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z3-z3-4.13.0.src.ast.fpa.fpa2bv_converter.cpp Maven / Gradle / Ivy

/*++
Copyright (c) 2012 Microsoft Corporation

Module Name:

fpa2bv_converter.cpp

Abstract:

Conversion routines for Floating Point -> Bit-Vector

Author:

Christoph (cwinter) 2012-02-09

Notes:

--*/
#include

#include "ast/ast_smt2_pp.h"
#include "ast/ast_pp.h"
#include "ast/well_sorted.h"
#include "ast/rewriter/th_rewriter.h"
#include "ast/used_vars.h"
#include "ast/rewriter/var_subst.h"

#include "ast/fpa/fpa2bv_converter.h"
#include "ast/rewriter/fpa_rewriter.h"

#define BVULT(X,Y,R) { expr_ref t(m); t = m_bv_util.mk_ule(Y,X); m_simp.mk_not(t, R); }

fpa2bv_converter::fpa2bv_converter(ast_manager & m) :
    m(m),
    m_simp(m),
    m_bv_util(m),
    m_arith_util(m),
    m_dt_util(m),
    m_seq_util(m),
    m_util(m),
    m_mpf_manager(m_util.fm()),
    m_mpz_manager(m_mpf_manager.mpz_manager()),
    m_hi_fp_unspecified(true),
    m_extra_assertions(m) {
    m_plugin = static_cast(m.get_plugin(m.mk_family_id("fpa")));
}

fpa2bv_converter::~fpa2bv_converter() {
    reset();
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_eq(expr * a, expr * b, expr_ref & result) {
    if (is_float(a) && is_float(b)) {

        TRACE("fpa2bv", tout << "mk_eq a=" << mk_ismt2_pp(a, m) << std::endl;
                        tout << "mk_eq b=" << mk_ismt2_pp(b, m) << std::endl;);

        SASSERT(m_util.is_fp(a) && m_util.is_fp(b));

        expr_ref eq_sgn(m), eq_exp(m), eq_sig(m);
        m_simp.mk_eq(to_app(a)->get_arg(0), to_app(b)->get_arg(0), eq_sgn);
        m_simp.mk_eq(to_app(a)->get_arg(1), to_app(b)->get_arg(1), eq_exp);
        m_simp.mk_eq(to_app(a)->get_arg(2), to_app(b)->get_arg(2), eq_sig);

        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_eq_sgn", eq_sgn);
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_eq_exp", eq_exp);
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_eq_sig", eq_sig);

        expr_ref both_the_same(m);
        m_simp.mk_and(eq_sgn, eq_exp, eq_sig, both_the_same);
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_eq_both_the_same", both_the_same);

        // The SMT FPA theory asks for _one_ NaN value, but the bit-blasting
        // has many, like IEEE754. This encoding of equality makes it look like
        // a single NaN again.
        expr_ref a_is_nan(m), b_is_nan(m), both_are_nan(m);
        mk_is_nan(a, a_is_nan);
        mk_is_nan(b, b_is_nan);
        m_simp.mk_and(a_is_nan, b_is_nan, both_are_nan);
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_eq_both_are_nan", both_are_nan);

        m_simp.mk_or(both_are_nan, both_the_same, result);
    }
    else if (is_rm(a) && is_rm(b)) {
        SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(b) && m_util.is_bv2rm(a));

        TRACE("fpa2bv", tout << "mk_eq_rm a=" << mk_ismt2_pp(a, m) << std::endl;
                        tout << "mk_eq_rm b=" << mk_ismt2_pp(b, m) << std::endl;);

        m_simp.mk_eq(to_app(a)->get_arg(0), to_app(b)->get_arg(0), result);
    }
    else
        UNREACHABLE();
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_ite(expr * c, expr * t, expr * f, expr_ref & result) {
    expr* c2 = nullptr, *t2 = nullptr, *f2 = nullptr;
    if (m.is_ite(t, c2, t2, f2)) {
        mk_ite(c2, t2, f2, result);
        mk_ite(c, result, f, result);
    }
    else if (m.is_ite(f, c2, t2, f2)) {
        mk_ite(c2, t2, f2, result);
        mk_ite(c, t, result, result);
    }
    else if (m_util.is_fp(t) && m_util.is_fp(f)) {
        expr_ref t_sgn(m), t_sig(m), t_exp(m);
        expr_ref f_sgn(m), f_sig(m), f_exp(m);
        split_fp(t, t_sgn, t_exp, t_sig);
        split_fp(f, f_sgn, f_exp, f_sig);

        expr_ref sgn(m), s(m), e(m);
        m_simp.mk_ite(c, t_sgn, f_sgn, sgn);
        m_simp.mk_ite(c, t_sig, f_sig, s);
        m_simp.mk_ite(c, t_exp, f_exp, e);

        result = m_util.mk_fp(sgn, e, s);
    }
    else if (m_util.is_rm(t) && m_util.is_rm(f))
    {
        SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(t) && m_util.is_bv2rm(f));
        TRACE("fpa2bv", tout << "ite rm: t=" << mk_ismt2_pp(t, m) << " f=" << mk_ismt2_pp(f, m) << std::endl; );
        m_simp.mk_ite(c, to_app(t)->get_arg(0), to_app(f)->get_arg(0), result);
        result = m_util.mk_bv2rm(result);
    }
    else {
        //std::cout << mk_pp(t, m) << " " << mk_pp(f, m) << "\n";
        UNREACHABLE();

    }
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_distinct(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    // Note: in SMT there is only one NaN, so multiple of them are considered
    // equal, thus (distinct NaN NaN) is false, even if the two NaNs have
    // different bitwise representations (see also mk_eq).
    result = m.mk_true();
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < num; i++) {
        for (unsigned j = i+1; j < num; j++) {
            expr_ref eq(m), neq(m);
            mk_eq(args[i], args[j], eq);
            neq = m.mk_not(eq);
            m_simp.mk_and(result, neq, result);
        }
    }
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_numeral(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 0);
    scoped_mpf v(m_mpf_manager);
    expr_ref a(m);
    a = m.mk_app(f, num, args);
    m_util.is_numeral(a, v);
    mk_numeral(f->get_range(), v, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_numeral(sort * s, mpf const & v, expr_ref & result) {
    unsigned sbits = v.get_sbits();
    unsigned ebits = v.get_ebits();

    bool sign = m_util.fm().sgn(v);
    mpz const & sig = m_util.fm().sig(v);
    mpf_exp_t const & exp = m_util.fm().exp(v);

    if (m_util.fm().is_nan(v))
        mk_nan(s, result);
    else if (m_util.fm().is_inf(v)) {
        if (m_util.fm().sgn(v))
            mk_ninf(s, result);
        else
            mk_pinf(s, result);
    }
    else {
        expr_ref bv_sgn(m), bv_sig(m), e(m), biased_exp(m);
        bv_sgn = m_bv_util.mk_numeral((sign) ? 1 : 0, 1);
        bv_sig = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(rational(sig), sbits-1);
        e = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(exp, ebits);

        mk_bias(e, biased_exp);

        result = m_util.mk_fp(bv_sgn, biased_exp, bv_sig);
        TRACE("fpa2bv_dbg", tout << "value of [" << sign << " " << m_mpz_manager.to_string(sig) << " " << exp << "] is "
            << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl;);
    }
}

app * fpa2bv_converter::mk_fresh_const(char const * prefix, unsigned sz) {
    return m.mk_fresh_const(prefix, m_bv_util.mk_sort(sz));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_const(func_decl * f, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(f->get_family_id() == null_family_id);
    SASSERT(f->get_arity() == 0);
    expr * r;
    if (m_const2bv.find(f, r)) {
        result = r;
    }
    else {
        sort * srt = f->get_range();
        SASSERT(is_float(srt));
        unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(srt);
        unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(srt);

        app_ref sgn(m), s(m), e(m);

