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Standard library for the Scala Programming Language
/* __ *\
** ________ ___ / / ___ Scala API **
** / __/ __// _ | / / / _ | (c) 2005-2013, LAMP/EPFL **
** __\ \/ /__/ __ |/ /__/ __ | http://scala-lang.org/ **
** /____/\___/_/ |_/____/_/ | | **
** |/ **
\* */
package scala
package collection
package immutable
import scala.annotation.tailrec
import scala.annotation.meta.getter
/** An object containing the RedBlack tree implementation used by for `TreeMaps` and `TreeSets`.
*
* Implementation note: since efficiency is important for data structures this implementation
* uses null to represent empty trees. This also means pattern matching cannot
* easily be used. The API represented by the RedBlackTree object tries to hide these
* optimizations behind a reasonably clean API.
*
* @since 2.10
*/
private[immutable]
object RedBlackTree {
def isEmpty(tree: Tree[_, _]): Boolean = tree eq null
def contains[A](tree: Tree[A, _], x: A)(implicit ordering: Ordering[A]): Boolean = lookup(tree, x) ne null
def get[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], x: A)(implicit ordering: Ordering[A]): Option[B] = lookup(tree, x) match {
case null => None
case tree => Some(tree.value)
}
@tailrec
def lookup[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], x: A)(implicit ordering: Ordering[A]): Tree[A, B] = if (tree eq null) null else {
val cmp = ordering.compare(x, tree.key)
if (cmp < 0) lookup(tree.left, x)
else if (cmp > 0) lookup(tree.right, x)
else tree
}
def count(tree: Tree[_, _]) = if (tree eq null) 0 else tree.count
def update[A, B, B1 >: B](tree: Tree[A, B], k: A, v: B1, overwrite: Boolean)(implicit ordering: Ordering[A]): Tree[A, B1] = blacken(upd(tree, k, v, overwrite))
def delete[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], k: A)(implicit ordering: Ordering[A]): Tree[A, B] = blacken(del(tree, k))
def rangeImpl[A: Ordering, B](tree: Tree[A, B], from: Option[A], until: Option[A]): Tree[A, B] = (from, until) match {
case (Some(from), Some(until)) => this.range(tree, from, until)
case (Some(from), None) => this.from(tree, from)
case (None, Some(until)) => this.until(tree, until)
case (None, None) => tree
}
def range[A: Ordering, B](tree: Tree[A, B], from: A, until: A): Tree[A, B] = blacken(doRange(tree, from, until))
def from[A: Ordering, B](tree: Tree[A, B], from: A): Tree[A, B] = blacken(doFrom(tree, from))
def to[A: Ordering, B](tree: Tree[A, B], to: A): Tree[A, B] = blacken(doTo(tree, to))
def until[A: Ordering, B](tree: Tree[A, B], key: A): Tree[A, B] = blacken(doUntil(tree, key))
def drop[A: Ordering, B](tree: Tree[A, B], n: Int): Tree[A, B] = blacken(doDrop(tree, n))
def take[A: Ordering, B](tree: Tree[A, B], n: Int): Tree[A, B] = blacken(doTake(tree, n))
def slice[A: Ordering, B](tree: Tree[A, B], from: Int, until: Int): Tree[A, B] = blacken(doSlice(tree, from, until))
def smallest[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B]): Tree[A, B] = {
if (tree eq null) throw new NoSuchElementException("empty map")
var result = tree
while (result.left ne null) result = result.left
result
}
def greatest[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B]): Tree[A, B] = {
if (tree eq null) throw new NoSuchElementException("empty map")
var result = tree
while (result.right ne null) result = result.right
result
}
def foreach[A, B, U](tree: Tree[A, B], f: ((A, B)) => U): Unit = if (tree ne null) {
if (tree.left ne null) foreach(tree.left, f)
f((tree.key, tree.value))
