org.wikidata.wdtk.rdf.Vocabulary Maven / Gradle / Ivy
package org.wikidata.wdtk.rdf;
/*
* #%L
* Wikidata Toolkit RDF
* %%
* Copyright (C) 2014 Wikidata Toolkit Developers
* %%
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
* #L%
*/
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.*;
import org.wikidata.wdtk.datamodel.interfaces.*;
import org.wikidata.wdtk.wikibaseapi.GuidGenerator;
import org.wikidata.wdtk.wikibaseapi.RandomGuidGenerator;
/**
* This class contains static methods and constants that define the various OWL
* and RDF vocabularies that are used in the export.
*
* @author Markus Kroetzsch
*
*/
public class Vocabulary {
final static MessageDigest md;
static {
try {
md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Your Java does not support MD5 hashes. You should be concerned.");
}
}
private final static GuidGenerator GUID_GENERATOR = new RandomGuidGenerator();
// Prefixes
public static final String PREFIX_WIKIDATA_STATEMENT = "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/";
public static final String PREFIX_PROPERTY = "http://www.wikidata.org/prop/";
public static final String PREFIX_PROPERTY_STATEMENT = "http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/";
public static final String PREFIX_PROPERTY_STATEMENT_VALUE = "http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/";
public static final String PREFIX_PROPERTY_DIRECT = "http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/";
public static final String PREFIX_PROPERTY_QUALIFIER = "http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/";
public static final String PREFIX_PROPERTY_QUALIFIER_VALUE = "http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/";
public static final String PREFIX_PROPERTY_REFERENCE = "http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/";
public static final String PREFIX_PROPERTY_REFERENCE_VALUE = "http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/";
public static final String PREFIX_GEO = "http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#";
public static final String PREFIX_WIKIDATA_REFERENCE = "http://www.wikidata.org/reference/";
public static final String PREFIX_WIKIDATA_NO_VALUE = "http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/";
public static final String PREFIX_WIKIDATA_NO_QUALIFIER_VALUE = PREFIX_WIKIDATA_NO_VALUE;
public static final String PREFIX_WIKIDATA_VALUE = "http://www.wikidata.org/value/";
public static final String PREFIX_WBONTO = "http://wikiba.se/ontology#";
public static final String PREFIX_RDF = "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#";
public static final String PREFIX_RDFS = "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#";
public static final String PREFIX_OWL = "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#";
public static final String PREFIX_XSD = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#";
public static final String PREFIX_SCHEMA = "http://schema.org/";
public static final String PREFIX_SKOS = "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#";
public static final String PREFIX_PROV = "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#";
// Vocabulary elements that are part of ontology language standards
public static final String RDF_TYPE = PREFIX_RDF + "type";
public static final String RDF_LANG_STRING = PREFIX_RDF + "langString";
public static final String RDFS_LABEL = PREFIX_RDFS + "label";
public static final String RDFS_SEE_ALSO = PREFIX_RDFS + "seeAlso";
public static final String RDFS_LITERAL = PREFIX_RDFS + "Literal";
public static final String RDFS_SUBCLASS_OF = PREFIX_RDFS + "subClassOf";
public static final String RDFS_SUBPROPERTY_OF = PREFIX_RDFS
+ "subPropertyOf";
public static final String OWL_THING = PREFIX_OWL + "Thing";
public static final String OWL_CLASS = PREFIX_OWL + "Class";
public static final String OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY = PREFIX_OWL
+ "ObjectProperty";
public static final String OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY = PREFIX_OWL
+ "DatatypeProperty";
public static final String OWL_RESTRICTION = PREFIX_OWL + "Restriction";
public static final String OWL_SOME_VALUES_FROM = PREFIX_OWL
+ "someValuesFrom";