#ifdef Z3DEBUG_FPA2BV_NAMES
        std::string p("fpa2bv");
        std::string name = f->get_name().str();

        sgn = mk_fresh_const((p + "_sgn_" + name).c_str(), 1);
        e = mk_fresh_const((p + "_exp_" + name).c_str(), ebits);
        s = mk_fresh_const((p + "_sig_" + name).c_str(), sbits-1);
#else
        app_ref bv(m);
        unsigned bv_sz = 1 + ebits + (sbits - 1);
        bv = mk_fresh_const(nullptr, bv_sz);

        sgn = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz - 1, bv_sz - 1, bv);
        e = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz - 2, sbits - 1, bv);
        s = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits - 2, 0, bv);

        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sgn) == 1);
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(s) == sbits-1);
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(e) == ebits);
#endif

        result = m_util.mk_fp(sgn, e, s);

        m_const2bv.insert(f, result);
        m.inc_ref(f);
        m.inc_ref(result);
    }
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_var(unsigned base_inx, sort * srt, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(is_float(srt));
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(srt);
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(srt);

    expr_ref sgn(m), s(m), e(m);

    sgn = m.mk_var(base_inx, m_bv_util.mk_sort(1));
    s = m.mk_var(base_inx+1, m_bv_util.mk_sort(sbits-1));
    e = m.mk_var(base_inx+2, m_bv_util.mk_sort(ebits));

    result = m_util.mk_fp(sgn, e, s);
}

expr_ref fpa2bv_converter::extra_quantify(expr * e)
{
    used_vars uv;
    unsigned nv;

    ptr_buffer new_decl_sorts;
    sbuffer new_decl_names;
    expr_ref_buffer subst_map(m);

    uv(e);
    nv = uv.get_num_vars();
    subst_map.resize(uv.get_max_found_var_idx_plus_1());

    if (nv == 0)
        return expr_ref(e, m);

    for (unsigned i = 0; i < nv; i++)
    {
        if (uv.contains(i)) {
            TRACE("fpa2bv", tout << "uv[" << i << "] = " << mk_ismt2_pp(uv.get(i), m) << std::endl; );
            sort * s = uv.get(i);
            var * v = m.mk_var(i, s);
            new_decl_sorts.push_back(s);
            new_decl_names.push_back(symbol(i));
            subst_map.set(i, v);
        }
    }

    expr_ref res(m);
    var_subst vsubst(m);
    res = vsubst.operator()(e, nv, subst_map.data());
    TRACE("fpa2bv", tout << "subst'd = " << mk_ismt2_pp(res, m) << std::endl; );
    res = m.mk_forall(nv, new_decl_sorts.data(), new_decl_names.data(), res);
    return res;
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_uf(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result)
{
    TRACE("fpa2bv", tout << "UF: " << mk_ismt2_pp(f, m) << std::endl; );

    expr_ref fapp(m);
    sort_ref rng(m);
    app_ref bv_app(m), flt_app(m);
    rng = f->get_range();
    fapp = m.mk_app(f, num, args);
    if (m_util.is_float(rng)) {
        sort_ref bv_rng(m);
        expr_ref new_eq(m);
        unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(rng);
        unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(rng);
        unsigned bv_sz = ebits+sbits;
        bv_rng = m_bv_util.mk_sort(bv_sz);
        func_decl * bv_f = mk_bv_uf(f, f->get_domain(), bv_rng);
        bv_app = m.mk_app(bv_f, num, args);
        flt_app = m_util.mk_fp(m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz-1, bv_sz-1, bv_app),
                               m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+ebits-2, sbits-1, bv_app),
                               m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-2, 0, bv_app));
        new_eq = m.mk_eq(fapp, flt_app);
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(extra_quantify(new_eq));
        result = flt_app;
    }
    else if (m_util.is_rm(rng)) {
        sort_ref bv_rng(m);
        expr_ref new_eq(m);
        bv_rng = m_bv_util.mk_sort(3);
        func_decl * bv_f = mk_bv_uf(f, f->get_domain(), bv_rng);
        bv_app = m.mk_app(bv_f, num, args);
        flt_app = m_util.mk_bv2rm(bv_app);
        new_eq = m.mk_eq(fapp, flt_app);
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(extra_quantify(new_eq));
        result = flt_app;
    }
    else
        result = fapp;

    TRACE("fpa2bv", tout << "UF result: " << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl; );
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_rm_const(func_decl * f, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(f->get_family_id() == null_family_id);
    SASSERT(f->get_arity() == 0);
    expr * r;
    if (m_rm_const2bv.find(f, r)) {
        result = r;
    }
    else {
        SASSERT(is_rm(f->get_range()));

        expr_ref bv3(m);
        bv3 = m.mk_fresh_const(
#ifdef Z3DEBUG_FPA2BV_NAMES
            "fpa2bv_rm"
#else
            nullptr
#endif
            , m_bv_util.mk_sort(3));

        result = m_util.mk_bv2rm(bv3);
        m_rm_const2bv.insert(f, result);
        m.inc_ref(f);
        m.inc_ref(result);

        expr_ref rcc(m);
        rcc = bu().mk_ule(bv3, bu().mk_numeral(4, 3));
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(rcc);
    }
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_pinf(func_decl * f, expr_ref & result) {
    mk_pinf(f->get_range(), result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_pinf(sort * s, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(is_float(s));
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    expr_ref top_exp(m);
    mk_top_exp(ebits, top_exp);
    result = m_util.mk_fp(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1), top_exp, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits-1));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_ninf(func_decl * f, expr_ref & result) {
    mk_ninf(f->get_range(), result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_ninf(sort * s, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(is_float(s));
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    expr_ref top_exp(m);
    mk_top_exp(ebits, top_exp);
    result = m_util.mk_fp(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1), top_exp, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits-1));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_nan(func_decl * f, expr_ref & result) {
    mk_nan(f->get_range(), result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_nan(sort * s, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(is_float(s));
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    expr_ref top_exp(m);
    mk_top_exp(ebits, top_exp);
    result = m_util.mk_fp(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1), top_exp, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, sbits - 1));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_nzero(func_decl * f, expr_ref & result) {
    mk_nzero(f->get_range(), result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_nzero(sort * s, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(is_float(s));
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    expr_ref bot_exp(m);
    mk_bot_exp(ebits, bot_exp);
    result = m_util.mk_fp(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1), bot_exp, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits - 1));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_pzero(func_decl * f, expr_ref & result) {
    mk_pzero(f->get_range(), result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_pzero(sort * s, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(is_float(s));
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    expr_ref bot_exp(m);
    mk_bot_exp(ebits, bot_exp);
    result = m_util.mk_fp(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1), bot_exp, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits-1));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_zero(sort * s, expr_ref & sgn, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref is_pos(m), pzero(m), nzero(m);
    is_pos = m.mk_eq(sgn, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1));
    mk_pzero(s, pzero);
    mk_nzero(s, nzero);
    mk_ite(is_pos, pzero, nzero, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_one(func_decl * f, expr_ref & sign, expr_ref & result) {
    mk_one(f->get_range(), sign, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_one(sort * s, expr_ref & sign, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(is_float(s));
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    result = m_util.mk_fp(sign, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(fu().fm().m_powers2.m1(ebits-1), ebits), m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits-1));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::add_core(unsigned sbits, unsigned ebits,
    expr_ref & c_sgn, expr_ref & c_sig, expr_ref & c_exp, expr_ref & d_sgn, expr_ref & d_sig, expr_ref & d_exp,
    expr_ref & res_sgn, expr_ref & res_sig, expr_ref & res_exp)
{
    // c/d are now such that c_exp >= d_exp.
    expr_ref exp_delta(m);
    exp_delta = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(c_exp, d_exp);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_exp_delta", exp_delta);

    if (log2(sbits + 2) < ebits + 2)
    {
        // cap the delta
        expr_ref cap(m), cap_le_delta(m), exp_delta_ext(m);
        cap = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(sbits + 2, ebits + 2);
        cap_le_delta = m_bv_util.mk_ule(cap, m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, exp_delta));
        exp_delta_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, exp_delta);
        m_simp.mk_ite(cap_le_delta, cap, exp_delta_ext, exp_delta);
        exp_delta = m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits - 1, 0, exp_delta);
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_exp_cap", cap);
    }

