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Standard library for the Scala Programming Language
/* __ *\
** ________ ___ / / ___ Scala API **
** / __/ __// _ | / / / _ | (c) 2008-2013, LAMP/EPFL **
** __\ \/ /__/ __ |/ /__/ __ | http://scala-lang.org/ **
** /____/\___/_/ |_/____/_/ | | **
** |/ **
\* */
package scala.util
import scala.collection.Seq
import scala.util.control.NonFatal
import scala.language.implicitConversions
/**
* The `Try` type represents a computation that may either result in an exception, or return a
* successfully computed value. It's similar to, but semantically different from the [[scala.util.Either]] type.
*
* Instances of `Try[T]`, are either an instance of [[scala.util.Success]][T] or [[scala.util.Failure]][T].
*
* For example, `Try` can be used to perform division on a user-defined input, without the need to do explicit
* exception-handling in all of the places that an exception might occur.
*
* Example:
* {{{
* import scala.util.{Try, Success, Failure}
*
* def divide: Try[Int] = {
* val dividend = Try(Console.readLine("Enter an Int that you'd like to divide:\n").toInt)
* val divisor = Try(Console.readLine("Enter an Int that you'd like to divide by:\n").toInt)
* val problem = dividend.flatMap(x => divisor.map(y => x/y))
* problem match {
* case Success(v) =>
* println("Result of " + dividend.get + "/"+ divisor.get +" is: " + v)
* Success(v)
* case Failure(e) =>
* println("You must've divided by zero or entered something that's not an Int. Try again!")
* println("Info from the exception: " + e.getMessage)
* divide
* }
* }
*
* }}}
*
* An important property of `Try` shown in the above example is its ability to ''pipeline'', or chain, operations,
* catching exceptions along the way. The `flatMap` and `map` combinators in the above example each essentially
* pass off either their successfully completed value, wrapped in the `Success` type for it to be further operated
* upon by the next combinator in the chain, or the exception wrapped in the `Failure` type usually to be simply
* passed on down the chain. Combinators such as `rescue` and `recover` are designed to provide some type of
* default behavior in the case of failure.
*
* ''Note'': only non-fatal exceptions are caught by the combinators on `Try` (see [[scala.util.control.NonFatal]]).
* Serious system errors, on the other hand, will be thrown.
*
* ''Note:'': all Try combinators will catch exceptions and return failure unless otherwise specified in the documentation.
*
* `Try` comes to the Scala standard library after years of use as an integral part of Twitter's stack.
*
* @author based on Twitter's original implementation in com.twitter.util.
* @since 2.10
*/
sealed abstract class Try[+T] {
/** Returns `true` if the `Try` is a `Failure`, `false` otherwise.
*/
def isFailure: Boolean
/** Returns `true` if the `Try` is a `Success`, `false` otherwise.
*/
def isSuccess: Boolean
/** Returns the value from this `Success` or the given `default` argument if this is a `Failure`.
*
* ''Note:'': This will throw an exception if it is not a success and default throws an exception.
*/
def getOrElse[U >: T](default: => U): U =
if (isSuccess) get else default
/** Returns this `Try` if it's a `Success` or the given `default` argument if this is a `Failure`.
*/
def orElse[U >: T](default: => Try[U]): Try[U] =
try if (isSuccess) this else default
catch {
case NonFatal(e) => Failure(e)
}
/** Returns the value from this `Success` or throws the exception if this is a `Failure`.
*/
def get: T
/**
* Applies the given function `f` if this is a `Success`, otherwise returns `Unit` if this is a `Failure`.
*
* ''Note:'' If `f` throws, then this method may throw an exception.
*/
def foreach[U](f: T => U): Unit
/**
* Returns the given function applied to the value from this `Success` or returns this if this is a `Failure`.
*/
def flatMap[U](f: T => Try[U]): Try[U]
/**
* Maps the given function to the value from this `Success` or returns this if this is a `Failure`.
