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/*
 * JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source.
 * Copyright 2015 Red Hat, Inc., and individual contributors
 * as indicated by the @author tags.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.wildfly.security.auth.realm;

import static java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption.CREATE_NEW;
import static java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption.DSYNC;
import static java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption.READ;
import static java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption.WRITE;
import static javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamConstants.END_ELEMENT;
import static javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamConstants.START_ELEMENT;
import static org.wildfly.security.provider.util.ProviderUtil.INSTALLED_PROVIDERS;

import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.DirectoryStream;
import java.nio.file.FileAlreadyExistsException;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.NoSuchFileException;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
import java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
import java.security.KeyException;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.Principal;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.security.PrivilegedActionException;
import java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction;
import java.security.Provider;
import java.security.PublicKey;
import java.security.cert.CertificateEncodingException;
import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.security.spec.AlgorithmParameterSpec;
import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.text.Normalizer;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
import javax.xml.crypto.MarshalException;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.CanonicalizationMethod;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.DigestMethod;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.Reference;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.SignedInfo;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.Transform;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.XMLSignature;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.XMLSignatureException;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.XMLSignatureFactory;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.dom.DOMSignContext;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.dom.DOMValidateContext;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.keyinfo.KeyInfo;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.keyinfo.KeyInfoFactory;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.keyinfo.KeyValue;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.spec.C14NMethodParameterSpec;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.spec.TransformParameterSpec;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLInputFactory;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLOutputFactory;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamReader;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamWriter;
import javax.xml.transform.Transformer;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerException;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory;
import javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMSource;
import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import org.wildfly.common.Assert;
import org.wildfly.common.bytes.ByteStringBuilder;
import org.wildfly.common.codec.Base32Alphabet;
import org.wildfly.common.codec.Base64Alphabet;
import org.wildfly.common.iteration.ByteIterator;
import org.wildfly.common.iteration.CodePointIterator;
import org.wildfly.security.auth.SupportLevel;
import org.wildfly.security.auth.principal.NamePrincipal;
import org.wildfly.security.auth.realm.IdentitySharedExclusiveLock.IdentityLock;
import org.wildfly.security.auth.server.ModifiableRealmIdentity;
import org.wildfly.security.auth.server.ModifiableRealmIdentityIterator;
import org.wildfly.security.auth.server.ModifiableSecurityRealm;
import org.wildfly.security.auth.server.NameRewriter;
import org.wildfly.security.auth.server.RealmIdentity;
import org.wildfly.security.auth.server.RealmUnavailableException;
import org.wildfly.security.authz.Attributes;
import org.wildfly.security.authz.AuthorizationIdentity;
import org.wildfly.security.authz.MapAttributes;
import org.wildfly.security.credential.Credential;
import org.wildfly.security.credential.PasswordCredential;
import org.wildfly.security.credential.PublicKeyCredential;
import org.wildfly.security.credential.X509CertificateChainPublicCredential;
import org.wildfly.security.encryption.CipherUtil;
import org.wildfly.security.evidence.Evidence;
import org.wildfly.security.password.Password;
import org.wildfly.security.password.PasswordFactory;
import org.wildfly.security.password.interfaces.OneTimePassword;
import org.wildfly.security.password.spec.BasicPasswordSpecEncoding;
import org.wildfly.security.password.spec.Encoding;
import org.wildfly.security.password.spec.OneTimePasswordSpec;
import org.wildfly.security.password.spec.PasswordSpec;
import org.wildfly.security.password.util.ModularCrypt;
import org.wildfly.security.permission.ElytronPermission;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;

/**
 * A simple filesystem-backed security realm.
 *
 * @author David M. Lloyd
 */
public final class FileSystemSecurityRealm implements ModifiableSecurityRealm, CacheableSecurityRealm {

    static final ElytronPermission CREATE_SECURITY_REALM = ElytronPermission.forName("createSecurityRealm");

    private final Supplier providers;
    static final Map KNOWN_NAMESPACES;

    private enum Version {

        VERSION_1_0("urn:elytron:1.0", null),
        VERSION_1_0_1("urn:elytron:1.0.1", VERSION_1_0),
        VERSION_1_1("urn:elytron:identity:1.1", VERSION_1_0_1),
        VERSION_1_2("urn:elytron:identity:1.2", VERSION_1_1);

        final String namespace;

        /*
         * In the future we could support multiple parents but wait until that becomes a reality before adding it.
         */
        final Version parent;

        Version(String namespace, Version parent) {
            this.namespace = namespace;
            this.parent = parent;
        }

        String getNamespace() {
            return namespace;
        }

        boolean isAtLeast(Version version) {
            return this.equals(version) || (parent != null ? parent.isAtLeast(version) : false);
        }

    }

    static {
        Map knownNamespaces = new HashMap<>();
        for (Version version : Version.values()) {
            knownNamespaces.put(version.namespace, version);
        }
        KNOWN_NAMESPACES = Collections.unmodifiableMap(knownNamespaces);
    }

    private final Path root;
    private final NameRewriter nameRewriter;
    private final int levels;
    private final boolean encoded;
    private final Charset hashCharset;
    private final Encoding hashEncoding;
    private final SecretKey secretKey;
    private final PrivateKey privateKey;
    private final PublicKey publicKey;
    private final ConcurrentHashMap realmIdentityLocks = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

    /**
     * Construct a new instance of the FileSystemSecurityRealmBuilder.
     *
     * @return the new FileSystemSecurityRealmBuilder instance
     */
    public static FileSystemSecurityRealmBuilder builder() {
        return new FileSystemSecurityRealmBuilder();
    }
    /**
     * Construct a new instance.
     *
     * Construction with enabled security manager requires {@code createSecurityRealm} {@link ElytronPermission}.
     *
     * @param root the root path of the identity store
     * @param nameRewriter the name rewriter to apply to looked up names
     * @param levels the number of levels of directory hashing to apply
     * @param encoded whether identity names should be BASE32 encoded before using as filename (only applies if the security realm is unencrypted)
     * @param hashCharset the character set to use when converting password strings to a byte array. Uses UTF-8 by default.
     * @param hashEncoding the string format for the hashed passwords. Uses Base64 by default.
     * @param providers The providers supplier
     * @param secretKey the SecretKey used to encrypt and decrypt the security realm (if {@code null}, the security realm will be unencrypted)
     * @param privateKey the PrivateKey used to verify the integrity of the security realm (if {@code null}, the security realm will not verify integrity)
     * @param publicKey the PublicKey used to verify the integrity of the security realm (if {@code null}, the security realm will not verify integrity)
     *
     */
    public FileSystemSecurityRealm(final Path root, final NameRewriter nameRewriter, final int levels, final boolean encoded, final Encoding hashEncoding, final Charset hashCharset, final Supplier providers, final SecretKey secretKey, final PrivateKey privateKey, final PublicKey publicKey) {
        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm != null) {
            sm.checkPermission(CREATE_SECURITY_REALM);
        }
        this.root = root;
        this.nameRewriter = nameRewriter;
        this.levels = levels;
        this.encoded = secretKey == null && encoded;
        this.hashCharset = hashCharset != null ? hashCharset : StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
        this.hashEncoding = hashEncoding != null ? hashEncoding : Encoding.BASE64;
        this.providers = providers != null ? providers : INSTALLED_PROVIDERS;
        this.secretKey = secretKey;
        this.privateKey = privateKey;
        this.publicKey = publicKey;

