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Deprecated Actors Library for Scala
/* __ *\
** ________ ___ / / ___ Scala API **
** / __/ __// _ | / / / _ | (c) 2005-2011, LAMP/EPFL **
** __\ \/ /__/ __ |/ /__/ __ | http://scala-lang.org/ **
** /____/\___/_/ |_/____/_/ | | **
** |/ **
\* */
package scala.actors
import scala.util.control.ControlThrowable
import java.util.{Timer, TimerTask}
/**
* Provides functions for the definition of actors, as well as actor
* operations, such as `receive`, `react`, `reply`, etc.
*
* @author Philipp Haller
*/
object Actor extends Combinators {
/** State of an actor.
*
* - '''New''' -
* Not yet started
* - '''Runnable''' -
* Executing
* - '''Suspended''' -
* Suspended, waiting in a `react`
* - '''TimedSuspended''' -
* Suspended, waiting in a `reactWithin`
* - '''Blocked''' -
* Blocked waiting in a `receive`
* - '''TimedBlocked''' -
* Blocked waiting in a `receiveWithin`
* - '''Terminated''' -
* Actor has terminated
*/
object State extends Enumeration {
val New,
Runnable,
Suspended,
TimedSuspended,
Blocked,
TimedBlocked,
Terminated = Value
}
private[actors] val tl = new ThreadLocal[InternalReplyReactor]
// timer thread runs as daemon
private[actors] val timer = new Timer(true)
private[actors] val suspendException = new SuspendActorControl
/**
* Returns the currently executing actor. Should be used instead
* of `'''this'''` in all blocks of code executed by actors.
*
* @return returns the currently executing actor.
*/
def self: Actor = self(Scheduler).asInstanceOf[Actor]
private[actors] def self(sched: IScheduler): InternalActor =
rawSelf(sched).asInstanceOf[InternalActor]
private[actors] def rawSelf: InternalReplyReactor =
rawSelf(Scheduler)
private[actors] def rawSelf(sched: IScheduler): InternalReplyReactor = {
val s = tl.get
if (s eq null) {
val r = new ActorProxy(Thread.currentThread, sched)
tl.set(r)
r
} else
s
}
private def parentScheduler: IScheduler = {
val s = tl.get
if (s eq null) Scheduler else s.scheduler
}
/**
* Resets an actor proxy associated with the current thread.
* It replaces the implicit `ActorProxy` instance
* of the current thread (if any) with a new instance.
*
* This permits to re-use the current thread as an actor
* even if its `ActorProxy` has died for some reason.
*/
def resetProxy() {
val a = tl.get
if ((null ne a) && a.isInstanceOf[ActorProxy])
tl.set(new ActorProxy(Thread.currentThread, parentScheduler))
}
/**
* Removes any reference to an `Actor` instance
* currently stored in thread-local storage.
*
* This allows to release references from threads that are potentially
* long-running or being re-used (e.g. inside a thread pool). Permanent
* references in thread-local storage are a potential memory leak.
*/
def clearSelf() {
tl set null
}
/**
* Factory method for creating and starting an actor.
*
* @example {{{
* import scala.actors.Actor._
* ...
* val a = actor {
* ...
* }
* }}}
*
* @param body the code block to be executed by the newly created actor
* @return the newly created actor. Note that it is automatically started.
*/
def actor(body: => Unit): Actor = {
val a = new Actor {
def act() = body
override final val scheduler: IScheduler = parentScheduler
}
a.start()
a
}
/**
* Factory method for creating actors whose
* body is defined using a `Responder`.
*
* @example {{{
* import scala.actors.Actor._
* import Responder.exec
* ...
* val a = reactor {
* for {
* res <- b !! MyRequest;
* if exec(println("result: "+res))
* } yield {}
* }
* }}}
*
* @param body the `Responder` to be executed by the newly created actor
* @return the newly created actor. Note that it is automatically started.
*/
def reactor(body: => Responder[Unit]): Actor = {
val a = new Actor {
def act() {
Responder.run(body)
}
override final val scheduler: IScheduler = parentScheduler
}
a.start()
a
}
/**
* Receives the next message from the mailbox of the current actor `self`.
*/
def ? : Any = self.?
/**
* Receives a message from the mailbox of `self`. Blocks if no message
* matching any of the cases of `f` can be received.
*
* @example {{{
* receive {
* case "exit" => println("exiting")
* case 42 => println("got the answer")
* case x:Int => println("got an answer")
* }
* }}}
*
* @param f a partial function specifying patterns and actions
* @return the result of processing the received message
*/
def receive[A](f: PartialFunction[Any, A]): A =
self.receive(f)
/**
* Receives a message from the mailbox of `self`. Blocks at most `msec`
* milliseconds if no message matching any of the cases of `f` can be
* received. If no message could be received the `TIMEOUT` action is
* executed if specified.
*
* @param msec the time span before timeout
* @param f a partial function specifying patterns and actions
* @return the result of processing the received message
*/
def receiveWithin[R](msec: Long)(f: PartialFunction[Any, R]): R =
self.receiveWithin(msec)(f)
/**
* Lightweight variant of `receive`.
*
* Actions in `f` have to contain the rest of the computation of `self`,
* as this method will never return.
*
* A common method of continuting the computation is to send a message
* to another actor:
* {{{
* react {
* case Get(from) =>
* react {
* case Put(x) => from ! x
* }
* }
* }}}
*
* Another common method is to use `loop` to continuously `react` to messages:
* {{{
* loop {
* react {
* case Msg(data) => // process data
* }
* }
* }}}
*
* @param f a partial function specifying patterns and actions
* @return this function never returns
*/
def react(f: PartialFunction[Any, Unit]): Nothing =
rawSelf.react(f)
/**
* Lightweight variant of `receiveWithin`.