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_exp_delta_capped", exp_delta);

    // Three extra bits for c/d
    c_sig = m_bv_util.mk_concat(c_sig, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 3));
    d_sig = m_bv_util.mk_concat(d_sig, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 3));

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, c_sig));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, d_sig));

    // Alignment shift with sticky bit computation.
    expr_ref big_d_sig(m);
    big_d_sig = m_bv_util.mk_concat(d_sig, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits+3));

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, big_d_sig));
    if (ebits > sbits)
        throw default_exception("addition/subtract with ebits > sbits not supported");


    expr_ref shifted_big(m), shifted_d_sig(m), sticky_raw(m), sticky(m);
    shifted_big = m_bv_util.mk_bv_lshr(big_d_sig, m_bv_util.mk_concat(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, (2*(sbits+3))-ebits), exp_delta));
    shifted_d_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract((2*(sbits+3)-1), (sbits+3), shifted_big);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, shifted_d_sig));

    sticky_raw = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+2, 0, shifted_big);
    expr_ref sticky_eq(m), nil_sbit3(m), one_sbit3(m);
    nil_sbit3 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits+3);
    one_sbit3 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, sbits+3);
    m_simp.mk_eq(sticky_raw, nil_sbit3, sticky_eq);
    m_simp.mk_ite(sticky_eq, nil_sbit3, one_sbit3, sticky);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sticky));

    expr * or_args[2] = { shifted_d_sig, sticky };
    shifted_d_sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(2, or_args);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, shifted_d_sig));

    expr_ref eq_sgn(m);
    m_simp.mk_eq(c_sgn, d_sgn, eq_sgn);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_eq_sgn", eq_sgn);
    TRACE("fpa2bv_add_core", tout << "EQ_SGN = " << mk_ismt2_pp(eq_sgn, m) << std::endl; );

    // two extra bits for catching the overflow.
    c_sig = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, c_sig);
    shifted_d_sig = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, shifted_d_sig);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(c_sig) == sbits+5);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(shifted_d_sig) == sbits+5);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_c_sig", c_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_shifted_d_sig", shifted_d_sig);

    expr_ref sum(m), c_plus_d(m), c_minus_d(m);
    c_plus_d = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(c_sig, shifted_d_sig);
    c_minus_d = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(c_sig, shifted_d_sig);
    m_simp.mk_ite(eq_sgn, c_plus_d, c_minus_d, sum);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sum));

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_sum", sum);

    expr_ref sign_bv(m), n_sum(m);
    sign_bv = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+4, sbits+4, sum);
    n_sum = m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(sum);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_sign_bv", sign_bv);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_n_sum", n_sum);

    family_id bvfid = m_bv_util.get_fid();

    expr_ref res_sgn_c1(m), res_sgn_c2(m), res_sgn_c3(m);
    expr_ref not_c_sgn(m), not_d_sgn(m), not_sign_bv(m);
    not_c_sgn = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(c_sgn);
    not_d_sgn = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(d_sgn);
    not_sign_bv = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(sign_bv);
    res_sgn_c1 = m.mk_app(bvfid, OP_BAND, not_c_sgn, d_sgn, sign_bv);
    res_sgn_c2 = m.mk_app(bvfid, OP_BAND, c_sgn, not_d_sgn, not_sign_bv);
    res_sgn_c3 = m.mk_app(bvfid, OP_BAND, c_sgn, d_sgn);
    expr * res_sgn_or_args[3] = { res_sgn_c1, res_sgn_c2, res_sgn_c3 };
    res_sgn = m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(3, res_sgn_or_args);

    expr_ref res_sig_eq(m), sig_abs(m), one_1(m);
    one_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1);
    m_simp.mk_eq(sign_bv, one_1, res_sig_eq);
    m_simp.mk_ite(res_sig_eq, n_sum, sum, sig_abs);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_sig_abs", sig_abs);

    res_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+3, 0, sig_abs);
    res_exp = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, c_exp); // rounder requires 2 extra bits!
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_add(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 3);
    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(args[0]));

    expr_ref rm(m), x(m), y(m);
    rm = to_app(args[0])->get_arg(0);
    x = args[1];
    y = args[2];
    mk_add(f->get_range(), rm, x, y, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_add(sort * s, expr_ref & rm, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & y, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref nan(m), nzero(m), pzero(m);
    mk_nan(s, nan);
    mk_nzero(s, nzero);
    mk_pzero(s, pzero);

    expr_ref x_is_nan(m), x_is_zero(m), x_is_pos(m), x_is_neg(m), x_is_inf(m);
    expr_ref y_is_nan(m), y_is_zero(m), y_is_pos(m), y_is_neg(m), y_is_inf(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(x, x_is_pos);
    mk_is_neg(x, x_is_neg);
    mk_is_inf(x, x_is_inf);
    mk_is_nan(y, y_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(y, y_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(y, y_is_pos);
    mk_is_neg(y, y_is_neg);
    mk_is_inf(y, y_is_inf);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_x_is_nan", x_is_nan);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_x_is_zero", x_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_x_is_pos", x_is_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_x_is_neg", x_is_neg);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_x_is_inf", x_is_inf);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_y_is_nan", y_is_nan);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_y_is_zero", y_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_y_is_pos", y_is_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_y_is_neg", y_is_neg);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_y_is_inf", y_is_inf);

    expr_ref c1(m), c2(m), c3(m), c4(m), c5(m), c6(m);
    expr_ref v1(m), v2(m), v3(m), v4(m), v5(m), v6(m), v7(m);

    m_simp.mk_or(x_is_nan, y_is_nan, c1);
    v1 = nan;

    mk_is_inf(x, c2);
    expr_ref nx(m), ny(m), nx_xor_ny(m), inf_xor(m);
    mk_is_neg(x, nx);
    mk_is_neg(y, ny);
    m_simp.mk_xor(nx, ny, nx_xor_ny);
    m_simp.mk_and(y_is_inf, nx_xor_ny, inf_xor);
    mk_ite(inf_xor, nan, x, v2);

    mk_is_inf(y, c3);
    expr_ref xy_is_neg(m), v3_and(m);
    m_simp.mk_xor(x_is_neg, y_is_neg, xy_is_neg);
    m_simp.mk_and(x_is_inf, xy_is_neg, v3_and);
    mk_ite(v3_and, nan, y, v3);

    expr_ref rm_is_to_neg(m), signs_and(m), signs_xor(m), v4_and(m), rm_and_xor(m), neg_cond(m);
    m_simp.mk_and(x_is_zero, y_is_zero, c4);
    m_simp.mk_and(x_is_neg, y_is_neg, signs_and);
    m_simp.mk_xor(x_is_neg, y_is_neg, signs_xor);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE, rm_is_to_neg);
    m_simp.mk_and(rm_is_to_neg, signs_xor, rm_and_xor);
    m_simp.mk_or(signs_and, rm_and_xor, neg_cond);
    mk_ite(neg_cond, nzero, pzero, v4);
    m_simp.mk_and(x_is_neg, y_is_neg, v4_and);
    mk_ite(v4_and, x, v4, v4);

    c5 = x_is_zero;
    v5 = y;

    c6 = y_is_zero;
    v6 = x;