if (tree.right ne null) foreach(tree.right, f)
}
def foreachKey[A, U](tree: Tree[A, _], f: A => U): Unit = if (tree ne null) {
if (tree.left ne null) foreachKey(tree.left, f)
f(tree.key)
if (tree.right ne null) foreachKey(tree.right, f)
}
def iterator[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B]): Iterator[(A, B)] = new EntriesIterator(tree)
def keysIterator[A, _](tree: Tree[A, _]): Iterator[A] = new KeysIterator(tree)
def valuesIterator[_, B](tree: Tree[_, B]): Iterator[B] = new ValuesIterator(tree)
@tailrec
def nth[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], n: Int): Tree[A, B] = {
val count = this.count(tree.left)
if (n < count) nth(tree.left, n)
else if (n > count) nth(tree.right, n - count - 1)
else tree
}
def isBlack(tree: Tree[_, _]) = (tree eq null) || isBlackTree(tree)
private[this] def isRedTree(tree: Tree[_, _]) = tree.isInstanceOf[RedTree[_, _]]
private[this] def isBlackTree(tree: Tree[_, _]) = tree.isInstanceOf[BlackTree[_, _]]
private[this] def blacken[A, B](t: Tree[A, B]): Tree[A, B] = if (t eq null) null else t.black
private[this] def mkTree[A, B](isBlack: Boolean, k: A, v: B, l: Tree[A, B], r: Tree[A, B]) =
if (isBlack) BlackTree(k, v, l, r) else RedTree(k, v, l, r)
private[this] def balanceLeft[A, B, B1 >: B](isBlack: Boolean, z: A, zv: B, l: Tree[A, B1], d: Tree[A, B1]): Tree[A, B1] = {
if (isRedTree(l) && isRedTree(l.left))
RedTree(l.key, l.value, BlackTree(l.left.key, l.left.value, l.left.left, l.left.right), BlackTree(z, zv, l.right, d))
else if (isRedTree(l) && isRedTree(l.right))
RedTree(l.right.key, l.right.value, BlackTree(l.key, l.value, l.left, l.right.left), BlackTree(z, zv, l.right.right, d))
else
mkTree(isBlack, z, zv, l, d)
}
private[this] def balanceRight[A, B, B1 >: B](isBlack: Boolean, x: A, xv: B, a: Tree[A, B1], r: Tree[A, B1]): Tree[A, B1] = {
if (isRedTree(r) && isRedTree(r.left))
RedTree(r.left.key, r.left.value, BlackTree(x, xv, a, r.left.left), BlackTree(r.key, r.value, r.left.right, r.right))
else if (isRedTree(r) && isRedTree(r.right))
RedTree(r.key, r.value, BlackTree(x, xv, a, r.left), BlackTree(r.right.key, r.right.value, r.right.left, r.right.right))
else
mkTree(isBlack, x, xv, a, r)
}
private[this] def upd[A, B, B1 >: B](tree: Tree[A, B], k: A, v: B1, overwrite: Boolean)(implicit ordering: Ordering[A]): Tree[A, B1] = if (tree eq null) {
RedTree(k, v, null, null)
} else {
val cmp = ordering.compare(k, tree.key)
if (cmp < 0) balanceLeft(isBlackTree(tree), tree.key, tree.value, upd(tree.left, k, v, overwrite), tree.right)
else if (cmp > 0) balanceRight(isBlackTree(tree), tree.key, tree.value, tree.left, upd(tree.right, k, v, overwrite))
else if (overwrite || k != tree.key) mkTree(isBlackTree(tree), k, v, tree.left, tree.right)
else tree
}
private[this] def updNth[A, B, B1 >: B](tree: Tree[A, B], idx: Int, k: A, v: B1, overwrite: Boolean): Tree[A, B1] = if (tree eq null) {
RedTree(k, v, null, null)
} else {
val rank = count(tree.left) + 1
if (idx < rank) balanceLeft(isBlackTree(tree), tree.key, tree.value, updNth(tree.left, idx, k, v, overwrite), tree.right)
else if (idx > rank) balanceRight(isBlackTree(tree), tree.key, tree.value, tree.left, updNth(tree.right, idx - rank, k, v, overwrite))
else if (overwrite) mkTree(isBlackTree(tree), k, v, tree.left, tree.right)
else tree
}
/* Based on Stefan Kahrs' Haskell version of Okasaki's Red&Black Trees
* http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~dons/data/RedBlackTree.html */