*/
def map[U](f: T => U): Try[U]
/**
* Converts this to a `Failure` if the predicate is not satisfied.
*/
def filter(p: T => Boolean): Try[T]
/**
* Applies the given function `f` if this is a `Failure`, otherwise returns this if this is a `Success`.
* This is like `flatMap` for the exception.
*/
def recoverWith[U >: T](f: PartialFunction[Throwable, Try[U]]): Try[U]
/**
* Applies the given function `f` if this is a `Failure`, otherwise returns this if this is a `Success`.
* This is like map for the exception.
*/
def recover[U >: T](f: PartialFunction[Throwable, U]): Try[U]
/**
* Returns `None` if this is a `Failure` or a `Some` containing the value if this is a `Success`.
*/
def toOption: Option[T] = if (isSuccess) Some(get) else None
/**
* Transforms a nested `Try`, ie, a `Try` of type `Try[Try[T]]`,
* into an un-nested `Try`, ie, a `Try` of type `Try[T]`.
*/
def flatten[U](implicit ev: T <:< Try[U]): Try[U]
/**
* Completes this `Try` with an exception wrapped in a `Success`. The exception is either the exception that the
* `Try` failed with (if a `Failure`) or an `UnsupportedOperationException`.
*/
def failed: Try[Throwable]
/** Completes this `Try` by applying the function `f` to this if this is of type `Failure`, or conversely, by applying
* `s` if this is a `Success`.
*/
def transform[U](s: T => Try[U], f: Throwable => Try[U]): Try[U] =
try this match {
case Success(v) => s(v)
case Failure(e) => f(e)
} catch {
case NonFatal(e) => Failure(e)
}
}
object Try {
/** Constructs a `Try` using the by-name parameter. This
* method will ensure any non-fatal exception is caught and a
* `Failure` object is returned.
*/
def apply[T](r: => T): Try[T] =
try Success(r) catch {
case NonFatal(e) => Failure(e)
}
}
final case class Failure[+T](val exception: Throwable) extends Try[T] {
def isFailure: Boolean = true
def isSuccess: Boolean = false
def recoverWith[U >: T](f: PartialFunction[Throwable, Try[U]]): Try[U] =
try {
if (f isDefinedAt exception) f(exception) else this
} catch {
case NonFatal(e) => Failure(e)
}
def get: T = throw exception
def flatMap[U](f: T => Try[U]): Try[U] = this.asInstanceOf[Try[U]]
def flatten[U](implicit ev: T <:< Try[U]): Try[U] = this.asInstanceOf[Try[U]]
def foreach[U](f: T => U): Unit = ()
def map[U](f: T => U): Try[U] = this.asInstanceOf[Try[U]]
def filter(p: T => Boolean): Try[T] = this
def recover[U >: T](rescueException: PartialFunction[Throwable, U]): Try[U] =
try {
if (rescueException isDefinedAt exception) {
Try(rescueException(exception))
} else this
} catch {
case NonFatal(e) => Failure(e)
}
def failed: Try[Throwable] = Success(exception)
}
final case class Success[+T](value: T) extends Try[T] {
def isFailure: Boolean = false
def isSuccess: Boolean = true
def recoverWith[U >: T](f: PartialFunction[Throwable, Try[U]]): Try[U] = this
def get = value
def flatMap[U](f: T => Try[U]): Try[U] =
try f(value)
catch {
case NonFatal(e) => Failure(e)
}
def flatten[U](implicit ev: T <:< Try[U]): Try[U] = value
def foreach[U](f: T => U): Unit = f(value)
def map[U](f: T => U): Try[U] = Try[U](f(value))
def filter(p: T => Boolean): Try[T] = {
try {
if (p(value)) this
else Failure(new NoSuchElementException("Predicate does not hold for " + value))
} catch {
case NonFatal(e) => Failure(e)
}
}
def recover[U >: T](rescueException: PartialFunction[Throwable, U]): Try[U] = this
def failed: Try[Throwable] = Failure(new UnsupportedOperationException("Success.failed"))
}