    }

    /**
     * Construct a new instance.
     *
     * Construction with enabled security manager requires {@code createSecurityRealm} {@link ElytronPermission}.
     *
     * @param root the root path of the identity store
     * @param nameRewriter the name rewriter to apply to looked up names
     * @param levels the number of levels of directory hashing to apply
     * @param encoded whether identity names should be BASE32 encoded before using as filename
     * @param hashCharset the character set to use when converting password strings to a byte array. Uses UTF-8 by default.
     * @param hashEncoding the string format for the hashed passwords. Uses Base64 by default.
     * @param secretKey the SecretKey used to encrypt and decrypt the security realm (if {@code null}, the security realm will be unencrypted)
     */
    public FileSystemSecurityRealm(final Path root, final NameRewriter nameRewriter, final int levels, final boolean encoded, final Encoding hashEncoding, final Charset hashCharset, final SecretKey secretKey) {
        this(root, nameRewriter, levels, encoded, hashEncoding, hashCharset, INSTALLED_PROVIDERS, secretKey, null, null);
    }

    /**
     * Construct a new instance.
     *
     * Construction with enabled security manager requires {@code createSecurityRealm} {@link ElytronPermission}.
     *
     * @param root the root path of the identity store
     * @param nameRewriter the name rewriter to apply to looked up names
     * @param levels the number of levels of directory hashing to apply
     * @param encoded whether identity names should be BASE32 encoded before using as filename
     * @param hashCharset the character set to use when converting password strings to a byte array. Uses UTF-8 by default.
     * @param hashEncoding the string format for the hashed passwords. Uses Base64 by default.
     */
    public FileSystemSecurityRealm(final Path root, final NameRewriter nameRewriter, final int levels, final boolean encoded, final Encoding hashEncoding, final Charset hashCharset) {
        this(root, nameRewriter, levels, encoded, hashEncoding, hashCharset, INSTALLED_PROVIDERS, null, null, null);
    }

    /**
     * Construct a new instance.
     *
     * Construction with enabled security manager requires {@code createSecurityRealm} {@link ElytronPermission}.
     *
     * @param root the root path of the identity store
     * @param nameRewriter the name rewriter to apply to looked up names
     * @param levels the number of levels of directory hashing to apply
     * @param encoded whether identity names should by BASE32 encoded before using as filename
     */
    public FileSystemSecurityRealm(final Path root, final NameRewriter nameRewriter, final int levels, final boolean encoded) {
        this(root, nameRewriter, levels, encoded, Encoding.BASE64, StandardCharsets.UTF_8, INSTALLED_PROVIDERS, null, null, null);
    }

    /**
     * Construct a new instance.
     *
     * @param root the root path of the identity store
     * @param nameRewriter the name rewriter to apply to looked up names
     * @param levels the number of levels of directory hashing to apply
     */
    public FileSystemSecurityRealm(final Path root, final NameRewriter nameRewriter, final int levels) {
        this(root, nameRewriter, levels, true);
    }

    /**
     * Construct a new instance.
     *
     * @param root the root path of the identity store
     * @param nameRewriter the name rewriter to apply to looked up names
     * @param levels the number of levels of directory hashing to apply
     * @param hashEncoding the string format for hashed passwords. Uses Base64 by default.
     * @param hashCharset the character set to use when converting password strings to a byte array. Uses UTF-8 by default and must not be {@code null}.
     */
    public FileSystemSecurityRealm(final Path root, final NameRewriter nameRewriter, final int levels, final Encoding hashEncoding, final Charset hashCharset) {
        this(root, nameRewriter, levels, true, hashEncoding, hashCharset, INSTALLED_PROVIDERS, null, null, null);
    }



    /**
     * Construct a new instance.
     *
     * @param root the root path of the identity store
     * @param levels the number of levels of directory hashing to apply
     */
    public FileSystemSecurityRealm(final Path root, final int levels) {
        this(root, NameRewriter.IDENTITY_REWRITER, levels, true);
    }


    /**
     * Construct a new instance.
     *
     * @param root the root path of the identity store
     * @param levels the number of levels of directory hashing to apply
     * @param hashEncoding the string format for hashed passwords. Uses Base64 by default.
     * @param hashCharset the character set to use when converting password strings to a byte array. Uses UTF-8 by default and must not be {@code null}.
     */
    public FileSystemSecurityRealm(final Path root, final int levels, final Encoding hashEncoding, final Charset hashCharset) {
        this(root, NameRewriter.IDENTITY_REWRITER, levels, true, hashEncoding, hashCharset, INSTALLED_PROVIDERS, null, null, null);
    }

    /**
     * Construct a new instance with 2 levels of hashing.
     *
     * @param root the root path of the identity store
     */
    public FileSystemSecurityRealm(final Path root) {
        this(root, NameRewriter.IDENTITY_REWRITER, 2, true);
    }

    /**
     * Construct a new instance with 2 levels of hashing.
     *
     * @param root the root path of the identity store
     * @param hashEncoding the string format for hashed passwords. Uses Base64 by default.
     * @param hashCharset the character set to use when converting password strings to a byte array. Uses UTF-8 by default and must not be {@code null}
     */
    public FileSystemSecurityRealm(final Path root, final Encoding hashEncoding, final Charset hashCharset) {
        this(root, NameRewriter.IDENTITY_REWRITER, 2, true, hashEncoding, hashCharset, INSTALLED_PROVIDERS, null, null, null);
    }

    public FileSystemSecurityRealm(Path root, int levels, Supplier providers) {
        this(root, NameRewriter.IDENTITY_REWRITER, levels, true, Encoding.BASE64, StandardCharsets.UTF_8, providers, null, null, null);
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the FileSystemSecurityRealm has Integrity checking enabled
     * @return {@code true} if Integrity checking is enabled, and {@code false} otherwise
     */
    public boolean hasIntegrityEnabled() {
        return privateKey != null && publicKey != null;
    }
    private Path pathFor(String name) {
        assert name.codePointCount(0, name.length()) > 0;
        String normalizedName = name;

        if (encoded) {
            normalizedName = Normalizer.normalize(name, Normalizer.Form.NFKC)
                    .toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT)
                    .replaceAll("[^a-z0-9]", "_");
        }
        if (secretKey != null || encoded) {
            String base32 = ByteIterator.ofBytes(new ByteStringBuilder().append(name).toArray())
                    .base32Encode(Base32Alphabet.STANDARD, false).drainToString();
            normalizedName = secretKey != null ? base32 : normalizedName + "-" + base32;
        }

        Path path = root;
        int idx = 0;
        for (int level = 0; level < levels; level ++) {
            int newIdx = normalizedName.offsetByCodePoints(idx, 1);
            path = path.resolve(normalizedName.substring(idx, newIdx));
            idx = newIdx;
            if (idx == normalizedName.length()) {
                break;
            }
        }

        return path.resolve(normalizedName + ".xml");
    }

    public Charset getHashCharset() {
        return this.hashCharset;
    }

    private String nameFor(Path path) {
        String fileName = path.toString();
        fileName = fileName.substring(0, fileName.length() - 4); // remove ".xml"

        if (secretKey != null) {
            CodePointIterator it = CodePointIterator.ofString(fileName);
            fileName = it.base32Decode(Base32Alphabet.STANDARD, false)
                    .asUtf8String().drainToString();
        } else if (encoded) {
            CodePointIterator it = CodePointIterator.ofString(fileName);
            it.delimitedBy('-').skipAll();
            it.next(); // skip '-'
            fileName = it.base32Decode(Base32Alphabet.STANDARD, false)
                    .asUtf8String().drainToString();
        }
        return fileName;
    }

    public RealmIdentity getRealmIdentity(final Principal principal) {
        return NamePrincipal.isConvertibleTo(principal) ? getRealmIdentity(principal.getName(), false) : RealmIdentity.NON_EXISTENT;
    }

    @Override
    public ModifiableRealmIdentity getRealmIdentityForUpdate(final Principal principal) {
        return NamePrincipal.isConvertibleTo(principal) ? getRealmIdentity(principal.getName(), true) : ModifiableRealmIdentity.NON_EXISTENT;
    }

