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By default S3 buckets are private, it means that only the bucket owner can access it.
This access control can be relaxed with ACLs or policies.
To prevent permissive policies to be set on a S3 bucket the following booleans settings can be enabled:

   block_public_acls: to block or not public ACLs to be set to the S3 bucket. 
   ignore_public_acls: to consider or not existing public ACLs set to the S3 bucket. 
   block_public_policy: to block or not public policies to be set to the S3 bucket. 
   restrict_public_buckets: to restrict or not the access to the S3 endpoints of public policies to the principals within the bucket
  owner account. 

The other attribute BlockPublicAccess.BLOCK_ACLS only turns on block_public_acls and ignore_public_acls. The
public policies can still affect the S3 bucket.
However, all of those options can be enabled by setting the block_public_access property of the S3 bucket to
BlockPublicAccess.BLOCK_ALL.
Ask Yourself Whether

   The S3 bucket stores sensitive data. 
   The S3 bucket is not used to store static resources of websites (images, css …). 
   Many users have the permission to set ACL or policy to the S3 bucket. 
   These settings are not already enforced to true at the account level. 

There is a risk if you answered yes to any of those questions.
Recommended Secure Coding Practices
It’s recommended to configure:

   block_public_acls to True to block new attempts to set public ACLs. 
   ignore_public_acls to True to block existing public ACLs. 
   block_public_policy to True to block new attempts to set public policies. 
   restrict_public_buckets to True to restrict existing public policies. 

Sensitive Code Example
By default, when not set, the block_public_access is fully deactivated (nothing is blocked):
bucket = s3.Bucket(self,
    "bucket"        # Sensitive
)

This block_public_access allows public ACL to be set:
bucket = s3.Bucket(self,
    "bucket",
    block_public_access=s3.BlockPublicAccess(
        block_public_acls=False,       # Sensitive
        ignore_public_acls=True,
        block_public_policy=True,
        restrict_public_buckets=True
    )
)

The attribute BLOCK_ACLS only blocks and ignores public ACLs:
bucket = s3.Bucket(self,
    "bucket",
    block_public_access=s3.BlockPublicAccess.BLOCK_ACLS     # Sensitive
)

Compliant Solution
This block_public_access blocks public ACLs and policies, ignores existing public ACLs and restricts existing public policies:
bucket = s3.Bucket(self,
    "bucket",
    block_public_access=s3.BlockPublicAccess.BLOCK_ALL # Compliant
)

A similar configuration to the one above can obtained by setting all parameters of the block_public_access
bucket = s3.Bucket(self, "bucket",
    block_public_access=s3.BlockPublicAccess(       # Compliant
        block_public_acls=True,
        ignore_public_acls=True,
        block_public_policy=True,
        restrict_public_buckets=True
    )
)

See

   AWS Documentation - Blocking public
  access to your Amazon S3 storage 
   CWE - CWE-284 - Improper Access Control 
   STIG Viewer - Application Security and
  Development: V-222620 - Application web servers must be on a separate network segment from the application and database servers. 
   AWS CDK version 2 - Bucket