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/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
/*
* Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package java.lang;
import dalvik.system.BaseDexClassLoader;
import dalvik.system.VMDebug;
import dalvik.system.VMStack;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.lang.ref.FinalizerReference;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import libcore.io.IoUtils;
import libcore.io.Libcore;
import libcore.util.EmptyArray;
import static android.system.OsConstants._SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF;
/**
* Allows Java applications to interface with the environment in which they are
* running. Applications can not create an instance of this class, but they can
* get a singleton instance by invoking {@link #getRuntime()}.
*
* @see System
*/
public class Runtime {
/**
* Holds the Singleton global instance of Runtime.
*/
private static final Runtime mRuntime = new Runtime();
/**
* Holds the library paths, used for native library lookup.
*/
private final String[] mLibPaths = initLibPaths();
private static String[] initLibPaths() {
String javaLibraryPath = System.getProperty("java.library.path");
if (javaLibraryPath == null) {
return EmptyArray.STRING;
}
String[] paths = javaLibraryPath.split(":");
// Add a '/' to the end of each directory so we don't have to do it every time.
for (int i = 0; i < paths.length; ++i) {
if (!paths[i].endsWith("/")) {
paths[i] += "/";
}
}
return paths;
}
/**
* Holds the list of threads to run when the VM terminates
*/
private List shutdownHooks = new ArrayList();
/**
* Reflects whether finalization should be run for all objects
* when the VM terminates.
*/
private static boolean finalizeOnExit;
/**
* Reflects whether we are already shutting down the VM.
*/
private boolean shuttingDown;
/**
* Reflects whether we are tracing method calls.
*/
private boolean tracingMethods;
/**
* Prevent this class from being instantiated.
*/
private Runtime() {
}
/**
* Executes the specified command and its arguments in a separate native
* process. The new process inherits the environment of the caller. Calling
* this method is equivalent to calling {@code exec(progArray, null, null)}.
*
* @param progArray
* the array containing the program to execute as well as any
* arguments to the program.
* @return the new {@code Process} object that represents the native
* process.
* @throws IOException
* if the requested program can not be executed.
*/
public Process exec(String[] progArray) throws java.io.IOException {
return exec(progArray, null, null);
}
/**
* Executes the specified command and its arguments in a separate native
* process. The new process uses the environment provided in {@code envp}.
* Calling this method is equivalent to calling
* {@code exec(progArray, envp, null)}.
*
* @param progArray
* the array containing the program to execute as well as any
* arguments to the program.
* @param envp
* the array containing the environment to start the new process
* in.
* @return the new {@code Process} object that represents the native
* process.
* @throws IOException
* if the requested program can not be executed.
*/
public Process exec(String[] progArray, String[] envp) throws java.io.IOException {
return exec(progArray, envp, null);
}
/**
* Executes the specified command and its arguments in a separate native
* process. The new process uses the environment provided in {@code envp}
* and the working directory specified by {@code directory}.
*
* @param progArray
* the array containing the program to execute as well as any
* arguments to the program.
* @param envp
* the array containing the environment to start the new process
* in.
* @param directory
* the directory in which to execute the program. If {@code null},
* execute if in the same directory as the parent process.
* @return the new {@code Process} object that represents the native
* process.
* @throws IOException
* if the requested program can not be executed.
*/
public Process exec(String[] progArray, String[] envp, File directory) throws IOException {
// ProcessManager is responsible for all argument checking.
return ProcessManager.getInstance().exec(progArray, envp, directory, false);
}
/**
* Executes the specified program in a separate native process. The new
* process inherits the environment of the caller. Calling this method is
* equivalent to calling {@code exec(prog, null, null)}.
*
* @param prog
* the name of the program to execute.
* @return the new {@code Process} object that represents the native
* process.
* @throws IOException
* if the requested program can not be executed.
*/
public Process exec(String prog) throws java.io.IOException {
return exec(prog, null, null);
}
/**
* Executes the specified program in a separate native process. The new
* process uses the environment provided in {@code envp}. Calling this
* method is equivalent to calling {@code exec(prog, envp, null)}.
*
* @param prog
* the name of the program to execute.
* @param envp
* the array containing the environment to start the new process
* in.
* @return the new {@code Process} object that represents the native
* process.