    @Override
    public void registerIdentityChangeListener(Consumer listener) {
        // no need to register the listener given that changes to identities are done through the realm
    }

    private ModifiableRealmIdentity getRealmIdentity(final String name, final boolean exclusive) {
        final String finalName = nameRewriter.rewriteName(name);
        if (finalName == null) {
            throw ElytronMessages.log.invalidName();
        }

        // Acquire the appropriate lock for the realm identity
        IdentitySharedExclusiveLock realmIdentityLock = getRealmIdentityLockForName(finalName);
        IdentityLock lock;
        if (exclusive) {
            lock = realmIdentityLock.lockExclusive();
        } else {
            lock = realmIdentityLock.lockShared();
        }
        return new Identity(finalName, pathFor(finalName), lock, hashCharset, hashEncoding, providers, secretKey, privateKey, publicKey, hasIntegrityEnabled());
    }

    @Override
    public ModifiableRealmIdentityIterator getRealmIdentityIterator() throws RealmUnavailableException {
        return subIterator(root, levels);
    }

    private ModifiableRealmIdentityIterator subIterator(final Path root, final int levels) {
        final DirectoryStream stream;
        final Iterator iterator;
        if (levels == 0) {
            try {
                stream = Files.newDirectoryStream(root, "*.xml");
                iterator = stream.iterator();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                ElytronMessages.log.debug("Unable to open directory", e);
                return ModifiableRealmIdentityIterator.emptyIterator();
            }
            return new ModifiableRealmIdentityIterator() {

                public boolean hasNext() {
                    if ( ! iterator.hasNext()) {
                        try {
                            close();
                        } catch (IOException e) {
                            ElytronMessages.log.debug("Unable to close the stream", e);
                        }
                    }
                    return iterator.hasNext();
                }

                public ModifiableRealmIdentity next() {
                    final Path path = iterator.next();
                    final String name = nameFor(path.getFileName());
                    return getRealmIdentityForUpdate(new NamePrincipal(name));
                }

                public void close() throws RealmUnavailableException {
                    try {
                        stream.close();
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        ElytronMessages.log.debug("Unable to close the stream", e);
                    }
                }
            };
        } else {
            try {
                stream = Files.newDirectoryStream(root, entry -> {
                    final String fileName = entry.getFileName().toString();
                    return fileName.length() == 1 && !fileName.equals(".") && Files.isDirectory(entry);
                });
                iterator = stream.iterator();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                ElytronMessages.log.debug("Unable to open directory", e);
                return ModifiableRealmIdentityIterator.emptyIterator();
            }
            return new ModifiableRealmIdentityIterator() {
                private ModifiableRealmIdentityIterator subIterator;

                public boolean hasNext() {
                    for (;;) {
                        if (subIterator == null) {
                            if (! iterator.hasNext()) {
                                try {
                                    close();
                                } catch (IOException e) {
                                    ElytronMessages.log.debug("Unable to close the stream", e);
                                }
                                return false;
                            }
                            final Path path = iterator.next();
                            subIterator = subIterator(path, levels - 1);
                        } else if (subIterator.hasNext()) {
                            return true;
                        } else {
                            subIterator = null;
                        }
                    }
                }

                public ModifiableRealmIdentity next() {
                    if (! hasNext()) {
                        throw new NoSuchElementException();
                    }
                    return subIterator.next();
                }

                public void close() throws RealmUnavailableException {
                    try {
                        if (subIterator != null) subIterator.close();
                    } finally {
                        try {
                            stream.close();
                        } catch (IOException e) {
                            ElytronMessages.log.debug("Unable to close the stream", e);
                        }
                    }
                }
            };
        }
    }

    public SupportLevel getCredentialAcquireSupport(final Class credentialType, final String algorithmName, final AlgorithmParameterSpec parameterSpec) throws RealmUnavailableException {
        return SupportLevel.POSSIBLY_SUPPORTED;
    }

    public SupportLevel getEvidenceVerifySupport(final Class evidenceType, final String algorithmName) throws RealmUnavailableException {
        return SupportLevel.POSSIBLY_SUPPORTED;
    }

    private IdentitySharedExclusiveLock getRealmIdentityLockForName(final String name) {
        IdentitySharedExclusiveLock realmIdentityLock = realmIdentityLocks.get(name);
        if (realmIdentityLock == null) {
            final IdentitySharedExclusiveLock newRealmIdentityLock = new IdentitySharedExclusiveLock();
            realmIdentityLock = realmIdentityLocks.putIfAbsent(name, newRealmIdentityLock);
            if (realmIdentityLock == null) {
                realmIdentityLock = newRealmIdentityLock;
            }
        }
        return realmIdentityLock;
    }

    @FunctionalInterface
    interface CredentialParseFunction {
        void parseCredential(String algorithm, String format, String body) throws RealmUnavailableException, XMLStreamException;
    }

    /**
     * Re-generate the signatures for all the identities in this realm.
     * This method is intended to be called after updating the key pair used by this realm.
     *
     * @throws RealmUnavailableException if the realm is not able to handle requests for any reason
     */
    public void updateRealmKeyPair() throws RealmUnavailableException {
        if (! hasIntegrityEnabled()) {
            throw ElytronMessages.log.integrityNotEnabled(root.toString());
        }
        ModifiableRealmIdentityIterator realmIterator = this.getRealmIdentityIterator();
        while (realmIterator.hasNext()) {
            Identity identity = (Identity) realmIterator.next();
            try{
                identity.writeDigitalSignature(identity.path, identity.name);
            } finally {
                identity.dispose();
            }
        }
        realmIterator.close();
    }

    /**
     * Verify the integrity of each identity file in this realm.
     * @return {@code true} if the integrity of all the identity files in the realm is successfully verified and {@code false} otherwise
     *
     */
    public IntegrityResult verifyRealmIntegrity() throws RealmUnavailableException {
        if (! hasIntegrityEnabled()) {
            throw ElytronMessages.log.integrityNotEnabled(root.toString());
        }
        ArrayList failedIdentities = new ArrayList<>();
        ModifiableRealmIdentityIterator realmIterator = this.getRealmIdentityIterator();
        while (realmIterator.hasNext()) {
            Identity identity = (Identity) realmIterator.next();
            if(! identity.isIntegrityValid()) {
                failedIdentities.add(identity.name);
            }
            identity.dispose();
        }
        realmIterator.close();
        return new IntegrityResult(failedIdentities.isEmpty(), failedIdentities);
    }

    static class Identity implements ModifiableRealmIdentity {

        private static final String ENCRYPTION_FORMAT = "enc_base64";
        private static final String BASE64_FORMAT = "base64";
        private static final String MCF_FORMAT = "crypt";
        private static final String X509_FORMAT = "X.509";
        private static final String HEX = "hex";

        private final String name;
        private final Path path;
        private final Supplier providers;
        private IdentityLock lock;
        private final Charset hashCharset;
        private final Encoding hashEncoding;
        private final SecretKey secretKey;
        private final PrivateKey privateKey;
        private final PublicKey publicKey;
        private final boolean integrityEnabled;

        Identity(final String name, final Path path, final IdentityLock lock, final Charset hashCharset, final Encoding hashEncoding, Supplier providers, final SecretKey secretKey, final PrivateKey privateKey, final PublicKey publicKey, final boolean integrityEnabled) {
            this.name = name;
            this.path = path;
            this.lock = lock;
            this.hashCharset = hashCharset;
            this.hashEncoding = hashEncoding;
            this.providers = providers;
            this.secretKey = secretKey;
            this.privateKey = privateKey;
            this.publicKey = publicKey;
            this.integrityEnabled = integrityEnabled;
        }

        public Principal getRealmIdentityPrincipal() {
            return new NamePrincipal(name);
        }

        public SupportLevel getCredentialAcquireSupport(final Class credentialType, final String algorithmName, final AlgorithmParameterSpec parameterSpec) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            Assert.checkNotNullParam("credentialType", credentialType);
            List credentials = loadCredentials();
            for (Credential credential : credentials) {
                if (credential.matches(credentialType, algorithmName, parameterSpec)) {
                    return SupportLevel.SUPPORTED;
                }
            }
            return SupportLevel.UNSUPPORTED;
        }