*
* Actions in `f` have to contain the rest of the computation of `self`,
* as this method will never return.
*
* @param msec the time span before timeout
* @param f a partial function specifying patterns and actions
* @return this function never returns
*/
def reactWithin(msec: Long)(f: PartialFunction[Any, Unit]): Nothing =
self.reactWithin(msec)(f)
def eventloop(f: PartialFunction[Any, Unit]): Nothing =
rawSelf.react(new RecursiveProxyHandler(rawSelf, f))
private class RecursiveProxyHandler(a: InternalReplyReactor, f: PartialFunction[Any, Unit])
extends PartialFunction[Any, Unit] {
def isDefinedAt(m: Any): Boolean =
true // events are immediately removed from the mailbox
def apply(m: Any) {
if (f.isDefinedAt(m)) f(m)
a.react(this)
}
}
/**
* Returns the actor which sent the last received message.
*/
def sender: OutputChannel[Any] =
rawSelf.internalSender
/**
* Sends `msg` to the actor waiting in a call to `!?`.
*/
def reply(msg: Any): Unit =
rawSelf.reply(msg)
/**
* Sends `()` to the actor waiting in a call to `!?`.
*/
def reply(): Unit =
rawSelf.reply(())
/**
* Returns the number of messages in `self`'s mailbox
*
* @return the number of messages in `self`'s mailbox
*/
def mailboxSize: Int = rawSelf.mailboxSize
/**
* Converts a synchronous event-based operation into
* an asynchronous `Responder`.
*
* @example {{{
* val adder = reactor {
* for {
* _ <- respondOn(react) { case Add(a, b) => reply(a+b) }
* } yield {}
* }
* }}}
*/
def respondOn[A, B](fun: PartialFunction[A, Unit] => Nothing):
PartialFunction[A, B] => Responder[B] =
(caseBlock: PartialFunction[A, B]) => new Responder[B] {
def respond(k: B => Unit) = fun(caseBlock andThen k)
}
private[actors] trait Body[a] {
def andThen[b](other: => b): Unit
}
implicit def mkBody[a](body: => a) = new InternalActor.Body[a] {
def andThen[b](other: => b): Unit = rawSelf.seq(body, other)
}
/**
* Links `self` to actor `to`.
*
* @param to the actor to link to
* @return the parameter actor
*/
def link(to: AbstractActor): AbstractActor = self.link(to)
/**
* Links `self` to the actor defined by `body`.
*
* @param body the body of the actor to link to
* @return the parameter actor
*/
def link(body: => Unit): Actor = self.link(body)
/**
* Unlinks `self` from actor `from`.
*
* @param from the actor to unlink from
*/
def unlink(from: AbstractActor): Unit = self.unlink(from)
/**
* Terminates execution of `self` with the following effect on
* linked actors:
*
* For each linked actor `a` with `trapExit` set to `'''true'''`,
* send message `Exit(self, reason)` to `a`.
*
* For each linked actor `a` with `trapExit` set to `'''false'''`
* (default), call `a.exit(reason)` if `reason != 'normal`.
*/
def exit(reason: AnyRef): Nothing = self.exit(reason)
/**
* Terminates execution of `self` with the following effect on
* linked actors:
*
* For each linked actor `a` with `trapExit` set to `'''true'''`,
* send message `Exit(self, 'normal)` to `a`.
*/
def exit(): Nothing = rawSelf.exit()
}
/** Provides lightweight, concurrent actors. Actors are created by extending
* the `Actor` trait (alternatively, one of the factory methods in its
* companion object can be used). The behavior of an `Actor` subclass is
* defined by implementing its `act` method:
* {{{
* class MyActor extends Actor {
* def act() {
* // actor behavior goes here
* }
* }
* }}}
* A new `Actor` instance is started by invoking its `start` method.
*
* '''Note:''' care must be taken when invoking thread-blocking methods other
* than those provided by the `Actor` trait or its companion object (such as
* `receive`). Blocking the underlying thread inside an actor may lead to
* starvation of other actors. This also applies to actors hogging their
* thread for a long time between invoking `receive`/`react`.
*
* If actors use blocking operations (for example, methods for blocking I/O),
* there are several options:
*
* - The run-time system can be configured to use a larger thread pool size
* (for example, by setting the `actors.corePoolSize` JVM property).
* - The `scheduler` method of the `Actor` trait can be overridden to return a
* `ResizableThreadPoolScheduler`, which resizes its thread pool to
* avoid starvation caused by actors that invoke arbitrary blocking methods.
* - The `actors.enableForkJoin` JVM property can be set to `false`, in which
* case a `ResizableThreadPoolScheduler` is used by default to execute actors.
*
* The main ideas of the implementation are explained in the two papers
*
* - [[http://lampwww.epfl.ch/~odersky/papers/jmlc06.pdf Event-Based
* Programming without Inversion of Control]],
* Philipp Haller and Martin Odersky, ''Proc. JMLC 2006'', and
* - [[http://lamp.epfl.ch/~phaller/doc/haller07coord.pdf Actors that
* Unify Threads and Events]],
* Philipp Haller and Martin Odersky, ''Proc. COORDINATION 2007''.
*
* @author Philipp Haller
*
* @define actor actor
* @define channel actor's mailbox
*/
@SerialVersionUID(-781154067877019505L)
trait Actor extends InternalActor with ReplyReactor {
override def start(): Actor = synchronized {
super.start()
this
}
}
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