    // Actual addition.
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);

    expr_ref a_sgn(m), a_sig(m), a_exp(m), a_lz(m), b_sgn(m), b_sig(m), b_exp(m), b_lz(m);
    unpack(x, a_sgn, a_sig, a_exp, a_lz, false);
    unpack(y, b_sgn, b_sig, b_exp, b_lz, false);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_unpack_a_sgn", a_sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_unpack_a_sig", a_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_unpack_a_exp", a_exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_unpack_b_sgn", b_sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_unpack_b_sig", b_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_unpack_b_exp", b_exp);

    expr_ref swap_cond(m);
    swap_cond = m_bv_util.mk_sle(a_exp, b_exp);

    expr_ref c_sgn(m), c_sig(m), c_exp(m), d_sgn(m), d_sig(m), d_exp(m);
    m_simp.mk_ite(swap_cond, b_sgn, a_sgn, c_sgn);
    m_simp.mk_ite(swap_cond, b_sig, a_sig, c_sig); // has sbits
    m_simp.mk_ite(swap_cond, b_exp, a_exp, c_exp); // has ebits
    m_simp.mk_ite(swap_cond, a_sgn, b_sgn, d_sgn);
    m_simp.mk_ite(swap_cond, a_sig, b_sig, d_sig); // has sbits
    m_simp.mk_ite(swap_cond, a_exp, b_exp, d_exp); // has ebits

    expr_ref res_sgn(m), res_sig(m), res_exp(m);
    add_core(sbits, ebits,
        c_sgn, c_sig, c_exp, d_sgn, d_sig, d_exp,
        res_sgn, res_sig, res_exp);

    expr_ref is_zero_sig(m), nil_sbit4(m);
    nil_sbit4 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits+4);
    m_simp.mk_eq(res_sig, nil_sbit4, is_zero_sig);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, is_zero_sig));

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_is_zero_sig", is_zero_sig);

    expr_ref zero_case(m);
    mk_ite(rm_is_to_neg, nzero, pzero, zero_case);

    expr_ref rounded(m);
    round(s, rm, res_sgn, res_sig, res_exp, rounded);

    mk_ite(is_zero_sig, zero_case, rounded, v7);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_c1", c1);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_c2", c2);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_c3", c3);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_c4", c4);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_c5", c5);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_add_c6", c6);

    mk_ite(c6, v6, v7, result);
    mk_ite(c5, v5, result, result);
    mk_ite(c4, v4, result, result);
    mk_ite(c3, v3, result, result);
    mk_ite(c2, v2, result, result);
    mk_ite(c1, v1, result, result);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));

    TRACE("fpa2bv_add", tout << "ADD = " << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl; );
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_sub(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 3);
    expr_ref rm(m), x(m), y(m);
    rm = args[0];
    x = args[1];
    y = args[2];
    mk_sub(f->get_range(), rm, x, y, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_sub(sort * s, expr_ref & rm, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & y, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref t(m);
    mk_neg(s, y, t);
    mk_add(s, rm, x, t, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_neg(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    expr_ref x(m);
    x = args[0];
    mk_neg(f->get_range(), x, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_neg(sort * srt, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m);
    split_fp(x, sgn, exp, sig);
    expr_ref x_is_nan(m), nsgn(m), nx(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    nsgn = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(sgn);
    nx = m_util.mk_fp(nsgn, exp, sig);
    mk_ite(x_is_nan, x, nx, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_mul(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 3);
    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(args[0]));

    expr_ref rm(m), x(m), y(m);
    rm = to_app(args[0])->get_arg(0);
    x = args[1];
    y = args[2];
    mk_mul(f->get_range(), rm, x, y, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_mul(sort * s, expr_ref & rm, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & y, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref nan(m), nzero(m), pzero(m), ninf(m), pinf(m);
    mk_nan(s, nan);
    mk_nzero(s, nzero);
    mk_pzero(s, pzero);
    mk_ninf(s, ninf);
    mk_pinf(s, pinf);

    expr_ref x_is_nan(m), x_is_zero(m), x_is_pos(m), x_is_inf(m);
    expr_ref y_is_nan(m), y_is_zero(m), y_is_pos(m), y_is_inf(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(x, x_is_pos);
    mk_is_inf(x, x_is_inf);
    mk_is_nan(y, y_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(y, y_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(y, y_is_pos);
    mk_is_inf(y, y_is_inf);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_x_is_nan", x_is_nan);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_x_is_zero", x_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_x_is_pos", x_is_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_x_is_inf", x_is_inf);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_y_is_nan", y_is_nan);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_y_is_zero", y_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_y_is_pos", y_is_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_y_is_inf", y_is_inf);

    expr_ref c1(m), c2(m), c3(m), c4(m), c5(m), c6(m);
    expr_ref v1(m), v2(m), v3(m), v4(m), v5(m), v6(m), v7(m);

    // (x is NaN) || (y is NaN) -> NaN
    m_simp.mk_or(x_is_nan, y_is_nan, c1);
    v1 = nan;

    // (x is +oo) -> if (y is 0) then NaN else inf with y's sign.
    mk_is_pinf(x, c2);
    expr_ref y_sgn_inf(m);
    mk_ite(y_is_pos, pinf, ninf, y_sgn_inf);
    mk_ite(y_is_zero, nan, y_sgn_inf, v2);

    // (y is +oo) -> if (x is 0) then NaN else inf with x's sign.
    mk_is_pinf(y, c3);
    expr_ref x_sgn_inf(m);
    mk_ite(x_is_pos, pinf, ninf, x_sgn_inf);
    mk_ite(x_is_zero, nan, x_sgn_inf, v3);

    // (x is -oo) -> if (y is 0) then NaN else inf with -y's sign.
    mk_is_ninf(x, c4);
    expr_ref neg_y_sgn_inf(m);
    mk_ite(y_is_pos, ninf, pinf, neg_y_sgn_inf);
    mk_ite(y_is_zero, nan, neg_y_sgn_inf, v4);

    // (y is -oo) -> if (x is 0) then NaN else inf with -x's sign.
    mk_is_ninf(y, c5);
    expr_ref neg_x_sgn_inf(m);
    mk_ite(x_is_pos, ninf, pinf, neg_x_sgn_inf);
    mk_ite(x_is_zero, nan, neg_x_sgn_inf, v5);

    // (x is 0) || (y is 0) -> x but with sign = x.sign ^ y.sign
    m_simp.mk_or(x_is_zero, y_is_zero, c6);
    expr_ref sign_xor(m);
    m_simp.mk_xor(x_is_pos, y_is_pos, sign_xor);
    mk_ite(sign_xor, nzero, pzero, v6);

    // else comes the actual multiplication.
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);

    expr_ref a_sgn(m), a_sig(m), a_exp(m), a_lz(m), b_sgn(m), b_sig(m), b_exp(m), b_lz(m);
    unpack(x, a_sgn, a_sig, a_exp, a_lz, true);
    unpack(y, b_sgn, b_sig, b_exp, b_lz, true);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_a_sig", a_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_a_exp", a_exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_b_sig", b_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_b_exp", b_exp);

    expr_ref a_lz_ext(m), b_lz_ext(m);
    a_lz_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, a_lz);
    b_lz_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, b_lz);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_lz_a", a_lz);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_lz_b", b_lz);

    expr_ref a_sig_ext(m), b_sig_ext(m);
    a_sig_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(sbits, a_sig);
    b_sig_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(sbits, b_sig);

    expr_ref a_exp_ext(m), b_exp_ext(m);
    a_exp_ext = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, a_exp);
    b_exp_ext = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, b_exp);

    expr_ref res_sgn(m), res_sig(m), res_exp(m);
    expr * signs[2] = { a_sgn, b_sgn };
    res_sgn = m_bv_util.mk_bv_xor(2, signs);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_res_sgn", res_sgn);

    res_exp = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(
        m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(a_exp_ext, a_lz_ext),
        m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(b_exp_ext, b_lz_ext));

    expr_ref product(m);
    product = m_bv_util.mk_bv_mul(a_sig_ext, b_sig_ext);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_mul_product", product);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(product) == 2*sbits);

    expr_ref h_p(m), l_p(m), rbits(m);
    h_p = m_bv_util.mk_extract(2*sbits-1, sbits, product);
    l_p = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-1, 0, product);

    if (sbits >= 4) {
        expr_ref sticky(m);
        sticky = m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BREDOR, m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-4, 0, product));
        rbits = m_bv_util.mk_concat(m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-1, sbits-3, product), sticky);
    }
    else
        rbits = m_bv_util.mk_concat(l_p, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 4 - sbits));

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(rbits) == 4);
    res_sig = m_bv_util.mk_concat(h_p, rbits);

    round(s, rm, res_sgn, res_sig, res_exp, v7);