* @throws IOException
* if the requested program can not be executed.
*/
public Process exec(String prog, String[] envp) throws java.io.IOException {
return exec(prog, envp, null);
}
/**
* Executes the specified program in a separate native process. The new
* process uses the environment provided in {@code envp} and the working
* directory specified by {@code directory}.
*
* @param prog
* the name of the program to execute.
* @param envp
* the array containing the environment to start the new process
* in.
* @param directory
* the directory in which to execute the program. If {@code null},
* execute if in the same directory as the parent process.
* @return the new {@code Process} object that represents the native
* process.
* @throws IOException
* if the requested program can not be executed.
*/
public Process exec(String prog, String[] envp, File directory) throws java.io.IOException {
// Sanity checks
if (prog == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("prog == null");
} else if (prog.isEmpty()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("prog is empty");
}
// Break down into tokens, as described in Java docs
StringTokenizer tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(prog);
int length = tokenizer.countTokens();
String[] progArray = new String[length];
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
progArray[i] = tokenizer.nextToken();
}
// Delegate
return exec(progArray, envp, directory);
}
/**
* Causes the VM to stop running and the program to exit.
* If {@link #runFinalizersOnExit(boolean)} has been previously invoked with a
* {@code true} argument, then all objects will be properly
* garbage-collected and finalized first.
* Use 0 to signal success to the calling process and 1 to signal failure.
* This method is unlikely to be useful to an Android application.
*/
public void exit(int code) {
// Make sure we don't try this several times
synchronized(this) {
if (!shuttingDown) {
shuttingDown = true;
Thread[] hooks;
synchronized (shutdownHooks) {
// create a copy of the hooks
hooks = new Thread[shutdownHooks.size()];
shutdownHooks.toArray(hooks);
}
// Start all shutdown hooks concurrently
for (Thread hook : hooks) {
hook.start();
}
// Wait for all shutdown hooks to finish
for (Thread hook : hooks) {
try {
hook.join();
} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
// Ignore, since we are at VM shutdown.
}
}
// Ensure finalization on exit, if requested
if (finalizeOnExit) {
runFinalization();
}
// Get out of here finally...
nativeExit(code);
}
}
}
/**
* Indicates to the VM that it would be a good time to run the
* garbage collector. Note that this is a hint only. There is no guarantee
* that the garbage collector will actually be run.
*/
public native void gc();
/**
* Returns the single {@code Runtime} instance for the current application.
*/
public static Runtime getRuntime() {
return mRuntime;
}
/**
* Loads the shared library found at the given absolute path.
* This should be of the form {@code /path/to/library/libMyLibrary.so}.
* Most callers should use {@link #loadLibrary(String)} instead, and
* let the system find the correct file to load.
*
* @throws UnsatisfiedLinkError if the library can not be loaded,
* either because it's not found or because there is something wrong with it.
*/
public void load(String absolutePath) {
load(absolutePath, VMStack.getCallingClassLoader());
}
/*
* Loads the given shared library using the given ClassLoader.
*/
void load(String absolutePath, ClassLoader loader) {
if (absolutePath == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("absolutePath == null");
}
String error = doLoad(absolutePath, loader);
if (error != null) {
throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError(error);
}
}
/**
* Loads a shared library. Class loaders have some influence over this
* process, but for a typical Android app, it works as follows:
*
* Given the name {@code "MyLibrary"}, that string will be passed to
* {@link System#mapLibraryName}. That means it would be a mistake
* for the caller to include the usual {@code "lib"} prefix and {@code ".so"}
* suffix.
*
*
That file will then be searched for on the application's native library
* search path. This consists of the application's own native library directory
* followed by the system's native library directories.
*
* @throws UnsatisfiedLinkError if the library can not be loaded,
* either because it's not found or because there is something wrong with it.
*/
public void loadLibrary(String nickname) {
loadLibrary(nickname, VMStack.getCallingClassLoader());
}
/*
* Searches for and loads the given shared library using the given ClassLoader.