public static final String OWL_ON_PROPERTY = PREFIX_OWL + "onProperty";
public static final String OWL_COMPLEMENT_OF = PREFIX_OWL + "complementOf";
public static final String XSD_DOUBLE = PREFIX_XSD + "double";
public static final String XSD_DECIMAL = PREFIX_XSD + "decimal";
public static final String XSD_INT = PREFIX_XSD + "int";
public static final String XSD_DATE = PREFIX_XSD + "date";
public static final String XSD_G_YEAR = PREFIX_XSD + "gYear";
public static final String XSD_G_YEAR_MONTH = PREFIX_XSD + "gYearMonth";
public static final String XSD_DATETIME = PREFIX_XSD + "dateTime";
public static final String XSD_STRING = PREFIX_XSD + "string";
public static final String OGC_LOCATION = PREFIX_GEO + "wktLiteral";
/*
* IRIs of property datatypes
*/
public static final String DT_ITEM = PREFIX_WBONTO + "WikibaseItem";
public static final String DT_PROPERTY = PREFIX_WBONTO + "WikibaseProperty";
public static final String DT_LEXEME = PREFIX_WBONTO + "WikibaseLexeme";
public static final String DT_FORM = PREFIX_WBONTO + "WikibaseForm";
public static final String DT_SENSE = PREFIX_WBONTO + "WikibaseSense";
public static final String DT_MEDIA_INFO = PREFIX_WBONTO + "WikibaseMediaInfo";
public static final String DT_STRING = PREFIX_WBONTO + "String";
public static final String DT_URL = PREFIX_WBONTO + "Url";
public static final String DT_COMMONS_MEDIA = PREFIX_WBONTO + "CommonsMedia";
public static final String DT_TIME = PREFIX_WBONTO + "Time";
public static final String DT_GLOBE_COORDINATES = PREFIX_WBONTO + "GlobeCoordinate";
public static final String DT_QUANTITY = PREFIX_WBONTO + "Quantity";
public static final String DT_MONOLINGUAL_TEXT = PREFIX_WBONTO + "Monolingualtext";
public static final String DT_EXTERNAL_ID = PREFIX_WBONTO + "ExternalId";
public static final String DT_MATH = PREFIX_WBONTO + "Math";
public static final String DT_GEO_SHAPE = PREFIX_WBONTO + "GeoShape";
public static final String DT_TABULAR_DATA = PREFIX_WBONTO + "TabularData";
public static final String DT_EDTF = PREFIX_WBONTO + "Edtf";
/**
* Hash map defining the OWL declaration types of the standard vocabulary.
* Declaring this explicitly is useful to obtain a self-contained RDF file,
* even when importing ontologies that provide further details on some of
* the vocabulary.
*/
static final Map VOCABULARY_TYPES = new HashMap<>();
// Vocabulary elements that are not declared by the ontology language
/**
* Property "altLabel" of SKOS.
*/
public static final String SKOS_ALT_LABEL = PREFIX_SKOS + "altLabel";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(SKOS_ALT_LABEL, OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property "about" of schema.org.
*/
public static final String SCHEMA_ABOUT = PREFIX_SCHEMA + "about";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(SCHEMA_ABOUT, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Class for Wikipedia articles.
*/
public static final String SCHEMA_ARTICLE = PREFIX_SCHEMA + "Article";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(SCHEMA_ARTICLE, OWL_CLASS);
}
/**
* Property "description" of schema.org.
*/
public static final String SCHEMA_DESCRIPTION = PREFIX_SCHEMA
+ "description";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(SCHEMA_DESCRIPTION, OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property "inLanguage" of schema.org.
*/
public static final String SCHEMA_IN_LANGUAGE = PREFIX_SCHEMA
+ "inLanguage";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(SCHEMA_IN_LANGUAGE, OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property "wasDerivedFrom" of the provenance ontology.
*/
public static final String PROV_WAS_DERIVED_FROM = PREFIX_PROV
+ "wasDerivedFrom";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(PROV_WAS_DERIVED_FROM, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
// Wikibase ontology
/**
* Class for Wikibase items.
*/
public static final String WB_ITEM = PREFIX_WBONTO + "Item";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_ITEM, OWL_CLASS);
}
/**
* Class for Wikibase references.
*/
public static final String WB_REFERENCE = PREFIX_WBONTO + "Reference";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_REFERENCE, OWL_CLASS);
}
/**
* Class for Wikibase properties.