        @Override
        public  C getCredential(final Class credentialType) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            return getCredential(credentialType, null);
        }

        public  C getCredential(final Class credentialType, final String algorithmName) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            return getCredential(credentialType, algorithmName, null);
        }

        public  C getCredential(final Class credentialType, final String algorithmName, final AlgorithmParameterSpec parameterSpec) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            Assert.checkNotNullParam("credentialType", credentialType);
            List credentials = loadCredentials();
            for (Credential credential : credentials) {
                if (credential.matches(credentialType, algorithmName, parameterSpec)) {
                    return credentialType.cast(credential.clone());
                }
            }
            return null;
        }

        public SupportLevel getEvidenceVerifySupport(final Class evidenceType, final String algorithmName) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            Assert.checkNotNullParam("evidenceType", evidenceType);
            List credentials = loadCredentials();
            for (Credential credential : credentials) {
                if (credential.canVerify(evidenceType, algorithmName)) {
                    ElytronMessages.log.tracef("FileSystemSecurityRealm - evidence verification SUPPORTED: type = [%s]  algorithm = [%s]  credentials = [%d]", evidenceType, algorithmName, credentials.size());
                    return SupportLevel.SUPPORTED;
                }
            }
            ElytronMessages.log.tracef("FileSystemSecurityRealm - evidence verification UNSUPPORTED: type = [%s]  algorithm = [%s]  credentials = [%d]", evidenceType, algorithmName, credentials.size());
            return SupportLevel.UNSUPPORTED;
        }

        public boolean verifyEvidence(final Evidence evidence) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            Assert.checkNotNullParam("evidence", evidence);

            if (ElytronMessages.log.isTraceEnabled()) {
                try {
                    final LoadedIdentity loadedIdentity = loadIdentity(false, true);
                    ElytronMessages.log.tracef("Trying to authenticate identity %s using FileSystemSecurityRealm", (loadedIdentity != null) ? loadedIdentity.getName() : "null");
                } catch (RealmUnavailableException e) {
                    if (e.getCause() instanceof IntegrityException) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    throw e;
                }
            }
            List credentials = null;
            try {
                credentials = loadCredentials();
            } catch (RealmUnavailableException e) {
                if (e.getCause() instanceof IntegrityException) {
                    return false;
                }
                throw e;
            }
            ElytronMessages.log.tracef("FileSystemSecurityRealm - verification evidence [%s] against [%d] credentials...", evidence, credentials.size());
            for (Credential credential : credentials) {
                if (credential.canVerify(evidence)) {
                    boolean verified = false;
                    if (credential instanceof PasswordCredential) {
                        verified = ((PasswordCredential )credential).verify(providers, evidence, hashCharset);
                    } else {
                        verified = credential.verify(providers, evidence);
                    }
                    ElytronMessages.log.tracef("FileSystemSecurityRealm - verification against credential [%s] = %b", credential, verified);
                    return verified;
                }
            }
            ElytronMessages.log.tracef("FileSystemSecurityRealm - no credential able to verify evidence [%s]", evidence);
            return false;
        }

        List loadCredentials() throws RealmUnavailableException {
            final LoadedIdentity loadedIdentity = loadIdentity(false, true);
            return loadedIdentity == null ? Collections.emptyList() : loadedIdentity.getCredentials();
        }

        public boolean exists() throws RealmUnavailableException {
            if (System.getSecurityManager() == null) {
                return Files.exists(path);
            }
            return AccessController.doPrivileged((PrivilegedAction) () -> Files.exists(path));
        }

        public void delete() throws RealmUnavailableException {
            if (System.getSecurityManager() == null) {
                deletePrivileged();
                return;
            }
            try {
                AccessController.doPrivileged((PrivilegedExceptionAction) this::deletePrivileged);
            } catch (PrivilegedActionException e) {
                if (e.getException() instanceof RealmUnavailableException) {
                    throw (RealmUnavailableException) e.getException();
                }
                throw new RuntimeException(e.getException());
            }
        }

        private Void deletePrivileged() throws RealmUnavailableException {
            try {
                Files.delete(path);
                return null;
            } catch (NoSuchFileException e) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmNotFound(name);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmDeleteFailed(name, e);
            }
        }

        private String tempSuffix() {
            final ThreadLocalRandom random = ThreadLocalRandom.current();
            char[] array = new char[12];
            for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i ++) {
                int idx = random.nextInt(36);
                if (idx < 26) {
                    array[i] = (char) ('A' + idx);
                } else {
                    array[i] = (char) ('0' + idx - 26);
                }
            }
            return new String(array);
        }

        private Path tempPath() {
            Path parent = path.getParent();
            File file = parent.toFile();
            if (!file.exists()) {
                file.mkdirs();
            }
            return parent.resolve(path.getFileName().toString() + '.' + tempSuffix());
        }

        public void create() throws RealmUnavailableException {
            if (System.getSecurityManager() == null) {
                createPrivileged();
                return;
            }
            try {
                AccessController.doPrivileged((PrivilegedExceptionAction) this::createPrivileged);
            } catch (PrivilegedActionException e) {
                if (e.getException() instanceof RealmUnavailableException) {
                    throw (RealmUnavailableException) e.getException();
                }
                throw new RuntimeException(e.getException());
            }
        }

        private Void createPrivileged() throws RealmUnavailableException {
            for (;;) {
                final Path tempPath = tempPath();
                final XMLOutputFactory xmlOutputFactory = XMLOutputFactory.newFactory();
                try (OutputStream outputStream = new BufferedOutputStream(Files.newOutputStream(tempPath, WRITE, CREATE_NEW, DSYNC))) {
                    try (AutoCloseableXMLStreamWriterHolder holder = new AutoCloseableXMLStreamWriterHolder(xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(outputStream))) {
                        String namespace = "";
                        if (integrityEnabled) {
                            namespace = Version.VERSION_1_2.getNamespace();
                        } else if (secretKey != null) {
                            namespace = Version.VERSION_1_1.getNamespace();
                        } else {
                            namespace = Version.VERSION_1_0.getNamespace();
                        }
                        final XMLStreamWriter streamWriter = holder.getXmlStreamWriter();
                        // create empty identity
                        streamWriter.writeStartDocument();
                        streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n");
                        streamWriter.writeStartElement("identity");
                        streamWriter.writeDefaultNamespace(namespace);
                        if (integrityEnabled) {
                            streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n    ");
                            streamWriter.writeStartElement("principal");
                            streamWriter.writeAttribute("name", secretKey != null ? CipherUtil.encrypt(name, secretKey) : name);
                            streamWriter.writeEndElement();
                            streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n    ");
                        }
                        streamWriter.writeEndElement();
                        streamWriter.writeEndDocument();
                    } catch (XMLStreamException | GeneralSecurityException e) {
                        throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmFailedToWrite(tempPath, name, e);
                    }
                    if(integrityEnabled) {
                        try {
                            writeDigitalSignature(tempPath, this.name);
                        } catch (RealmUnavailableException e) {
                            throw ElytronMessages.log.unableToGenerateSignature(path.toString());
                        }
                    }
                } catch (FileAlreadyExistsException ignored) {
                    // try a new name
                    continue;
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmFailedToOpen(tempPath, name, e);
                }
                try {
                    Files.createLink(path, tempPath);
                } catch (FileAlreadyExistsException e) {
                    try {
                        Files.delete(tempPath);
                    } catch (IOException e2) {
                        e.addSuppressed(e2);
                    }
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmAlreadyExists(name, e);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmFailedToWrite(tempPath, name, e);
                }
                try {
                    Files.delete(tempPath);
                } catch (IOException ignored) {
                    // nothing we can do
                }
                return null;
            }
        }

        public void setCredentials(final Collection credentials) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            Assert.checkNotNullParam("credential", credentials);
            final LoadedIdentity loadedIdentity = loadIdentity(false, false);
            if (loadedIdentity == null) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmNotFound(name);
            }

            final LoadedIdentity newIdentity = new LoadedIdentity(name, new ArrayList<>(credentials), loadedIdentity.getAttributes(), hashEncoding);
            replaceIdentity(newIdentity);
        }

        public void setAttributes(final Attributes attributes) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            Assert.checkNotNullParam("attributes", attributes);
            final LoadedIdentity loadedIdentity = loadIdentity(false, true);
            if (loadedIdentity == null) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmNotFound(name);
            }
            final LoadedIdentity newIdentity = new LoadedIdentity(name, loadedIdentity.getCredentials(), attributes, hashEncoding);
            replaceIdentity(newIdentity);
        }

