Comparable
- Imparts a natural ordering to classes that implement it.
The natural ordering can be used to sort a list or maintain order
in a sorted set or map. Many classes were retrofitted to implement
this interface.
Comparator
- Represents an order relation, which can be used to sort a list or
maintain order in a sorted set or map. Can override a type's
natural ordering or order objects of a type that does not implement
the Comparable interface.


Runtime exceptions


UnsupportedOperationException - Thrown by collections
if an unsupported optional operation is called.

ConcurrentModificationException - Thrown by iterators
and list iterators if the backing collection is changed
unexpectedly while the iteration is in progress. Also thrown by
sublist views of lists if the backing list is changed
unexpectedly.


Performance

RandomAccess
- Marker interface that lets List implementations indicate
that they support fast (generally constant time) random access.
This lets generic algorithms change their behavior to provide good
performance when applied to either random or sequential access
lists.




Array Utilities

Arrays -
Contains static methods to sort, search, compare, hash, copy,
resize, convert to String, and fill arrays of primitives
and objects.





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