*/
public static final String WB_PROPERTY = PREFIX_WBONTO + "Property";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_PROPERTY, OWL_CLASS);
}
/**
* Class for Wikibase statements.
*/
public static final String WB_STATEMENT = PREFIX_WBONTO + "Statement";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_STATEMENT, OWL_CLASS);
}
/**
* Class for Wikibase quantity values.
*/
public static final String WB_QUANTITY_VALUE = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "QuantityValue";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_QUANTITY_VALUE, OWL_CLASS);
}
/**
* Class for Wikibase time values.
*/
public static final String WB_TIME_VALUE = PREFIX_WBONTO + "TimeValue";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_TIME_VALUE, OWL_CLASS);
}
/**
* Class for Wikibase globe coordinates values.
*/
public static final String WB_GLOBE_COORDINATES_VALUE = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "GlobecoordinateValue";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_GLOBE_COORDINATES_VALUE, OWL_CLASS);
}
/**
* Property for defining the datatype of a Wikibase property.
*/
public static final String WB_PROPERTY_TYPE = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "propertyType";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_PROPERTY_TYPE, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for Wikibase rank.
*/
public static final String WB_RANK = PREFIX_WBONTO + "rank";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_RANK, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Class for Wikibase best rank.
*/
public static final String WB_BEST_RANK = PREFIX_WBONTO + "BestRank";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_BEST_RANK, OWL_CLASS);
}
/**
* Property for defining the globe of a globe coordinates value.
*/
public static final String WB_GEO_GLOBE = PREFIX_WBONTO + "geoGlobe";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_GEO_GLOBE, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for defining the latitude of a globe coordinates value.
*/
public static final String WB_GEO_LATITUDE = PREFIX_WBONTO + "geoLatitude";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_GEO_LATITUDE, OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for defining the longitude of a globe coordinates value.
*/
public static final String WB_GEO_LONGITUDE = PREFIX_WBONTO + "geoLongitude";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_GEO_LONGITUDE, OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for defining the precision of a globe coordinates value.
*/
public static final String WB_GEO_PRECISION = PREFIX_WBONTO + "geoPrecision";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_GEO_PRECISION, OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for defining the time point of a time value.
*/
public static final String WB_TIME = PREFIX_WBONTO + "timeValue";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_TIME, OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for defining the precision of a time value.
*/
public static final String WB_TIME_PRECISION = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "timePrecision";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_TIME_PRECISION, OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for defining the timezone of a time value.
*/
public static final String WB_TIME_TIMEZONE = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "timeTimezone";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_TIME_TIMEZONE, OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for defining the preferred calendar of a time value.
*/
public static final String WB_TIME_CALENDAR_MODEL = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "timeCalendarModel";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_TIME_CALENDAR_MODEL, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for defining the numeric value of a quantity value.
*/
public static final String WB_QUANTITY_AMOUNT = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "quantityAmount";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_QUANTITY_AMOUNT, OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for defining the lower bound of a quantity value.
*/
public static final String WB_QUANTITY_LOWER_BOUND = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "quantityLowerBound";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_QUANTITY_LOWER_BOUND, OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for defining the upper bound of a quantity value.
*/
public static final String WB_QUANTITY_UPPER_BOUND = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "quantityUpperBound";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_QUANTITY_UPPER_BOUND, OWL_DATATYPE_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for defining the unit of a quantity value.
*/
public static final String WB_QUANTITY_UNIT = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "quantityUnit";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_QUANTITY_UNIT, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* IRI used as the unit of quantities that have no unit.
*/
public static final String WB_NO_UNIT = "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q199";
public static final String WB_NORMAL_RANK = PREFIX_WBONTO + "NormalRank";
public static final String WB_PREFERRED_RANK = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "PreferredRank";
public static final String WB_DEPRECATED_RANK = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "DeprecatedRank";
public static final String WB_BADGE = PREFIX_WBONTO + "badge";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_BADGE, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for connecting Wikibase property entities to their direct value
* properties (linking entities to their simplified statement's main
* values).