        @Override
        public Attributes getAttributes() throws RealmUnavailableException {
            final LoadedIdentity loadedIdentity = loadIdentity(true, false);
            if (loadedIdentity == null) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmNotFound(name);
            }
            return loadedIdentity.getAttributes().asReadOnly();
        }

        private void replaceIdentity(final LoadedIdentity newIdentity) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            if (System.getSecurityManager() == null) {
                replaceIdentityPrivileged(newIdentity);
                return;
            }
            try {
                AccessController.doPrivileged((PrivilegedExceptionAction) () -> replaceIdentityPrivileged(newIdentity));
            } catch (PrivilegedActionException e) {
                if (e.getException() instanceof RealmUnavailableException) {
                    throw (RealmUnavailableException) e.getException();
                }
                throw new RuntimeException(e.getException());
            }
        }

        private Void replaceIdentityPrivileged(final LoadedIdentity newIdentity) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            if (!isIntegrityValid()) {
                throw new RealmUnavailableException(ElytronMessages.log.invalidIdentitySignature(name));
            }
            for (;;) {
                final Path tempPath = tempPath();
                try {
                    final XMLOutputFactory xmlOutputFactory = XMLOutputFactory.newFactory();
                    try (OutputStream outputStream = new BufferedOutputStream(Files.newOutputStream(tempPath, WRITE, CREATE_NEW, DSYNC))) {
                        try (AutoCloseableXMLStreamWriterHolder holder = new AutoCloseableXMLStreamWriterHolder(xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(outputStream))) {
                            writeIdentity(holder.getXmlStreamWriter(), newIdentity);
                        } catch (XMLStreamException | InvalidKeySpecException | NoSuchAlgorithmException | CertificateEncodingException e) {
                            throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmFailedToWrite(tempPath, name, e);
                        } catch (GeneralSecurityException e) {
                            throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmEncryptionFailed(e);
                        }
                        if (integrityEnabled) {
                            try {
                                writeDigitalSignature(tempPath, name);
                            } catch (RealmUnavailableException e) {
                                throw ElytronMessages.log.unableToGenerateSignature(path.toString());
                            }
                        }
                    } catch (FileAlreadyExistsException ignored) {
                        // try a new name
                        continue;
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        try {
                            Files.deleteIfExists(tempPath);
                        } catch (IOException e2) {
                            e.addSuppressed(e2);
                        }
                        throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmFailedToOpen(tempPath, name, e);
                    }
                    try {
                        Files.delete(path);
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemUpdatedFailed(path.toAbsolutePath().toString(), e);
                    }
                    try {
                        Files.createLink(path, tempPath);
                    } catch (FileAlreadyExistsException e) {
                        try {
                            Files.deleteIfExists(tempPath);
                        } catch (IOException e2) {
                            e.addSuppressed(e2);
                        }
                        throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmAlreadyExists(name, e);
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmFailedToWrite(tempPath, name, e);
                    }
                    try {
                        Files.delete(tempPath);
                    } catch (IOException ignored) {
                        // nothing we can do
                    }
                    return null;
                } catch (Throwable t) {
                    try {
                        Files.delete(tempPath);
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        t.addSuppressed(e);
                    }
                    throw t;
                }
            }
        }

        private Version requiredVersion() {
            // As new functionality is added we will identify if we need to use a later version
            // if new functionality is used then use the required schema version otherwise fallback
            // to an older version.

            if (integrityEnabled) {
                return Version.VERSION_1_2;
            } else if (secretKey != null) {
                return Version.VERSION_1_1;
            } else {
                return Version.VERSION_1_0;
            }
        }

        private void writeIdentity(final XMLStreamWriter streamWriter, final LoadedIdentity newIdentity) throws XMLStreamException, InvalidKeySpecException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, GeneralSecurityException {
            streamWriter.writeStartDocument();
            streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n");
            streamWriter.writeStartElement("identity");
            streamWriter.writeDefaultNamespace(requiredVersion().getNamespace());

            if (integrityEnabled) {
                streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n    ");
                streamWriter.writeStartElement("principal");
                streamWriter.writeAttribute("name", secretKey != null ? CipherUtil.encrypt(name, secretKey) : name);
                streamWriter.writeEndElement();
            }

            if (newIdentity.getCredentials().size() > 0) {
                streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n    ");
                streamWriter.writeStartElement("credentials");
                for (Credential credential : newIdentity.getCredentials()) {
                    streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n        ");
                    if (credential instanceof PasswordCredential) {
                        Password password = ((PasswordCredential) credential).getPassword();
                        if (password instanceof OneTimePassword) {
                            final OneTimePassword otp = (OneTimePassword) password;
                            streamWriter.writeStartElement("otp");
                            streamWriter.writeAttribute("algorithm", otp.getAlgorithm());
                            streamWriter.writeAttribute("hash", ByteIterator.ofBytes(otp.getHash()).base64Encode().drainToString());
                            streamWriter.writeAttribute("seed", ByteIterator.ofBytes(otp.getSeed().getBytes(StandardCharsets.US_ASCII)).base64Encode().drainToString());
                            streamWriter.writeAttribute("sequence", Integer.toString(otp.getSequenceNumber()));
                            streamWriter.writeEndElement();
                        } else {
                            streamWriter.writeStartElement("password");
                            String format;
                            String algorithm = password.getAlgorithm();
                            String passwordString;
                            byte[] encoded = BasicPasswordSpecEncoding.encode(password, providers);

                            if (secretKey != null) {
                                format = ENCRYPTION_FORMAT;
                                passwordString = ByteIterator.ofBytes(CipherUtil.encrypt(encoded, secretKey)).base64Encode().drainToString();
                            } else if (encoded != null) {
                                if (newIdentity.getHashEncoding() == Encoding.HEX) {
                                    format = HEX;
                                    passwordString = ByteIterator.ofBytes(encoded).hexEncode().drainToString();
                                } else {
                                    // default to base64
                                    format = BASE64_FORMAT;
                                    passwordString = ByteIterator.ofBytes(encoded).base64Encode().drainToString();
                                }
                            } else {
                                format = MCF_FORMAT;
                                passwordString = ModularCrypt.encodeAsString(password);
                            }