private[this] def del[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], k: A)(implicit ordering: Ordering[A]): Tree[A, B] = if (tree eq null) null else {
def balance(x: A, xv: B, tl: Tree[A, B], tr: Tree[A, B]) = if (isRedTree(tl)) {
if (isRedTree(tr)) {
RedTree(x, xv, tl.black, tr.black)
} else if (isRedTree(tl.left)) {
RedTree(tl.key, tl.value, tl.left.black, BlackTree(x, xv, tl.right, tr))
} else if (isRedTree(tl.right)) {
RedTree(tl.right.key, tl.right.value, BlackTree(tl.key, tl.value, tl.left, tl.right.left), BlackTree(x, xv, tl.right.right, tr))
} else {
BlackTree(x, xv, tl, tr)
}
} else if (isRedTree(tr)) {
if (isRedTree(tr.right)) {
RedTree(tr.key, tr.value, BlackTree(x, xv, tl, tr.left), tr.right.black)
} else if (isRedTree(tr.left)) {
RedTree(tr.left.key, tr.left.value, BlackTree(x, xv, tl, tr.left.left), BlackTree(tr.key, tr.value, tr.left.right, tr.right))
} else {
BlackTree(x, xv, tl, tr)
}
} else {
BlackTree(x, xv, tl, tr)
}
def subl(t: Tree[A, B]) =
if (t.isInstanceOf[BlackTree[_, _]]) t.red
else sys.error("Defect: invariance violation; expected black, got "+t)
def balLeft(x: A, xv: B, tl: Tree[A, B], tr: Tree[A, B]) = if (isRedTree(tl)) {
RedTree(x, xv, tl.black, tr)
} else if (isBlackTree(tr)) {
balance(x, xv, tl, tr.red)
} else if (isRedTree(tr) && isBlackTree(tr.left)) {
RedTree(tr.left.key, tr.left.value, BlackTree(x, xv, tl, tr.left.left), balance(tr.key, tr.value, tr.left.right, subl(tr.right)))
} else {
sys.error("Defect: invariance violation")
}
def balRight(x: A, xv: B, tl: Tree[A, B], tr: Tree[A, B]) = if (isRedTree(tr)) {
RedTree(x, xv, tl, tr.black)
} else if (isBlackTree(tl)) {
balance(x, xv, tl.red, tr)
} else if (isRedTree(tl) && isBlackTree(tl.right)) {
RedTree(tl.right.key, tl.right.value, balance(tl.key, tl.value, subl(tl.left), tl.right.left), BlackTree(x, xv, tl.right.right, tr))
} else {
sys.error("Defect: invariance violation")
}
def delLeft = if (isBlackTree(tree.left)) balLeft(tree.key, tree.value, del(tree.left, k), tree.right) else RedTree(tree.key, tree.value, del(tree.left, k), tree.right)
def delRight = if (isBlackTree(tree.right)) balRight(tree.key, tree.value, tree.left, del(tree.right, k)) else RedTree(tree.key, tree.value, tree.left, del(tree.right, k))
def append(tl: Tree[A, B], tr: Tree[A, B]): Tree[A, B] = if (tl eq null) {
tr
} else if (tr eq null) {
tl
} else if (isRedTree(tl) && isRedTree(tr)) {
val bc = append(tl.right, tr.left)
if (isRedTree(bc)) {
RedTree(bc.key, bc.value, RedTree(tl.key, tl.value, tl.left, bc.left), RedTree(tr.key, tr.value, bc.right, tr.right))
} else {
RedTree(tl.key, tl.value, tl.left, RedTree(tr.key, tr.value, bc, tr.right))
}
} else if (isBlackTree(tl) && isBlackTree(tr)) {
val bc = append(tl.right, tr.left)
if (isRedTree(bc)) {
RedTree(bc.key, bc.value, BlackTree(tl.key, tl.value, tl.left, bc.left), BlackTree(tr.key, tr.value, bc.right, tr.right))
} else {
balLeft(tl.key, tl.value, tl.left, BlackTree(tr.key, tr.value, bc, tr.right))
}
} else if (isRedTree(tr)) {
RedTree(tr.key, tr.value, append(tl, tr.left), tr.right)
} else if (isRedTree(tl)) {
RedTree(tl.key, tl.value, tl.left, append(tl.right, tr))
} else {
sys.error("unmatched tree on append: " + tl + ", " + tr)
}
val cmp = ordering.compare(k, tree.key)
if (cmp < 0) delLeft
else if (cmp > 0) delRight
else append(tree.left, tree.right)
}
private[this] def doFrom[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], from: A)(implicit ordering: Ordering[A]): Tree[A, B] = {
if (tree eq null) return null
if (ordering.lt(tree.key, from)) return doFrom(tree.right, from)