*/
void loadLibrary(String libraryName, ClassLoader loader) {
if (loader != null) {
String filename = loader.findLibrary(libraryName);
if (filename == null) {
// It's not necessarily true that the ClassLoader used
// System.mapLibraryName, but the default setup does, and it's
// misleading to say we didn't find "libMyLibrary.so" when we
// actually searched for "liblibMyLibrary.so.so".
throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError(loader + " couldn't find \"" +
System.mapLibraryName(libraryName) + "\"");
}
String error = doLoad(filename, loader);
if (error != null) {
throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError(error);
}
return;
}
String filename = System.mapLibraryName(libraryName);
List candidates = new ArrayList();
String lastError = null;
for (String directory : mLibPaths) {
String candidate = directory + filename;
candidates.add(candidate);
if (IoUtils.canOpenReadOnly(candidate)) {
String error = doLoad(candidate, loader);
if (error == null) {
return; // We successfully loaded the library. Job done.
}
lastError = error;
}
}
if (lastError != null) {
throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError(lastError);
}
throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError("Library " + libraryName + " not found; tried " + candidates);
}
private static native void nativeExit(int code);
private String doLoad(String name, ClassLoader loader) {
// Android apps are forked from the zygote, so they can't have a custom LD_LIBRARY_PATH,
// which means that by default an app's shared library directory isn't on LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
// The PathClassLoader set up by frameworks/base knows the appropriate path, so we can load
// libraries with no dependencies just fine, but an app that has multiple libraries that
// depend on each other needed to load them in most-dependent-first order.
// We added API to Android's dynamic linker so we can update the library path used for
// the currently-running process. We pull the desired path out of the ClassLoader here
// and pass it to nativeLoad so that it can call the private dynamic linker API.
// We didn't just change frameworks/base to update the LD_LIBRARY_PATH once at the
// beginning because multiple apks can run in the same process and third party code can
// use its own BaseDexClassLoader.
// We didn't just add a dlopen_with_custom_LD_LIBRARY_PATH call because we wanted any
// dlopen(3) calls made from a .so's JNI_OnLoad to work too.
// So, find out what the native library search path is for the ClassLoader in question...
String ldLibraryPath = null;
if (loader != null && loader instanceof BaseDexClassLoader) {
ldLibraryPath = ((BaseDexClassLoader) loader).getLdLibraryPath();
}
// nativeLoad should be synchronized so there's only one LD_LIBRARY_PATH in use regardless
// of how many ClassLoaders are in the system, but dalvik doesn't support synchronized
// internal natives.
synchronized (this) {
return nativeLoad(name, loader, ldLibraryPath);
}
}
// TODO: should be synchronized, but dalvik doesn't support synchronized internal natives.
private static native String nativeLoad(String filename, ClassLoader loader, String ldLibraryPath);
/**
* Provides a hint to the VM that it would be useful to attempt
* to perform any outstanding object finalization.
*/
public void runFinalization() {
try {
FinalizerReference.finalizeAllEnqueued();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
}
/**
* Sets the flag that indicates whether all objects are finalized when the
* VM is about to exit. Note that all finalization which occurs
* when the system is exiting is performed after all running threads have
* been terminated.
*
* @param run
* {@code true} to enable finalization on exit, {@code false} to
* disable it.
* @deprecated This method is unsafe.
*/
@Deprecated
public static void runFinalizersOnExit(boolean run) {
finalizeOnExit = run;
}
/**
* Switches the output of debug information for instructions on or off.
* On Android, this method does nothing.
*/
public void traceInstructions(boolean enable) {
}
/**
* Switches the output of debug information for methods on or off.
*/
public void traceMethodCalls(boolean enable) {
if (enable != tracingMethods) {
if (enable) {
VMDebug.startMethodTracing();
} else {
VMDebug.stopMethodTracing();
}
tracingMethods = enable;
}
}
/**
* Returns the localized version of the specified input stream. The input
* stream that is returned automatically converts all characters from the
* local character set to Unicode after reading them from the underlying
* stream.
*
* @param stream
* the input stream to localize.
* @return the localized input stream.
* @deprecated Use {@link InputStreamReader} instead.
*/
@Deprecated
public InputStream getLocalizedInputStream(InputStream stream) {
String encoding = System.getProperty("file.encoding", "UTF-8");
if (!encoding.equals("UTF-8")) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Cannot localize " + encoding);
}
return stream;
}
/**
* Returns the localized version of the specified output stream. The output
* stream that is returned automatically converts all characters from
* Unicode to the local character set before writing them to the underlying
* stream.