    // And finally, we tie them together.
    mk_ite(c6, v6, v7, result);
    mk_ite(c5, v5, result, result);
    mk_ite(c4, v4, result, result);
    mk_ite(c3, v3, result, result);
    mk_ite(c2, v2, result, result);
    mk_ite(c1, v1, result, result);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));

    TRACE("fpa2bv_mul", tout << "MUL = " << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl; );
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_div(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 3);
    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(args[0]));
    expr_ref rm(m), x(m), y(m);
    rm = to_app(args[0])->get_arg(0);
    x = args[1];
    y = args[2];
    mk_div(f->get_range(), rm, x, y, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_div(sort * s, expr_ref & rm, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & y, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref nan(m), nzero(m), pzero(m), ninf(m), pinf(m);
    mk_nan(s, nan);
    mk_nzero(s, nzero);
    mk_pzero(s, pzero);
    mk_ninf(s, ninf);
    mk_pinf(s, pinf);

    expr_ref x_is_nan(m), x_is_zero(m), x_is_pos(m), x_is_inf(m);
    expr_ref y_is_nan(m), y_is_zero(m), y_is_pos(m), y_is_inf(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(x, x_is_pos);
    mk_is_inf(x, x_is_inf);
    mk_is_nan(y, y_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(y, y_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(y, y_is_pos);
    mk_is_inf(y, y_is_inf);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_x_is_nan", x_is_nan);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_x_is_zero", x_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_x_is_pos", x_is_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_x_is_inf", x_is_inf);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_y_is_nan", y_is_nan);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_y_is_zero", y_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_y_is_pos", y_is_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_y_is_inf", y_is_inf);

    expr_ref c1(m), c2(m), c3(m), c4(m), c5(m), c6(m), c7(m), c8(m);
    expr_ref v1(m), v2(m), v3(m), v4(m), v5(m), v6(m), v7(m), v8(m), v9(m);

    // (x is NaN) || (y is NaN) -> NaN
    m_simp.mk_or(x_is_nan, y_is_nan, c1);
    v1 = nan;

    // (x is +oo) -> if (y is oo) then NaN else inf with y's sign.
    mk_is_pinf(x, c2);
    expr_ref y_sgn_inf(m);
    mk_ite(y_is_pos, pinf, ninf, y_sgn_inf);
    mk_ite(y_is_inf, nan, y_sgn_inf, v2);

    // (y is +oo) -> if (x is oo) then NaN else 0 with sign x.sgn ^ y.sgn
    mk_is_pinf(y, c3);
    expr_ref xy_zero(m), signs_xor(m);
    m_simp.mk_xor(x_is_pos, y_is_pos, signs_xor);
    mk_ite(signs_xor, nzero, pzero, xy_zero);
    mk_ite(x_is_inf, nan, xy_zero, v3);

    // (x is -oo) -> if (y is oo) then NaN else inf with -y's sign.
    mk_is_ninf(x, c4);
    expr_ref neg_y_sgn_inf(m);
    mk_ite(y_is_pos, ninf, pinf, neg_y_sgn_inf);
    mk_ite(y_is_inf, nan, neg_y_sgn_inf, v4);

    // (y is -oo) -> if (x is oo) then NaN else 0 with sign x.sgn ^ y.sgn
    mk_is_ninf(y, c5);
    mk_ite(x_is_inf, nan, xy_zero, v5);

    // (y is 0) -> if (x is 0) then NaN else inf with xor sign.
    c6 = y_is_zero;
    expr_ref sgn_inf(m);
    mk_ite(signs_xor, ninf, pinf, sgn_inf);
    mk_ite(x_is_zero, nan, sgn_inf, v6);

    // (x is 0) -> result is zero with sgn = x.sgn^y.sgn
    // This is a special case to avoid problems with the unpacking of zero.
    c7 = x_is_zero;
    mk_ite(signs_xor, nzero, pzero, v7);

    // else comes the actual division.
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);
    if (ebits > sbits)
        throw default_exception("division with ebits > sbits not supported");
    SASSERT(ebits <= sbits);

    expr_ref a_sgn(m), a_sig(m), a_exp(m), a_lz(m), b_sgn(m), b_sig(m), b_exp(m), b_lz(m);
    unpack(x, a_sgn, a_sig, a_exp, a_lz, true);
    unpack(y, b_sgn, b_sig, b_exp, b_lz, true);

    unsigned extra_bits = sbits+2;
    expr_ref a_sig_ext(m), b_sig_ext(m);
    a_sig_ext = m_bv_util.mk_concat(a_sig, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits + extra_bits));
    b_sig_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(sbits + extra_bits, b_sig);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_a_sig_ext", a_sig_ext);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_b_sig_ext", b_sig_ext);

    expr_ref a_exp_ext(m), b_exp_ext(m);
    a_exp_ext = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, a_exp);
    b_exp_ext = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, b_exp);

    expr_ref res_sgn(m), res_sig(m), res_exp(m);
    expr * signs[2] = { a_sgn, b_sgn };
    res_sgn = m_bv_util.mk_bv_xor(2, signs);

    expr_ref a_lz_ext(m), b_lz_ext(m);
    a_lz_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, a_lz);
    b_lz_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, b_lz);

    res_exp = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(
        m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(a_exp_ext, a_lz_ext),
        m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(b_exp_ext, b_lz_ext));

    expr_ref quotient(m);
    // b_sig_ext can't be 0 here, so it's safe to use OP_BUDIV_I
    quotient = m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BUDIV_I, a_sig_ext, b_sig_ext);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_quotient", quotient);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(quotient) == (sbits + sbits + extra_bits));

    expr_ref sticky(m), upper(m), upper_reduced(m), too_large(m);
    sticky = m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BREDOR, m_bv_util.mk_extract(extra_bits-2, 0, quotient));
    res_sig = m_bv_util.mk_concat(m_bv_util.mk_extract(extra_bits+sbits+1, extra_bits-1, quotient), sticky);
    upper = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits + sbits + extra_bits-1, extra_bits+sbits+2, quotient);
    upper_reduced = m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BREDOR, upper.get());
    too_large = m.mk_eq(upper_reduced, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1));
    c8 = too_large;
    mk_ite(signs_xor, ninf, pinf, v8);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_res_sig_p4", res_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_upper", upper);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_too_large", too_large);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_sig) == (sbits + 4));

    expr_ref res_sig_lz(m);
    mk_leading_zeros(res_sig, sbits + 4, res_sig_lz);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_res_sig_lz", res_sig_lz);
    expr_ref res_sig_shift_amount(m);
    res_sig_shift_amount = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(res_sig_lz, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, sbits + 4));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_res_sig_shift_amount", res_sig_shift_amount);
    expr_ref shift_cond(m);
    shift_cond = m_bv_util.mk_ule(res_sig_lz, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, sbits + 4));
    expr_ref res_sig_shifted(m), res_exp_shifted(m);
    res_sig_shifted = m_bv_util.mk_bv_shl(res_sig, res_sig_shift_amount);
    res_exp_shifted = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(res_exp, m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits + 1, 0, res_sig_shift_amount));
    m_simp.mk_ite(shift_cond, res_sig, res_sig_shifted, res_sig);
    m_simp.mk_ite(shift_cond, res_exp, res_exp_shifted, res_exp);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_res_sig", res_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_div_res_exp", res_exp);

    round(s, rm, res_sgn, res_sig, res_exp, v9);

    // And finally, we tie them together.
    mk_ite(c8, v8, v9, result);
    mk_ite(c7, v7, result, result);
    mk_ite(c6, v6, result, result);
    mk_ite(c5, v5, result, result);
    mk_ite(c4, v4, result, result);
    mk_ite(c3, v3, result, result);
    mk_ite(c2, v2, result, result);
    mk_ite(c1, v1, result, result);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));