*/
public static final String WB_DIRECT_CLAIM_PROP = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "directClaim";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_DIRECT_CLAIM_PROP, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for connecting Wikibase property entities to their statement
* properties (linking entities to statements).
*/
public static final String WB_CLAIM_PROP = PREFIX_WBONTO + "claim";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_CLAIM_PROP, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for connecting Wikibase property entities to their statement
* main value properties (linking to a statement's main value).
*/
public static final String WB_STATEMENT_PROP = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "statementProperty";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_STATEMENT_PROP, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for connecting Wikibase property entities to their statement
* main value properties, value version (linking to a statement's main
* value).
*/
public static final String WB_STATEMENT_VALUE_PROP = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "statementValue";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_STATEMENT_VALUE_PROP, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for connecting Wikibase property entities to their qualifier
* properties (linking to a statement's qualifier value).
*/
public static final String WB_QUALIFIER_PROP = PREFIX_WBONTO + "qualifier";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_QUALIFIER_PROP, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for connecting Wikibase property entities to their qualifier
* value properties (linking to a statement's qualifier value).
*/
public static final String WB_QUALIFIER_VALUE_PROP = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "qualifierValue";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_QUALIFIER_VALUE_PROP, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for connecting Wikibase property entities to their reference
* properties.
*/
public static final String WB_REFERENCE_PROP = PREFIX_WBONTO + "reference";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_REFERENCE_PROP, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for connecting Wikibase property entities to their reference
* value properties.
*/
public static final String WB_REFERENCE_VALUE_PROP = PREFIX_WBONTO
+ "referenceValue";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_REFERENCE_VALUE_PROP, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for connecting Wikibase property entities to their main no-value
* classes.
*/
public static final String WB_NO_VALUE_PROP = PREFIX_WBONTO + "novalue";
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_NO_VALUE_PROP, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Property for connecting Wikibase property entities to their no-value
* classes for qualifiers.
*/
public static final String WB_NO_QUALIFIER_VALUE_PROP = WB_NO_VALUE_PROP;
static {
VOCABULARY_TYPES.put(WB_NO_QUALIFIER_VALUE_PROP, OWL_OBJECT_PROPERTY);
}
/**
* Returns a map that defines OWL types for all known vocabulary elements.
*
* @return a map from vocabulary URIs to OWL type URIs
*/
public static Map getKnownVocabularyTypes() {
return Collections.unmodifiableMap(VOCABULARY_TYPES);
}
/**
* Get the URI for the given statement.
*
* @param statement
* the statement for which to create a URI
* @return the URI
*/
public static String getStatementUri(Statement statement) {
String statementId = statement.getStatementId();
if (statementId == null || statementId.isEmpty()) {
statementId = GUID_GENERATOR.freshStatementId(statement.getSubject().getId());
}
return PREFIX_WIKIDATA_STATEMENT + statementId.replaceFirst("\\$", "-");
}
/**
* Get the URI for the given property in the given context.