*
* @param stream
* the output stream to localize.
* @return the localized output stream.
* @deprecated Use {@link OutputStreamWriter} instead.
*/
@Deprecated
public OutputStream getLocalizedOutputStream(OutputStream stream) {
String encoding = System.getProperty("file.encoding", "UTF-8");
if (!encoding.equals("UTF-8")) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Cannot localize " + encoding);
}
return stream;
}
/**
* Registers a VM shutdown hook. A shutdown hook is a
* {@code Thread} that is ready to run, but has not yet been started. All
* registered shutdown hooks will be executed when the VM
* terminates normally (typically when the {@link #exit(int)} method is called).
*
* Note that on Android, the application lifecycle does not include VM termination,
* so calling this method will not ensure that your code is run. Instead, you should
* use the most appropriate lifecycle notification ({@code Activity.onPause}, say).
*
*
Shutdown hooks are run concurrently and in an unspecified order. Hooks
* failing due to an unhandled exception are not a problem, but the stack
* trace might be printed to the console. Once initiated, the whole shutdown
* process can only be terminated by calling {@code halt()}.
*
*
If {@link #runFinalizersOnExit(boolean)} has been called with a {@code
* true} argument, garbage collection and finalization will take place after
* all hooks are either finished or have failed. Then the VM
* terminates.
*
*
It is recommended that shutdown hooks do not do any time-consuming
* activities, in order to not hold up the shutdown process longer than
* necessary.
*
* @param hook
* the shutdown hook to register.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if the hook has already been started or if it has already
* been registered.
* @throws IllegalStateException
* if the VM is already shutting down.
*/
public void addShutdownHook(Thread hook) {
// Sanity checks
if (hook == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("hook == null");
}
if (shuttingDown) {
throw new IllegalStateException("VM already shutting down");
}
if (hook.hasBeenStarted) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Hook has already been started");
}
synchronized (shutdownHooks) {
if (shutdownHooks.contains(hook)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Hook already registered.");
}
shutdownHooks.add(hook);
}
}
/**
* Unregisters a previously registered VM shutdown hook.
*
* @param hook
* the shutdown hook to remove.
* @return {@code true} if the hook has been removed successfully; {@code
* false} otherwise.
* @throws IllegalStateException
* if the VM is already shutting down.
*/
public boolean removeShutdownHook(Thread hook) {
// Sanity checks
if (hook == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("hook == null");
}
if (shuttingDown) {
throw new IllegalStateException("VM already shutting down");
}
synchronized (shutdownHooks) {
return shutdownHooks.remove(hook);
}
}
/**
* Causes the VM to stop running, and the program to exit with the given return code.
* Use 0 to signal success to the calling process and 1 to signal failure.
* Neither shutdown hooks nor finalizers are run before exiting.
* This method is unlikely to be useful to an Android application.
*/
public void halt(int code) {
// Get out of here...
nativeExit(code);
}
/**
* Returns the number of processor cores available to the VM, at least 1.
* Traditionally this returned the number currently online,
* but many mobile devices are able to take unused cores offline to
* save power, so releases newer than Android 4.2 (Jelly Bean) return the maximum number of
* cores that could be made available if there were no power or heat
* constraints.
*/
public int availableProcessors() {
return (int) Libcore.os.sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF);
}
/**
* Returns the number of bytes currently available on the heap without expanding the heap. See
* {@link #totalMemory} for the heap's current size. When these bytes are exhausted, the heap
* may expand. See {@link #maxMemory} for that limit.
*/
public native long freeMemory();
/**
* Returns the number of bytes taken by the heap at its current size. The heap may expand or
* contract over time, as the number of live objects increases or decreases. See
* {@link #maxMemory} for the maximum heap size, and {@link #freeMemory} for an idea of how much
* the heap could currently contract.
*/
public native long totalMemory();
/**
* Returns the maximum number of bytes the heap can expand to. See {@link #totalMemory} for the
* current number of bytes taken by the heap, and {@link #freeMemory} for the current number of
* those bytes actually used by live objects.
*/
public native long maxMemory();
}