                            streamWriter.writeAttribute("algorithm", algorithm);
                            streamWriter.writeAttribute("format", format);
                            streamWriter.writeCharacters(passwordString);
                            streamWriter.writeEndElement();
                        }
                    }
                }
                streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n    ");
                streamWriter.writeEndElement();
            }
            final Iterator entryIter = newIdentity.getAttributes().entries().iterator();
            if (entryIter.hasNext()) {
                streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n    ");
                streamWriter.writeStartElement("attributes");
                do {
                    final Attributes.Entry entry = entryIter.next();
                    for (String value : entry) {
                        streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n        ");
                        streamWriter.writeStartElement("attribute");
                        streamWriter.writeAttribute("name", secretKey != null ? CipherUtil.encrypt(entry.getKey(), secretKey) : entry.getKey());
                        streamWriter.writeAttribute("value", secretKey != null ? CipherUtil.encrypt(value, secretKey) : value);
                        streamWriter.writeEndElement();
                    }
                } while (entryIter.hasNext());
                streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n    ");
                streamWriter.writeEndElement();
                streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n");
            }
            streamWriter.writeCharacters("\n    ");
            streamWriter.writeEndElement();
            streamWriter.writeEndDocument();
        }

        @Override
        public void dispose() {
            // Release the lock for this realm identity
            IdentityLock identityLock = lock;
            lock = null;
            if (identityLock != null) {
                identityLock.release();
            }
        }

        @Override
        public AuthorizationIdentity getAuthorizationIdentity() throws RealmUnavailableException {
            final LoadedIdentity loadedIdentity = loadIdentity(true, false);
            return loadedIdentity == null ? AuthorizationIdentity.EMPTY : AuthorizationIdentity.basicIdentity(loadedIdentity.getAttributes());
        }

        private LoadedIdentity loadIdentity(final boolean skipCredentials, final boolean skipAttributes) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            if (System.getSecurityManager() == null) {
                return loadIdentityPrivileged(skipCredentials, skipAttributes);
            }
            try {
                return AccessController.doPrivileged((PrivilegedExceptionAction) () -> loadIdentityPrivileged(skipCredentials, skipAttributes));
            } catch (PrivilegedActionException e) {
                if (e.getException() instanceof RealmUnavailableException) {
                    throw (RealmUnavailableException) e.getException();
                }
                throw new RuntimeException(e.getException());
            }
        }

        protected LoadedIdentity loadIdentityPrivileged(final boolean skipCredentials, final boolean skipAttributes) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            if (!isIntegrityValid()) {
                throw new RealmUnavailableException(ElytronMessages.log.invalidIdentitySignature(name));
            }
            try (InputStream inputStream = Files.newInputStream(path, READ)) {
                final XMLInputFactory inputFactory = XMLInputFactory.newFactory();
                inputFactory.setProperty(XMLInputFactory.IS_VALIDATING, Boolean.FALSE);
                inputFactory.setProperty(XMLInputFactory.SUPPORT_DTD, Boolean.FALSE);
                inputFactory.setProperty(XMLInputFactory.IS_SUPPORTING_EXTERNAL_ENTITIES, Boolean.FALSE);
                inputFactory.setProperty(XMLInputFactory.IS_COALESCING, Boolean.TRUE);
                try (final AutoCloseableXMLStreamReaderHolder holder = new AutoCloseableXMLStreamReaderHolder(inputFactory.createXMLStreamReader(inputStream, "UTF-8"))) {
                    final XMLStreamReader streamReader = holder.getXmlStreamReader();
                    return parseIdentity(streamReader, skipCredentials, skipAttributes);
                } catch (XMLStreamException e) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmFailedToRead(path, name, e);
                }
            } catch (NoSuchFileException | FileNotFoundException ignored) {
                return null;
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmFailedToOpen(path, name, e);
            }
        }

        private LoadedIdentity parseIdentity(final XMLStreamReader streamReader, final boolean skipCredentials, final boolean skipAttributes) throws RealmUnavailableException, XMLStreamException {
            final int tag = streamReader.nextTag();
            Version version;
            if (tag != START_ELEMENT || ((version = identifyVersion(streamReader)) == null) || ! "identity".equals(streamReader.getLocalName())) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
            }
            return parseIdentityContents(streamReader, version, skipCredentials, skipAttributes);
        }

        private Version identifyVersion(final XMLStreamReader streamReader) {
            return KNOWN_NAMESPACES.get(streamReader.getNamespaceURI());
        }

        private LoadedIdentity parseIdentityContents(final XMLStreamReader streamReader, final Version version, final boolean skipCredentials, final boolean skipAttributes) throws RealmUnavailableException, XMLStreamException {
            final int attributeCount = streamReader.getAttributeCount();
            if (attributeCount > 0) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
            }
            List credentials = Collections.emptyList();
            Attributes attributes = Attributes.EMPTY;
            boolean gotCredentials = false;
            boolean gotAttributes = false;
            for (;;) {
                if (streamReader.isEndElement()) {
                    if (attributes == Attributes.EMPTY && !skipAttributes) {
                        // Since this could be a use-case wanting to modify the attributes, make sure that we have a
                        // modifiable version of Attributes;
                        attributes = new MapAttributes();
                    }
                    return new LoadedIdentity(name, credentials, attributes, hashEncoding);
                }
                if (!(version.getNamespace().equals(streamReader.getNamespaceURI())) && !(XMLSignature.XMLNS.equals(streamReader.getNamespaceURI()))) {
                    // Mixed versions unsupported.
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }

                if ("principal".equals(streamReader.getLocalName())) {
                    if (version.isAtLeast(Version.VERSION_1_2)) {
                        consumeContent(streamReader);
                    } else {
                        throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                    }
                }

                if (! gotCredentials && "credentials".equals(streamReader.getLocalName())) {
                    gotCredentials = true;
                    if (skipCredentials) {
                        consumeContent(streamReader);
                    } else {
                        credentials = parseCredentials(streamReader, version);
                    }
                } else if (! gotAttributes && "attributes".equals(streamReader.getLocalName())) {
                    gotAttributes = true;
                    if (skipAttributes) {
                        consumeContent(streamReader);
                    } else {
                        attributes = parseAttributes(streamReader, version);
                    }
                }
                streamReader.nextTag();
            }
        }

        private List parseCredentials(final XMLStreamReader streamReader, final Version version) throws RealmUnavailableException, XMLStreamException {
            final int attributeCount = streamReader.getAttributeCount();
            if (attributeCount > 0) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
            }
            if (streamReader.nextTag() == END_ELEMENT) {
                return Collections.emptyList();
            }
            List credentials = new ArrayList<>();
            do {
                if (! version.getNamespace().equals(streamReader.getNamespaceURI()) ) {
                    // Mixed versions unsupported.
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
                if ("password".equals(streamReader.getLocalName())) {
                    parsePassword(credentials, streamReader, version);
                } else if ("public-key".equals(streamReader.getLocalName())) {
                    parsePublicKey(credentials, streamReader);
                } else if ("certificate".equals(streamReader.getLocalName())) {
                    parseCertificate(credentials, streamReader);
                } else if ("otp".equals(streamReader.getLocalName())) {
                    parseOtp(credentials, streamReader);
                } else {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
            } while (streamReader.nextTag() != END_ELEMENT);
            return credentials;
        }

        private void parseCredential(final XMLStreamReader streamReader, CredentialParseFunction function) throws RealmUnavailableException, XMLStreamException {
            final int attributeCount = streamReader.getAttributeCount();
            String name = null;
            String algorithm = null;
            String format = null;
            for (int i = 0; i < attributeCount; i ++) {
                String namespace = streamReader.getAttributeNamespace(i);
                if (namespace != null && !namespace.equals("")) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
                final String localName = streamReader.getAttributeLocalName(i);
                if ("name".equals(localName)) {
                    name = streamReader.getAttributeValue(i);
                } else if ("algorithm".equals(localName)) {
                    algorithm = streamReader.getAttributeValue(i);
                } else if ("format".equals(localName)) {
                    format = streamReader.getAttributeValue(i);
                } else {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
            }
            final String text = streamReader.getElementText().trim();
            function.parseCredential(algorithm, format, text);
        }