*
* @param propertyIdValue
* the property id for which to create a URI
* @param propertyContext
* the context for which the URI will be needed
* @return the URI
*/
public static String getPropertyUri(PropertyIdValue propertyIdValue,
PropertyContext propertyContext) {
switch (propertyContext) {
case DIRECT:
return PREFIX_PROPERTY_DIRECT + propertyIdValue.getId();
case STATEMENT:
return PREFIX_PROPERTY + propertyIdValue.getId();
case VALUE_SIMPLE:
return PREFIX_PROPERTY_STATEMENT + propertyIdValue.getId();
case VALUE:
return PREFIX_PROPERTY_STATEMENT_VALUE + propertyIdValue.getId();
case QUALIFIER:
return PREFIX_PROPERTY_QUALIFIER_VALUE + propertyIdValue.getId();
case QUALIFIER_SIMPLE:
return PREFIX_PROPERTY_QUALIFIER + propertyIdValue.getId();
case REFERENCE:
return PREFIX_PROPERTY_REFERENCE_VALUE + propertyIdValue.getId();
case REFERENCE_SIMPLE:
return PREFIX_PROPERTY_REFERENCE + propertyIdValue.getId();
case NO_VALUE:
return PREFIX_WIKIDATA_NO_VALUE + propertyIdValue.getId();
case NO_QUALIFIER_VALUE:
return PREFIX_WIKIDATA_NO_QUALIFIER_VALUE + propertyIdValue.getId();
default:
return null;
}
}
public static String getReferenceUri(Reference reference) {
final String hash = reference.getHash();
if (hash != null) {
return PREFIX_WIKIDATA_REFERENCE + hash;
}
md.reset();
reference.getSnakGroups().stream()
.flatMap(g -> g.getSnaks().stream())
.map(Objects::hashCode)
.sorted()
.forEach(i -> updateMessageDigestWithInt(md, i));
return PREFIX_WIKIDATA_REFERENCE + bytesToHex(md.digest());
}
public static String getTimeValueUri(TimeValue value) {
md.reset();
updateMessageDigestWithLong(md, value.getYear());
md.update(value.getMonth());
md.update(value.getDay());
md.update(value.getHour());
md.update(value.getMinute());
md.update(value.getSecond());
md.update(value.getPrecision());
updateMessageDigestWithString(md, value.getPreferredCalendarModel());
updateMessageDigestWithInt(md, value.getBeforeTolerance());
updateMessageDigestWithInt(md, value.getAfterTolerance());
updateMessageDigestWithInt(md, value.getTimezoneOffset());
return PREFIX_WIKIDATA_VALUE + bytesToHex(md.digest());
}
public static String getGlobeCoordinatesValueUri(GlobeCoordinatesValue value) {
md.reset();
updateMessageDigestWithString(md, value.getGlobe());
updateMessageDigestWithLong(md, Double.valueOf(value.getLatitude())
.hashCode());
updateMessageDigestWithLong(md, Double.valueOf(value.getLongitude())
.hashCode());
updateMessageDigestWithLong(md, Double.valueOf(value.getPrecision())
.hashCode());
return PREFIX_WIKIDATA_VALUE + bytesToHex(md.digest());
}
public static String getQuantityValueUri(QuantityValue value) {
md.reset();
updateMessageDigestWithInt(md, value.getNumericValue().hashCode());
if(value.getLowerBound() != null) {
updateMessageDigestWithInt(md, value.getLowerBound().hashCode());
}
if(value.getUpperBound() != null) {
updateMessageDigestWithInt(md, value.getUpperBound().hashCode());
}
updateMessageDigestWithInt(md, value.getUnit().hashCode());
return PREFIX_WIKIDATA_VALUE + bytesToHex(md.digest());
}
public static String getStatementRankUri(StatementRank rank) {
switch (rank) {
case NORMAL:
return Vocabulary.WB_NORMAL_RANK;
case PREFERRED:
return Vocabulary.WB_PREFERRED_RANK;
case DEPRECATED:
return Vocabulary.WB_DEPRECATED_RANK;
default:
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
}
static ByteBuffer longByteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(Long.SIZE / 8);
static void updateMessageDigestWithLong(MessageDigest md, long x) {
longByteBuffer.putLong(0, x);
longByteBuffer.rewind(); // important!
md.update(longByteBuffer);
}
static ByteBuffer intByteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(Integer.SIZE / 8);
static void updateMessageDigestWithInt(MessageDigest md, int x) {
intByteBuffer.putInt(0, x);
intByteBuffer.rewind(); // important!
md.update(intByteBuffer);
}
static void updateMessageDigestWithString(MessageDigest md, String s) {
if (s == null) {
return;
}
md.update(s.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
}
final protected static char[] hexArray = "0123456789abcdef".toCharArray();
static String bytesToHex(byte[] bytes) {
char[] hexChars = new char[bytes.length * 2];
for (int j = 0; j < bytes.length; j++) {
int v = bytes[j] & 0xFF;
hexChars[j * 2] = hexArray[v >>> 4];
hexChars[j * 2 + 1] = hexArray[v & 0x0F];
}
return new String(hexChars);
}
}
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