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package org.scijava.util;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ArrayList;

import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.transform.Result;
import javax.xml.transform.Source;
import javax.xml.transform.Transformer;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerException;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory;
import javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMSource;
import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPath;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPathConstants;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPathExpressionException;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPathFactory;

import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;

/**
 * Helper class for working with XML documents.
 * 
 * @author Curtis Rueden
 */
public class XML {

	/** Path to the XML document (e.g., a file or URL). */
	private final String path;

	/** The parsed XML DOM. */
	private final Document doc;

	/** XPath evaluation mechanism. */
	private final XPath xpath;

	private final boolean debug =
			"debug".equals(System.getProperty("scijava.log.level"));

	/** Parses XML from the given file. */
	public XML(final File file) throws ParserConfigurationException,
		SAXException, IOException
	{
		this(file.getAbsolutePath(), loadXML(file));
	}

	/** Parses XML from the given URL. */
	public XML(final URL url) throws ParserConfigurationException,
		SAXException, IOException
	{
		this(url.getPath(), loadXML(url));
	}

	/** Parses XML from the given input stream. */
	public XML(final InputStream in) throws ParserConfigurationException,
		SAXException, IOException
	{
		this(null, loadXML(in));
	}

	/** Parses XML from the given string. */
	public XML(final String s) throws ParserConfigurationException,
		SAXException, IOException
	{
		this(null, loadXML(s));
	}

	/** Creates an XML object for an existing document. */
	public XML(final Document doc) {
		this(null, doc);
	}

	/** Creates an XML object for an existing document. */
	public XML(final String path, final Document doc) {
		this.path = path;
		this.doc = doc;

		// Protect against class skew: some projects find it funny to ship outdated
		// xalan, causing problems due to incompatible xalan/xerces combinations.
		// 
		// We work around that by letting the XPathFactory try with the current
		// context class loader, and fall back onto its parent until it succeeds
		// (because the XPathFactory will ask the context class loader to find the
		// configured services, including the
		// com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.jaxp.DocumentBuilderFactoryImpl).
		if (debug) {
			System.err.println(Types.location(XPathFactory.class));
		}

		XPath xp = null;
		final Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
		final ClassLoader contextClassLoader = thread.getContextClassLoader();
		try {
			ClassLoader loader = contextClassLoader;
			while (true) {
				try {
					xp = XPathFactory.newInstance().newXPath();
					try {
						// make sure that the current xalan/xerces pair can evaluate
						// expressions (i.e. *not* throw NoSuchMethodErrors).
						xp.evaluate("//dummy", doc);
					} catch (Throwable t) {
						if (debug) {
							System.err.println("There was a problem with " + xp.getClass() +
								" in " + Types.location(xp.getClass()) + ":");
							t.printStackTrace();
						}
						throw new Error(t);
					}
					break;
				}
				catch (Error e) {
					if (debug) e.printStackTrace();
					loader = loader.getParent();
					if (loader == null) throw e;
					thread.setContextClassLoader(loader);
				}
			}
			xpath = xp;
		}
		finally {
			thread.setContextClassLoader(contextClassLoader);
		}
	}

	// -- XML methods --

	/** Gets the path to the XML document, or null if none. */
	public String getPath() {
		return path;
	}

	/** Gets the XML's DOM representation. */
	public Document getDocument() {
		return doc;
	}

	/** Obtains the CDATA identified by the given XPath expression. */
	public String cdata(final String expression) {
		final NodeList nodes = xpath(expression);
		if (nodes == null || nodes.getLength() == 0) return null;
		return cdata(nodes.item(0));
	}

	/** Obtains the elements identified by the given XPath expression. */
	public ArrayList elements(final String expression) {
		return elements(xpath(expression));
	}

	/** Obtains the nodes identified by the given XPath expression. */
	public NodeList xpath(final String expression) {
		final Object result;
		try {
			result = xpath.evaluate(expression, doc, XPathConstants.NODESET);
		}
		catch (final XPathExpressionException e) {
			return null;
		}
		return (NodeList) result;
	}

	// -- Object methods --

	@Override
	public String toString() {
		try {
			return dumpXML(doc);
		}
		catch (final TransformerException exc) {
			// NB: Return the exception stack trace as the string.
			// Although this is a bad idea, I find it somehow hilarious.
			final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
			exc.printStackTrace(new PrintStream(out));
			return out.toString();
		}
	}

	// -- Utility methods --

	/** Gets the CData beneath the given node. */
	public static String cdata(final Node item) {
		final NodeList children = item.getChildNodes();
		if (children == null || children.getLength() == 0) return null;
		for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
			final Node child = children.item(i);
			if (child.getNodeType() != Node.TEXT_NODE) continue;
			return child.getNodeValue();
		}
		return null;
	}

	/** Gets the CData beneath the given element's specified child. */
	public static String cdata(final Element el, final String child) {
		NodeList children = el.getElementsByTagName(child);
		if (children == null || children.getLength() == 0) return null;
		return cdata(children.item(0));
	}

	/** Gets the element nodes from the given node list. */
	public static ArrayList elements(final NodeList nodes) {
		final ArrayList elements = new ArrayList<>();
		if (nodes != null) {
			for (int i=0; i
		elements(final Element el, final String child)
	{
		return elements(el.getElementsByTagName(child));
	}

	// -- Helper methods --

	/** Loads an XML document from the given file. */
	private static Document loadXML(final File file)
		throws ParserConfigurationException, SAXException, IOException
	{
		return createBuilder().parse(file.getAbsolutePath());
	}

	/** Loads an XML document from the given URL. */
	private static Document loadXML(final URL url)
		throws ParserConfigurationException, SAXException, IOException
	{
		final InputStream in = url.openStream();
		final Document document = loadXML(in);
		in.close();
		return document;
	}

	/** Loads an XML document from the given input stream. */
	protected static Document loadXML(final InputStream in)
		throws ParserConfigurationException, SAXException, IOException
	{
		return createBuilder().parse(in);
	}

	/** Loads an XML document from the given input stream. */
	protected static Document loadXML(final String s)
		throws ParserConfigurationException, SAXException, IOException
	{
		return createBuilder().parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(s.getBytes()));
	}

	/** Creates an XML document builder. */
	private static DocumentBuilder createBuilder()
		throws ParserConfigurationException
	{
		return DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance().newDocumentBuilder();
	}

	/** Converts the given DOM to a string. */
	private static String dumpXML(final Document doc)
		throws TransformerException
	{
		final Source source = new DOMSource(doc);
		final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
		final Result result = new StreamResult(stringWriter);
		final TransformerFactory factory = TransformerFactory.newInstance();
		final Transformer transformer = factory.newTransformer();
		transformer.transform(source, result);
		return stringWriter.getBuffer().toString();
	}

}