val newLeft = doFrom(tree.left, from)
if (newLeft eq tree.left) tree
else if (newLeft eq null) upd(tree.right, tree.key, tree.value, false)
else rebalance(tree, newLeft, tree.right)
}
private[this] def doTo[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], to: A)(implicit ordering: Ordering[A]): Tree[A, B] = {
if (tree eq null) return null
if (ordering.lt(to, tree.key)) return doTo(tree.left, to)
val newRight = doTo(tree.right, to)
if (newRight eq tree.right) tree
else if (newRight eq null) upd(tree.left, tree.key, tree.value, false)
else rebalance(tree, tree.left, newRight)
}
private[this] def doUntil[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], until: A)(implicit ordering: Ordering[A]): Tree[A, B] = {
if (tree eq null) return null
if (ordering.lteq(until, tree.key)) return doUntil(tree.left, until)
val newRight = doUntil(tree.right, until)
if (newRight eq tree.right) tree
else if (newRight eq null) upd(tree.left, tree.key, tree.value, false)
else rebalance(tree, tree.left, newRight)
}
private[this] def doRange[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], from: A, until: A)(implicit ordering: Ordering[A]): Tree[A, B] = {
if (tree eq null) return null
if (ordering.lt(tree.key, from)) return doRange(tree.right, from, until);
if (ordering.lteq(until, tree.key)) return doRange(tree.left, from, until);
val newLeft = doFrom(tree.left, from)
val newRight = doUntil(tree.right, until)
if ((newLeft eq tree.left) && (newRight eq tree.right)) tree
else if (newLeft eq null) upd(newRight, tree.key, tree.value, false);
else if (newRight eq null) upd(newLeft, tree.key, tree.value, false);
else rebalance(tree, newLeft, newRight)
}
private[this] def doDrop[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], n: Int): Tree[A, B] = {
if (n <= 0) return tree
if (n >= this.count(tree)) return null
val count = this.count(tree.left)
if (n > count) return doDrop(tree.right, n - count - 1)
val newLeft = doDrop(tree.left, n)
if (newLeft eq tree.left) tree
else if (newLeft eq null) updNth(tree.right, n - count - 1, tree.key, tree.value, false)
else rebalance(tree, newLeft, tree.right)
}
private[this] def doTake[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], n: Int): Tree[A, B] = {
if (n <= 0) return null
if (n >= this.count(tree)) return tree
val count = this.count(tree.left)
if (n <= count) return doTake(tree.left, n)
val newRight = doTake(tree.right, n - count - 1)
if (newRight eq tree.right) tree
else if (newRight eq null) updNth(tree.left, n, tree.key, tree.value, false)
else rebalance(tree, tree.left, newRight)
}
private[this] def doSlice[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], from: Int, until: Int): Tree[A, B] = {
if (tree eq null) return null
val count = this.count(tree.left)
if (from > count) return doSlice(tree.right, from - count - 1, until - count - 1)
if (until <= count) return doSlice(tree.left, from, until)
val newLeft = doDrop(tree.left, from)
val newRight = doTake(tree.right, until - count - 1)
if ((newLeft eq tree.left) && (newRight eq tree.right)) tree
else if (newLeft eq null) updNth(newRight, from - count - 1, tree.key, tree.value, false)
else if (newRight eq null) updNth(newLeft, until, tree.key, tree.value, false)
else rebalance(tree, newLeft, newRight)
}
// The zipper returned might have been traversed left-most (always the left child)
// or right-most (always the right child). Left trees are traversed right-most,
// and right trees are traversed leftmost.