        private void parseCertificate(final List credentials, final XMLStreamReader streamReader) throws RealmUnavailableException, XMLStreamException {
            parseCredential(streamReader, (algorithm, format, text) -> {
                if (algorithm == null) algorithm = X509_FORMAT;
                if (format == null) format = X509_FORMAT;
                try {
                    final CertificateFactory certificateFactory = CertificateFactory.getInstance(algorithm);
                    credentials.add(new X509CertificateChainPublicCredential((X509Certificate) certificateFactory.generateCertificate(
                        CodePointIterator.ofString(text).base64Decode().asInputStream())));
                } catch (CertificateException | ClassCastException e) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmCertificateReadError(format, path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
            });
        }

        private void parsePublicKey(final List credentials, final XMLStreamReader streamReader) throws RealmUnavailableException, XMLStreamException {
            parseCredential(streamReader, (algorithm, format, text) -> {
                if (algorithm == null) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmMissingAttribute("algorithm", path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
                if (format == null) {
                    format = X509_FORMAT;
                } else if (!X509_FORMAT.equals(format)) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmUnsupportedKeyFormat(format, path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
                try {
                    KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(algorithm);
                    credentials.add(new PublicKeyCredential(keyFactory.generatePublic(new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(CodePointIterator.ofString(text).base64Decode().drain()))));
                } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmUnsupportedKeyAlgorithm(format, path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name, e);
                } catch (InvalidKeySpecException e) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmUnsupportedKeyFormat(format, path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
            });
        }

        private void parsePassword(final List credentials, final XMLStreamReader streamReader, final Version version) throws XMLStreamException, RealmUnavailableException {
            parseCredential(streamReader, (algorithm, format, text) -> {
                try {
                    if (ENCRYPTION_FORMAT.equals(format)) {
                        if (! version.isAtLeast(Version.VERSION_1_1)) {
                            throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                        }
                        if (algorithm == null) {
                            throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmMissingAttribute("algorithm", path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                        }
                        PasswordFactory passwordFactory = PasswordFactory.getInstance(algorithm, providers);
                        byte[] encryptedPasswordBytes = CodePointIterator.ofChars(text.toCharArray()).base64Decode().drain();
                        byte[] decryptedPasswordBytes;
                        try {
                            decryptedPasswordBytes = CipherUtil.decrypt(encryptedPasswordBytes, secretKey);
                        } catch (GeneralSecurityException e) {
                            throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmDecryptionFailed(e);
                        }
                        PasswordSpec passwordSpec = BasicPasswordSpecEncoding.decode(decryptedPasswordBytes);

                        if (passwordSpec != null) {
                            credentials.add(new PasswordCredential(passwordFactory.generatePassword(passwordSpec)));
                        } else {
                            throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidPasswordAlgorithm(algorithm, path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                        }
                    } else if (BASE64_FORMAT.equals(format) || HEX.equals(format)) {
                        if (algorithm == null) {
                            throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmMissingAttribute("algorithm", path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                        }
                        PasswordFactory passwordFactory = PasswordFactory.getInstance(algorithm, providers);
                        byte[] passwordBytes;
                        if (BASE64_FORMAT.equals(format)) {
                            passwordBytes = CodePointIterator.ofChars(text.toCharArray()).base64Decode().drain();
                        } else {
                            passwordBytes = CodePointIterator.ofChars(text.toCharArray()).hexDecode().drain();
                        }
                        PasswordSpec passwordSpec = BasicPasswordSpecEncoding.decode(passwordBytes);

                        if (passwordSpec != null) {
                            credentials.add(new PasswordCredential(passwordFactory.generatePassword(passwordSpec)));
                        } else {
                            throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidPasswordAlgorithm(algorithm, path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                        }
                    } else if (MCF_FORMAT.equals(format)) {
                        credentials.add(new PasswordCredential(ModularCrypt.decode(text)));
                    } else {
                        throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidPasswordFormat(format, path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                    }
                } catch (InvalidKeySpecException | NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
            });
        }

        private void parseOtp(final List credentials, final XMLStreamReader streamReader) throws XMLStreamException, RealmUnavailableException {
            String name = null;
            String algorithm = null;
            byte[] hash = null;
            String seed = null;
            int sequenceNumber = 0;

            final int attributeCount = streamReader.getAttributeCount();
            for (int i = 0; i < attributeCount; i ++) {
                String namespace = streamReader.getAttributeNamespace(i);
                if (namespace != null && !namespace.equals("")) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
                final String localName = streamReader.getAttributeLocalName(i);
                if ("name".equals(localName)) {
                    name = streamReader.getAttributeValue(i);
                } else if ("algorithm".equals(localName)) {
                    algorithm = streamReader.getAttributeValue(i);
                } else if ("hash".equals(localName)) {
                    hash = CodePointIterator.ofString(streamReader.getAttributeValue(i)).base64Decode(Base64Alphabet.STANDARD, false).drain();
                } else if ("seed".equals(localName)) {
                    seed = new String(CodePointIterator.ofString(streamReader.getAttributeValue(i)).base64Decode(Base64Alphabet.STANDARD, false).drain(), StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
                } else if ("sequence".equals(localName)) {
                    sequenceNumber = Integer.parseInt(streamReader.getAttributeValue(i));
                } else {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
            }

            if (streamReader.nextTag() != END_ELEMENT) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
            }

            try {
                if (algorithm == null) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmMissingAttribute("algorithm", path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
                PasswordFactory passwordFactory = PasswordFactory.getInstance(algorithm, providers);
                Password password = passwordFactory.generatePassword(new OneTimePasswordSpec(hash, seed, sequenceNumber));
                credentials.add(new PasswordCredential(password));
            } catch (InvalidKeySpecException e) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidOtpDefinition(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name, e);
            } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidOtpAlgorithm(algorithm, path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name, e);
            }
        }

        private Attributes parseAttributes(final XMLStreamReader streamReader, final Version version) throws RealmUnavailableException, XMLStreamException {
            final int attributeCount = streamReader.getAttributeCount();
            if (attributeCount > 0) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
            }
            int tag = streamReader.nextTag();
            if (tag == END_ELEMENT) {
                return Attributes.EMPTY;
            }
            Attributes attributes = new MapAttributes();
            do {
                if (! version.getNamespace().equals(streamReader.getNamespaceURI()) ) {

                    // Mixed versions unsupported.
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
                if ("attribute".equals(streamReader.getLocalName())) {
                    parseAttribute(streamReader, attributes);
                } else {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), name);
                }
            } while (streamReader.nextTag() == START_ELEMENT);
            return attributes;
        }

        private void parseAttribute(final XMLStreamReader streamReader, final Attributes attributes) throws XMLStreamException, RealmUnavailableException {
            String name = null;
            String value = null;
            final int attributeCount = streamReader.getAttributeCount();
            for (int i = 0; i < attributeCount; i++) {
                String namespace = streamReader.getAttributeNamespace(i);
                if (namespace != null && !namespace.equals("")) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), this.name);
                }
                if ("name".equals(streamReader.getAttributeLocalName(i))) {
                    name = streamReader.getAttributeValue(i);
                } else if ("value".equals(streamReader.getAttributeLocalName(i))) {
                    value = streamReader.getAttributeValue(i);
                } else {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), this.name);
                }
            }
            if (name == null) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmMissingAttribute("name", path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), this.name);
            }
            if (value == null) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmMissingAttribute("value", path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), this.name);
            }
            if (secretKey != null) {
                try {
                    attributes.addLast(CipherUtil.decrypt(name, secretKey), CipherUtil.decrypt(value, secretKey));
                } catch (GeneralSecurityException e){
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmDecryptionFailed(e);
                }
            } else {
                attributes.addLast(name, value);
            }
            if (streamReader.nextTag() != END_ELEMENT) {
                throw ElytronMessages.log.fileSystemRealmInvalidContent(path, streamReader.getLocation().getLineNumber(), this.name);
            }
        }

        private void consumeContent(final XMLStreamReader reader) throws XMLStreamException {
            while (reader.hasNext()) {
                switch (reader.next()) {
                    case START_ELEMENT: {
                        consumeContent(reader);
                        break;
                    }
                    case END_ELEMENT: {
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        private boolean isIntegrityValid() {
            if (this.publicKey != null) {
                DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
                dbf.setNamespaceAware(true);
                Document doc;
                try {
                    doc = dbf.newDocumentBuilder().parse(path.toString());
                } catch (SAXException | IOException | ParserConfigurationException e) {
                    return false;
                }
                return (validatePrincipalName(doc) && validateDigitalSignature(doc));
            }
            return true;
        }