    TRACE("fpa2bv_div", tout << "DIV = " << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl; );
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_rem(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 2);
    expr_ref x(m), y(m);
    x = args[0];
    y = args[1];
    mk_rem(f->get_range(), x, y, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_rem(sort * s, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & y, expr_ref & result) {
    TRACE("fpa2bv_rem", tout << "X = " << mk_ismt2_pp(x, m) << std::endl;
                        tout << "Y = " << mk_ismt2_pp(y, m) << std::endl;);

    expr_ref nan(m), nzero(m), pzero(m), ninf(m), pinf(m);
    mk_nan(s, nan);
    mk_nzero(s, nzero);
    mk_pzero(s, pzero);
    mk_ninf(s, ninf);
    mk_pinf(s, pinf);

    expr_ref x_is_nan(m), x_is_zero(m), x_is_pos(m), x_is_neg(m), x_is_inf(m);
    expr_ref y_is_nan(m), y_is_zero(m), y_is_pos(m), y_is_neg(m), y_is_inf(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(x, x_is_pos);
    mk_is_neg(x, x_is_neg);
    mk_is_inf(x, x_is_inf);
    mk_is_nan(y, y_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(y, y_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(y, y_is_pos);
    mk_is_neg(y, y_is_neg);
    mk_is_inf(y, y_is_inf);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_x_is_nan", x_is_nan);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_x_is_zero", x_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_x_is_pos", x_is_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_x_is_inf", x_is_inf);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_y_is_nan", y_is_nan);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_y_is_zero", y_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_y_is_pos", y_is_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_y_is_inf", y_is_inf);

    expr_ref c1(m), c2(m), c3(m), c4(m), c5(m), c6(m);
    expr_ref v1(m), v2(m), v3(m), v4(m), v5(m), v6(m), v7(m);

    // (x is NaN) || (y is NaN) -> NaN
    m_simp.mk_or(x_is_nan, y_is_nan, c1);
    v1 = nan;

    // (x is +-oo) -> NaN
    c2 = x_is_inf;
    v2 = nan;

    // (y is +-oo) -> x
    c3 = y_is_inf;
    v3 = x;

    // (y is 0) -> NaN.
    c4 = y_is_zero;
    v4 = nan;

    // (x is 0) -> x
    c5 = x_is_zero;
    v5 = pzero;

    // exp(x) < exp(y) -> x
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);
    expr_ref x_sgn(m), x_sig(m), x_exp(m);
    expr_ref y_sgn(m), y_sig(m), y_exp(m);
    split_fp(x, x_sgn, x_exp, x_sig);
    split_fp(y, y_sgn, y_exp, y_sig);
    expr_ref one_ebits(m), y_exp_m1(m), xe_lt_yem1(m), ye_neq_zero(m);
    one_ebits = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, ebits);
    y_exp_m1 = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(y_exp, one_ebits);
    BVULT(x_exp, y_exp_m1, xe_lt_yem1);
    ye_neq_zero = m.mk_not(m.mk_eq(y_exp, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, ebits)));
    c6 = m.mk_and(ye_neq_zero, xe_lt_yem1);
    v6 = x;

    expr_ref a_sgn(m), a_sig(m), a_exp(m), a_lz(m);
    expr_ref b_sgn(m), b_sig(m), b_exp(m), b_lz(m);
    unpack(x, a_sgn, a_sig, a_exp, a_lz, true);
    unpack(y, b_sgn, b_sig, b_exp, b_lz, true);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_a_sgn", a_sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_a_sig", a_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_a_exp", a_exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_a_lz", a_lz);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_b_sgn", b_sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_b_sig", b_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_b_exp", b_exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_b_lz", b_lz);

    // else the actual remainder.
    // max. exponent difference is (2^ebits) - 3
    const mpz & two_to_ebits = fu().fm().m_powers2(ebits);
    scoped_mpz max_exp_diff(m_mpz_manager);
    m_mpz_manager.sub(two_to_ebits, 3, max_exp_diff);
    if (m_mpz_manager.gt(max_exp_diff, INT32_MAX))
        // because zero-extend allows only int params...
        throw rewriter_exception("Maximum exponent difference in fp.rem does not fit into a signed int. Huge exponents in fp.rem are not supported.");

    expr_ref a_exp_ext(m), b_exp_ext(m);
    a_exp_ext = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, a_exp);
    b_exp_ext = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, b_exp);

    expr_ref a_lz_ext(m), b_lz_ext(m);
    a_lz_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, a_lz);
    b_lz_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, b_lz);

    expr_ref exp_diff(m), neg_exp_diff(m), exp_diff_is_neg(m), exp_diff_ge_zero(m), exp_diff_is_zero(m);
    exp_diff = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(
        m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(a_exp_ext, a_lz_ext),
        m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(b_exp_ext, b_lz_ext));
    neg_exp_diff = m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(exp_diff);
    exp_diff_is_neg = m_bv_util.mk_sle(exp_diff, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, ebits+2));
    exp_diff_is_zero = m.mk_eq(exp_diff, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, ebits+2));
    exp_diff_ge_zero = m_bv_util.mk_sle(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp_diff)), exp_diff);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_exp_diff", exp_diff);

    // CMW: This creates _huge_ bit-vectors, which is potentially sub-optimal,
    // but calculating this via successive approx. of rem = x - y * nearest(x/y)
    // as in mpf::rem creates huge circuits, too. Lazy instantiation seems the
    // way to go in the long run (using the lazy bit-blaster helps on simple instances).
    expr_ref lshift(m), rshift(m), shifted(m), huge_rem(m), huge_div(m), huge_div_is_even(m);
    expr_ref a_sig_ext_l = a_sig, b_sig_ext_l = b_sig;
    scoped_mpz remaining(m_mpz_manager);
    m_mpz_manager.set(remaining, max_exp_diff);
    while (m_mpz_manager.gt(remaining, INT32_MAX)) {
        SASSERT(false); // zero-extend ast's expect int params which would overflow.
        a_sig_ext_l = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(INT32_MAX, a_sig_ext_l);
        b_sig_ext_l = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(INT32_MAX, b_sig_ext_l);
        m_mpz_manager.sub(remaining, INT32_MAX, remaining);
    }
    if (!m_mpz_manager.is_zero(remaining)) {
        unsigned rn = m_mpz_manager.get_uint(remaining);
        a_sig_ext_l = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(rn, a_sig_ext_l);
        b_sig_ext_l = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(rn, b_sig_ext_l);
    }
    expr_ref a_sig_ext(m), b_sig_ext(m);
    a_sig_ext = m_bv_util.mk_concat(a_sig_ext_l, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 3));
    b_sig_ext = m_bv_util.mk_concat(b_sig_ext_l, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 3));

    scoped_mpz max_exp_diff_adj(m_mpz_manager);
    m_mpz_manager.add(max_exp_diff, sbits, max_exp_diff_adj);
    m_mpz_manager.sub(max_exp_diff_adj, ebits, max_exp_diff_adj);
    m_mpz_manager.add(max_exp_diff_adj, 1, max_exp_diff_adj);
    expr_ref edr_tmp = exp_diff, nedr_tmp = neg_exp_diff;
    m_mpz_manager.set(remaining, max_exp_diff_adj);
    if (m_mpz_manager.gt(remaining, INT32_MAX))
        throw default_exception("zero extension bit-vector types are too large; would exhaust memory");
    if (!m_mpz_manager.is_zero(remaining)) {
        edr_tmp = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(m_mpz_manager.get_uint(remaining), edr_tmp);
        nedr_tmp = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(m_mpz_manager.get_uint(remaining), nedr_tmp);
    }
    lshift = edr_tmp;
    rshift = nedr_tmp;

    shifted = m.mk_ite(exp_diff_is_neg, m_bv_util.mk_bv_ashr(a_sig_ext, rshift),
                                        m_bv_util.mk_bv_shl(a_sig_ext, lshift));
    huge_rem = m_bv_util.mk_bv_urem(shifted, b_sig_ext);
    huge_div = m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BUDIV_I, shifted, b_sig_ext);
    huge_div_is_even = m.mk_eq(m_bv_util.mk_extract(0, 0, huge_div), m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, huge_rem));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_exp_diff_is_neg", exp_diff_is_neg);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_lshift", lshift);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_rshift", rshift);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_huge_rem", huge_rem);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_huge_div", huge_div);