// Returns the zipper for the side with deepest black nodes depth, a flag
// indicating whether the trees were unbalanced at all, and a flag indicating
// whether the zipper was traversed left-most or right-most.
// If the trees were balanced, returns an empty zipper
private[this] def compareDepth[A, B](left: Tree[A, B], right: Tree[A, B]): (List[Tree[A, B]], Boolean, Boolean, Int) = {
// Once a side is found to be deeper, unzip it to the bottom
def unzip(zipper: List[Tree[A, B]], leftMost: Boolean): List[Tree[A, B]] = {
val next = if (leftMost) zipper.head.left else zipper.head.right
next match {
case null => zipper
case node => unzip(node :: zipper, leftMost)
}
}
// Unzip left tree on the rightmost side and right tree on the leftmost side until one is
// found to be deeper, or the bottom is reached
def unzipBoth(left: Tree[A, B],
right: Tree[A, B],
leftZipper: List[Tree[A, B]],
rightZipper: List[Tree[A, B]],
smallerDepth: Int): (List[Tree[A, B]], Boolean, Boolean, Int) = {
if (isBlackTree(left) && isBlackTree(right)) {
unzipBoth(left.right, right.left, left :: leftZipper, right :: rightZipper, smallerDepth + 1)
} else if (isRedTree(left) && isRedTree(right)) {
unzipBoth(left.right, right.left, left :: leftZipper, right :: rightZipper, smallerDepth)
} else if (isRedTree(right)) {
unzipBoth(left, right.left, leftZipper, right :: rightZipper, smallerDepth)
} else if (isRedTree(left)) {
unzipBoth(left.right, right, left :: leftZipper, rightZipper, smallerDepth)
} else if ((left eq null) && (right eq null)) {
(Nil, true, false, smallerDepth)
} else if ((left eq null) && isBlackTree(right)) {
val leftMost = true
(unzip(right :: rightZipper, leftMost), false, leftMost, smallerDepth)
} else if (isBlackTree(left) && (right eq null)) {
val leftMost = false
(unzip(left :: leftZipper, leftMost), false, leftMost, smallerDepth)
} else {
sys.error("unmatched trees in unzip: " + left + ", " + right)
}
}
unzipBoth(left, right, Nil, Nil, 0)
}
private[this] def rebalance[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B], newLeft: Tree[A, B], newRight: Tree[A, B]) = {
// This is like drop(n-1), but only counting black nodes
def findDepth(zipper: List[Tree[A, B]], depth: Int): List[Tree[A, B]] = zipper match {
case head :: tail if isBlackTree(head) =>
if (depth == 1) zipper else findDepth(tail, depth - 1)
case _ :: tail => findDepth(tail, depth)
case Nil => sys.error("Defect: unexpected empty zipper while computing range")
}
// Blackening the smaller tree avoids balancing problems on union;
// this can't be done later, though, or it would change the result of compareDepth
val blkNewLeft = blacken(newLeft)
val blkNewRight = blacken(newRight)
val (zipper, levelled, leftMost, smallerDepth) = compareDepth(blkNewLeft, blkNewRight)
if (levelled) {
BlackTree(tree.key, tree.value, blkNewLeft, blkNewRight)
} else {
val zipFrom = findDepth(zipper, smallerDepth)
val union = if (leftMost) {
RedTree(tree.key, tree.value, blkNewLeft, zipFrom.head)
} else {
RedTree(tree.key, tree.value, zipFrom.head, blkNewRight)
}
val zippedTree = zipFrom.tail.foldLeft(union: Tree[A, B]) { (tree, node) =>
if (leftMost)
balanceLeft(isBlackTree(node), node.key, node.value, tree, node.right)
else
balanceRight(isBlackTree(node), node.key, node.value, node.left, tree)
}
zippedTree
}
}
/*
* Forcing direct fields access using the @inline annotation helps speed up
* various operations (especially smallest/greatest and update/delete).
*
* Unfortunately the direct field access is not guaranteed to work (but
* works on the current implementation of the Scala compiler).
*
* An alternative is to implement the these classes using plain old Java code...