        // Process for updating identity:
        // 1. Validate current identity digital signature
        // 2. Update identity with new data
        // 3. Create new digital signature
        private boolean validateDigitalSignature(Document doc) {
            try {
                NodeList nl = doc.getElementsByTagNameNS(XMLSignature.XMLNS, "Signature");
                if (nl.getLength() == 0) {
                    throw ElytronMessages.log.cannotFindSignature(path.toString());
                }
                XMLSignatureFactory fac = XMLSignatureFactory.getInstance("DOM");
                DOMValidateContext valContext = new DOMValidateContext(publicKey, nl.item(0));
                XMLSignature signature = fac.unmarshalXMLSignature(valContext);
                boolean coreValidity = signature.validate(valContext);
                ElytronMessages.log.tracef("FileSystemSecurityRealm - verification against signature for credential [%s] = %b", name, coreValidity);
                return coreValidity;
           } catch (IOException | MarshalException | XMLSignatureException e) {
                ElytronMessages.log.tracef("FileSystemSecurityRealm - Error during verification. Signature for credential [%s] failed", name);
                return false;
            }
        }

        private boolean validatePrincipalName(Document doc) {
            NodeList nl = doc.getElementsByTagName("principal");
            if (nl.getLength() == 0) {
                ElytronMessages.log.tracef("FileSystemSecurityRealm - verification against principal for credential [%s] = %b", name, false);
                return false;
            }
            String principalName = nl.item(0).getAttributes().getNamedItem("name").getNodeValue();
            if (secretKey != null) {
                try {
                    principalName = CipherUtil.decrypt(principalName, secretKey);
                } catch (GeneralSecurityException e) {
                    ElytronMessages.log.tracef("FileSystemSecurityRealm - verification against principal for credential [%s] = %b", name, false);
                    return false;
                }
            }
            boolean validity = Objects.equals(principalName, name);
            ElytronMessages.log.tracef("FileSystemSecurityRealm - verification against principal for credential [%s] = %b", name, validity);
            return validity;
        }

        private void writeDigitalSignature(Path path, String name) throws RealmUnavailableException {
            try {
                DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
                dbf.setNamespaceAware(true);
                DocumentBuilder builder = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();
                Document doc = builder.parse(Files.newInputStream(path));
                Element elem = doc.getDocumentElement();
                NodeList signatureNode = doc.getElementsByTagName("Signature");
                if (signatureNode.getLength() > 0) {
                    Node sig = signatureNode.item(0);
                    elem.removeChild(sig);
                }
                DOMSignContext dsc = new DOMSignContext(this.privateKey, elem);
                XMLSignatureFactory fac = XMLSignatureFactory.getInstance("DOM");
                Reference ref = fac.newReference
                        ("", fac.newDigestMethod(DigestMethod.SHA256, null),
                                Collections.singletonList
                                        (fac.newTransform(Transform.ENVELOPED,
                                                (TransformParameterSpec) null)), null, null);
                String signatureMethod = "";
                // https://issues.redhat.com/browse/ELY-2346
                // Once JDK 8 support is removed use the javax.xml.crypto.dsig.SignatureMethod to set these signatureMethods
                switch (this.publicKey.getAlgorithm()) {
                    case "DSA":
                        signatureMethod = "http://www.w3.org/2009/xmldsig11#dsa-sha256";
                        break;
                    case "RSA":
                        signatureMethod = "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#rsa-sha256";
                        break;
                    case "HMAC":
                        signatureMethod = "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#hmac-sha256";
                        break;
                    case "EC":
                        signatureMethod = "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#ecdsa-sha256";
                        break;
                }
                SignedInfo si = fac.newSignedInfo
                        (fac.newCanonicalizationMethod
                                        (CanonicalizationMethod.INCLUSIVE,
                                                (C14NMethodParameterSpec) null),
                                fac.newSignatureMethod(signatureMethod, null),
                                Collections.singletonList(ref));
                KeyInfoFactory kif = fac.getKeyInfoFactory();
                KeyValue kv = kif.newKeyValue(this.publicKey);
                KeyInfo ki = kif.newKeyInfo(Collections.singletonList(kv));
                XMLSignature signature = fac.newXMLSignature(si, ki);
                signature.sign(dsc);
                TransformerFactory transformerFactory = TransformerFactory.newInstance();
                Transformer transformer = transformerFactory.newTransformer();
                DOMSource source = new DOMSource(doc);
                FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(String.valueOf(path));
                StreamResult result = new StreamResult(writer);
                transformer.transform(source, result);
                ElytronMessages.log.tracef("FileSystemSecurityRealm - signature against file updated [%s]", name);
                writer.close();
            } catch (ParserConfigurationException | IOException | NoSuchAlgorithmException | InvalidAlgorithmParameterException |
                    KeyException | XMLSignatureException | MarshalException | TransformerException | SAXException e) {
                ElytronMessages.log.tracef("FileSystemSecurityRealm - Error during signature generation against identity [%s]", name);
                throw ElytronMessages.log.unableToGenerateSignature(String.valueOf(this.path));
            }
        }
    }

    protected static final class LoadedIdentity {
        private final String name;
        private final List credentials;
        private final Attributes attributes;
        private final Encoding hashEncoding;

        LoadedIdentity(final String name, final List credentials, final Attributes attributes, final Encoding hashEncoding) {
            this.name = name;
            this.credentials = credentials;
            this.attributes = attributes;
            this.hashEncoding = hashEncoding;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }

        public Attributes getAttributes() {
            return attributes;
        }

        List getCredentials() {
            return credentials;
        }

        public Encoding getHashEncoding() {
            return hashEncoding;
        }

    }

    static class AutoCloseableXMLStreamReaderHolder implements AutoCloseable {
        private final XMLStreamReader xmlStreamReader;

        AutoCloseableXMLStreamReaderHolder(final XMLStreamReader xmlStreamReader) {
            this.xmlStreamReader = xmlStreamReader;
        }

        public void close() throws XMLStreamException {
            xmlStreamReader.close();
        }

        public XMLStreamReader getXmlStreamReader() {
            return xmlStreamReader;
        }
    }

    static class AutoCloseableXMLStreamWriterHolder implements AutoCloseable {
        private final XMLStreamWriter xmlStreamWriter;

        AutoCloseableXMLStreamWriterHolder(final XMLStreamWriter xmlStreamWriter) {
            this.xmlStreamWriter = xmlStreamWriter;
        }

        public void close() throws XMLStreamException {
            xmlStreamWriter.close();
        }

        public XMLStreamWriter getXmlStreamWriter() {
            return xmlStreamWriter;
        }
    }

    public static class IntegrityResult {
        /**
         * The result of the integrity check and invalid identities.
         */
        private final boolean valid;
        private final ArrayList identityNames;

        IntegrityResult(final boolean valid, final ArrayList identityNames) {
            this.valid = valid;
            this.identityNames = identityNames;
        }

        /**
         * The validity of the integrity check.
         *
         * @return {@code true} if the integrity check was successful.
         */
        public boolean isValid() {
            return valid;
        }

        /**
         * Returns a string of the identities that were found to be invalid.
         *
         * @return the list of identities that were found to be invalid.
         */
        public String getIdentityNames() {
            return identityNames.toString();
        }
    }
}




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