    expr_ref rndd_sgn(m), rndd_exp(m), rndd_sig(m), rne_bv(m), rndd_sig_lz(m);
    rndd_sgn = a_sgn;
    rndd_exp = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(b_exp_ext, b_lz_ext);
    rndd_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+3, 0, huge_rem);
    rne_bv = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TIES_TO_EVEN, 3);
    mk_leading_zeros(rndd_sig, ebits+2, rndd_sig_lz);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_rndd_sgn", rndd_sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_rndd_sig", rndd_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_rndd_sig_lz", rndd_sig_lz);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_rndd_exp", rndd_exp);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(rndd_exp) == ebits+2);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(y_exp_m1) == ebits);

    expr_ref rndd_exp_eq_y_exp(m), rndd_exp_eq_y_exp_m1(m), y_sig_le_rndd_sig(m);
    rndd_exp_eq_y_exp = m.mk_eq(rndd_sig_lz, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, ebits+2));
    rndd_exp_eq_y_exp_m1 = m.mk_eq(rndd_sig_lz, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(2, ebits+2));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_rndd_exp_eq_y_exp_m1", rndd_exp_eq_y_exp_m1);

    expr_ref y_sig_ext(m), y_sig_eq_rndd_sig(m);
    y_sig_ext = m_bv_util.mk_concat(m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, b_sig), m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 2));
    y_sig_le_rndd_sig = m_bv_util.mk_sle(y_sig_ext, rndd_sig);
    y_sig_eq_rndd_sig = m.mk_eq(y_sig_ext, rndd_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_y_sig_ext", y_sig_ext);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_y_sig_le_rndd_sig", y_sig_le_rndd_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_y_sig_eq_rndd_sig", y_sig_eq_rndd_sig);

    expr_ref adj_cnd(m);
    adj_cnd = m.mk_or(m.mk_and(rndd_exp_eq_y_exp, y_sig_le_rndd_sig),
                      m.mk_and(rndd_exp_eq_y_exp_m1, y_sig_le_rndd_sig, m.mk_not(y_sig_eq_rndd_sig)),
                      m.mk_and(rndd_exp_eq_y_exp_m1, y_sig_eq_rndd_sig, m.mk_not(huge_div_is_even)));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_adj_cnd", adj_cnd);

    expr_ref rndd(m), rounded_sub_y(m), rounded_add_y(m), add_cnd(m), adjusted(m);
    round(s, rne_bv, rndd_sgn, rndd_sig, rndd_exp, rndd);
    mk_sub(s, rne_bv, rndd, y, rounded_sub_y);
    mk_add(s, rne_bv, rndd, y, rounded_add_y);
    add_cnd = m.mk_not(m.mk_eq(rndd_sgn, b_sgn));
    mk_ite(add_cnd, rounded_add_y, rounded_sub_y, adjusted);
    mk_ite(adj_cnd, adjusted, rndd, v7);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_add_cnd", add_cnd);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_adj_cnd", adj_cnd);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rem_rndd", rndd);

    // And finally, we tie them together.
    mk_ite(c6, v6, v7, result);
    mk_ite(c5, v5, result, result);
    mk_ite(c4, v4, result, result);
    mk_ite(c3, v3, result, result);
    mk_ite(c2, v2, result, result);
    mk_ite(c1, v1, result, result);

    expr_ref result_is_zero(m), zeros(m);
    mk_is_zero(result, result_is_zero);
    mk_ite(x_is_pos, pzero, nzero, zeros);
    mk_ite(result_is_zero, zeros, result, result);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));

    TRACE("fpa2bv_rem", tout << "REM = " << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl; );
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_abs(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    expr_ref x(m);
    x = args[0];
    mk_abs(f->get_range(), x, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_abs(sort * s, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m);
    split_fp(x, sgn, exp, sig);
    result = m_util.mk_fp(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1), exp, sig);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_min_i(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    func_decl_ref fu(m.mk_func_decl(f->get_family_id(), OP_FPA_MIN, 0, nullptr, num, args), m);
    mk_min(fu, num, args, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_max_i(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    func_decl_ref fu(m.mk_func_decl(f->get_family_id(), OP_FPA_MAX, 0, nullptr, num, args), m);
    mk_max(fu, num, args, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_min(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 2);

    expr * x = args[0], * y = args[1];

    expr_ref x_sgn(m), x_sig(m), x_exp(m);
    expr_ref y_sgn(m), y_sig(m), y_exp(m);
    split_fp(x, x_sgn, x_exp, x_sig);
    split_fp(y, y_sgn, y_exp, y_sig);

    expr_ref bv0(m), bv1(m);
    bv0 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);
    bv1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1);

    expr_ref x_is_nan(m), y_is_nan(m), x_is_zero(m), y_is_zero(m), xy_are_zero(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_nan(y, y_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_zero(y, y_is_zero);
    xy_are_zero = m.mk_and(x_is_zero, y_is_zero);

    expr_ref x_is_pos(m), x_is_neg(m);
    expr_ref y_is_pos(m), y_is_neg(m);
    expr_ref pn(m), np(m), pn_or_np_zeros(m);
    mk_is_pos(x, x_is_pos);
    mk_is_pos(y, y_is_pos);
    mk_is_neg(x, x_is_neg);
    mk_is_neg(y, y_is_neg);
    pn_or_np_zeros = m.mk_and(xy_are_zero, m.mk_not(m.mk_eq(x_sgn, y_sgn)));

    expr_ref unspec(m);
    unspec = mk_min_max_unspecified(f, x, y);

    expr_ref x_lt_y(m);
    mk_float_lt(f, num, args, x_lt_y);

    mk_ite(x_lt_y, x, y, result);
    mk_ite(xy_are_zero, y, result, result);
    mk_ite(pn_or_np_zeros, unspec, result, result);
    mk_ite(y_is_nan, x, result, result);
    mk_ite(x_is_nan, y, result, result);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_max(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 2);

    expr * x = args[0], *y = args[1];

    expr_ref x_sgn(m), x_sig(m), x_exp(m);
    expr_ref y_sgn(m), y_sig(m), y_exp(m);
    split_fp(x, x_sgn, x_exp, x_sig);
    split_fp(y, y_sgn, y_exp, y_sig);

    expr_ref x_is_nan(m), y_is_nan(m), x_is_zero(m), y_is_zero(m), xy_are_zero(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_nan(y, y_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_zero(y, y_is_zero);
    xy_are_zero = m.mk_and(x_is_zero, y_is_zero);

    expr_ref x_is_pos(m), x_is_neg(m);
    expr_ref y_is_pos(m), y_is_neg(m);
    expr_ref pn(m), np(m), pn_or_np_zeros(m);
    mk_is_pos(x, x_is_pos);
    mk_is_pos(y, y_is_pos);
    mk_is_neg(x, x_is_neg);
    mk_is_neg(y, y_is_neg);
    pn_or_np_zeros = m.mk_and(xy_are_zero, m.mk_not(m.mk_eq(x_sgn, y_sgn)));

    expr_ref unspec(m);
    unspec = mk_min_max_unspecified(f, x, y);

    expr_ref x_gt_y(m);
    mk_float_gt(f, num, args, x_gt_y);

    mk_ite(x_gt_y, x, y, result);
    mk_ite(xy_are_zero, y, result, result);
    mk_ite(pn_or_np_zeros, unspec, result, result);
    mk_ite(y_is_nan, x, result, result);
    mk_ite(x_is_nan, y, result, result);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}

expr_ref fpa2bv_converter::mk_min_max_unspecified(func_decl * f, expr * x, expr * y) {
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(f->get_range());
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(f->get_range());
    expr_ref res(m);

    // The only cases in which min/max is unspecified for is when the arguments are +0.0 and -0.0.
    // There is no "hardware interpretation" for fp.min/fp.max.