*/
sealed abstract class Tree[A, +B](
@(inline @getter) final val key: A,
@(inline @getter) final val value: B,
@(inline @getter) final val left: Tree[A, B],
@(inline @getter) final val right: Tree[A, B])
extends Serializable {
@(inline @getter) final val count: Int = 1 + RedBlackTree.count(left) + RedBlackTree.count(right)
def black: Tree[A, B]
def red: Tree[A, B]
}
final class RedTree[A, +B](key: A,
value: B,
left: Tree[A, B],
right: Tree[A, B]) extends Tree[A, B](key, value, left, right) {
override def black: Tree[A, B] = BlackTree(key, value, left, right)
override def red: Tree[A, B] = this
override def toString: String = "RedTree(" + key + ", " + value + ", " + left + ", " + right + ")"
}
final class BlackTree[A, +B](key: A,
value: B,
left: Tree[A, B],
right: Tree[A, B]) extends Tree[A, B](key, value, left, right) {
override def black: Tree[A, B] = this
override def red: Tree[A, B] = RedTree(key, value, left, right)
override def toString: String = "BlackTree(" + key + ", " + value + ", " + left + ", " + right + ")"
}
object RedTree {
@inline def apply[A, B](key: A, value: B, left: Tree[A, B], right: Tree[A, B]) = new RedTree(key, value, left, right)
def unapply[A, B](t: RedTree[A, B]) = Some((t.key, t.value, t.left, t.right))
}
object BlackTree {
@inline def apply[A, B](key: A, value: B, left: Tree[A, B], right: Tree[A, B]) = new BlackTree(key, value, left, right)
def unapply[A, B](t: BlackTree[A, B]) = Some((t.key, t.value, t.left, t.right))
}
private[this] abstract class TreeIterator[A, B, R](tree: Tree[A, B]) extends Iterator[R] {
protected[this] def nextResult(tree: Tree[A, B]): R
override def hasNext: Boolean = next ne null
override def next: R = next match {
case null =>
throw new NoSuchElementException("next on empty iterator")
case tree =>
next = findNext(tree.right)
nextResult(tree)
}
@tailrec
private[this] def findNext(tree: Tree[A, B]): Tree[A, B] = {
if (tree eq null) popPath()
else if (tree.left eq null) tree
else {
pushPath(tree)
findNext(tree.left)
}
}
private[this] def pushPath(tree: Tree[A, B]) {
try {
path(index) = tree
index += 1
} catch {
case _: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException =>
/*
* Either the tree became unbalanced or we calculated the maximum height incorrectly.
* To avoid crashing the iterator we expand the path array. Obviously this should never
* happen...
*
* An exception handler is used instead of an if-condition to optimize the normal path.
* This makes a large difference in iteration speed!
*/
assert(index >= path.length)
path :+= null
pushPath(tree)
}
}
private[this] def popPath(): Tree[A, B] = if (index == 0) null else {
index -= 1
path(index)
}
private[this] var path = if (tree eq null) null else {
/*
* According to "Ralf Hinze. Constructing red-black trees" [http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/ralf.hinze/publications/#P5]
* the maximum height of a red-black tree is 2*log_2(n + 2) - 2.
*
* According to {@see Integer#numberOfLeadingZeros} ceil(log_2(n)) = (32 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(n - 1))
*
* We also don't store the deepest nodes in the path so the maximum path length is further reduced by one.
*/
val maximumHeight = 2 * (32 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(tree.count + 2 - 1)) - 2 - 1
new Array[Tree[A, B]](maximumHeight)
}
private[this] var index = 0
private[this] var next: Tree[A, B] = findNext(tree)
}
private[this] class EntriesIterator[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B]) extends TreeIterator[A, B, (A, B)](tree) {
override def nextResult(tree: Tree[A, B]) = (tree.key, tree.value)
}
private[this] class KeysIterator[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B]) extends TreeIterator[A, B, A](tree) {
override def nextResult(tree: Tree[A, B]) = tree.key
}
private[this] class ValuesIterator[A, B](tree: Tree[A, B]) extends TreeIterator[A, B, B](tree) {
override def nextResult(tree: Tree[A, B]) = tree.value
}
}