    std::pair decls(0, 0);
    if (!m_min_max_ufs.find(f, decls)) {
        decls.first = m.mk_fresh_const(nullptr, m_bv_util.mk_sort(1));
        decls.second = m.mk_fresh_const(nullptr, m_bv_util.mk_sort(1));
        m_min_max_ufs.insert(f, decls);
        m.inc_ref(f);
        m.inc_ref(decls.first);
        m.inc_ref(decls.second);
    }

    expr_ref pn(m), np(m);
    pn = m_util.mk_fp(decls.first, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, ebits), m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits - 1));
    np = m_util.mk_fp(decls.second, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, ebits), m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits - 1));

    expr_ref x_is_pzero(m), y_is_nzero(m), xyzero(m);
    mk_is_pzero(x, x_is_pzero);
    mk_is_nzero(y, y_is_nzero);
    m_simp.mk_and(x_is_pzero, y_is_nzero, xyzero);
    mk_ite(xyzero, pn, np, res);

    return res;
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_fma(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 4);
    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(args[0]));

    // fusedma means (x * y) + z
    expr_ref rm(m), x(m), y(m), z(m);
    rm = to_app(args[0])->get_arg(0);
    x = args[1];
    y = args[2];
    z = args[3];

    expr_ref nan(m), nzero(m), pzero(m), ninf(m), pinf(m);
    mk_nan(f, nan);
    mk_nzero(f, nzero);
    mk_pzero(f, pzero);
    mk_ninf(f, ninf);
    mk_pinf(f, pinf);

    expr_ref x_is_nan(m), x_is_zero(m), x_is_pos(m), x_is_neg(m), x_is_inf(m);
    expr_ref y_is_nan(m), y_is_zero(m), y_is_pos(m), y_is_neg(m), y_is_inf(m);
    expr_ref z_is_nan(m), z_is_zero(m), z_is_pos(m), z_is_neg(m), z_is_inf(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(x, x_is_pos);
    mk_is_neg(x, x_is_neg);
    mk_is_inf(x, x_is_inf);
    mk_is_nan(y, y_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(y, y_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(y, y_is_pos);
    mk_is_neg(y, y_is_neg);
    mk_is_inf(y, y_is_inf);
    mk_is_nan(z, z_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(z, z_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(z, z_is_pos);
    mk_is_neg(z, z_is_neg);
    mk_is_inf(z, z_is_inf);

    expr_ref rm_is_to_neg(m);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE, rm_is_to_neg);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_x_is_nan", x_is_nan);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_x_is_zero", x_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_x_is_pos", x_is_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_x_is_inf", x_is_inf);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_y_is_nan", y_is_nan);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_y_is_zero", y_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_y_is_pos", y_is_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_y_is_inf", y_is_inf);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_z_is_nan", z_is_nan);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_z_is_zero", z_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_z_is_pos", z_is_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_z_is_inf", z_is_inf);

    expr_ref c1(m), c2(m), c3(m), c4(m), c5(m), c6(m), c7(m);
    expr_ref v1(m), v2(m), v3(m), v4(m), v5(m), v6(m), v7(m), v8(m);

    expr_ref inf_xor(m), inf_cond(m);
    m_simp.mk_xor(x_is_neg, y_is_neg, inf_xor);
    m_simp.mk_xor(inf_xor, z_is_neg, inf_xor);
    m_simp.mk_and(z_is_inf, inf_xor, inf_cond);

    // (x is NaN) || (y is NaN) || (z is Nan) -> NaN
    m_simp.mk_or(x_is_nan, y_is_nan, z_is_nan, c1);
    v1 = nan;

    // (x is +oo) -> if (y is 0) then NaN else inf with y's sign.
    mk_is_pinf(x, c2);
    expr_ref y_sgn_inf(m), inf_or(m);
    mk_ite(y_is_pos, pinf, ninf, y_sgn_inf);
    m_simp.mk_or(y_is_zero, inf_cond, inf_or);
    mk_ite(inf_or, nan, y_sgn_inf, v2);

    // (y is +oo) -> if (x is 0) then NaN else inf with x's sign.
    mk_is_pinf(y, c3);
    expr_ref x_sgn_inf(m);
    mk_ite(x_is_pos, pinf, ninf, x_sgn_inf);
    m_simp.mk_or(x_is_zero, inf_cond, inf_or);
    mk_ite(inf_or, nan, x_sgn_inf, v3);

    // (x is -oo) -> if (y is 0) then NaN else inf with -y's sign.
    mk_is_ninf(x, c4);
    expr_ref neg_y_sgn_inf(m);
    mk_ite(y_is_pos, ninf, pinf, neg_y_sgn_inf);
    m_simp.mk_or(y_is_zero, inf_cond, inf_or);
    mk_ite(inf_or, nan, neg_y_sgn_inf, v4);

    // (y is -oo) -> if (x is 0) then NaN else inf with -x's sign.
    mk_is_ninf(y, c5);
    expr_ref neg_x_sgn_inf(m);
    mk_ite(x_is_pos, ninf, pinf, neg_x_sgn_inf);
    m_simp.mk_or(x_is_zero, inf_cond, inf_or);
    mk_ite(inf_or, nan, neg_x_sgn_inf, v5);

    // z is +-INF -> z.
    mk_is_inf(z, c6);
    v6 = z;

    // (x is 0) || (y is 0) -> z
    expr_ref c71(m), xy_sgn(m), xyz_sgn(m);
    m_simp.mk_or(x_is_zero, y_is_zero, c7);
    m_simp.mk_xor(x_is_neg, y_is_neg, xy_sgn);

    m_simp.mk_xor(xy_sgn, z_is_neg, xyz_sgn);
    m_simp.mk_and(z_is_zero, xyz_sgn, c71);

    expr_ref zero_cond(m), rm_is_not_to_neg(m);
    rm_is_not_to_neg = m.mk_not(rm_is_to_neg);
    m_simp.mk_ite(rm_is_to_neg, nzero, pzero, zero_cond);
    mk_ite(c71, zero_cond, z, v7);

    // else comes the fused multiplication.
    expr_ref one_1(m), zero_1(m);
    one_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1);
    zero_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);

    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(f->get_range());
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(f->get_range());

    expr_ref a_sgn(m), a_sig(m), a_exp(m), a_lz(m);
    expr_ref b_sgn(m), b_sig(m), b_exp(m), b_lz(m);
    expr_ref c_sgn(m), c_sig(m), c_exp(m), c_lz(m);
    unpack(x, a_sgn, a_sig, a_exp, a_lz, true);
    unpack(y, b_sgn, b_sig, b_exp, b_lz, true);
    unpack(z, c_sgn, c_sig, c_exp, c_lz, true);

    expr_ref a_lz_ext(m), b_lz_ext(m), c_lz_ext(m);
    a_lz_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, a_lz);
    b_lz_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, b_lz);
    c_lz_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, c_lz);

    expr_ref a_sig_ext(m), b_sig_ext(m);
    a_sig_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(sbits, a_sig);
    b_sig_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(sbits, b_sig);

    expr_ref a_exp_ext(m), b_exp_ext(m), c_exp_ext(m);
    a_exp_ext = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, a_exp);
    b_exp_ext = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, b_exp);
    c_exp_ext = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, c_exp);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_a_sig", a_sig_ext);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_b_sig", b_sig_ext);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_c_sig", c_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_a_exp", a_exp_ext);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_b_exp", b_exp_ext);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_c_exp", c_exp_ext);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_a_lz", a_lz_ext);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_b_lz", b_lz_ext);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_c_lz", c_lz_ext);

    expr_ref mul_sgn(m), mul_sig(m), mul_exp(m);
    expr * signs[2] = { a_sgn, b_sgn };

    mul_sgn = m_bv_util.mk_bv_xor(2, signs);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_mul_sgn", mul_sgn);

    mul_exp = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(
        m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(a_exp_ext, a_lz_ext),
        m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(b_exp_ext, b_lz_ext));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_mul_exp", mul_exp);

    mul_sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_mul(a_sig_ext, b_sig_ext);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_mul_sig", mul_sig);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(mul_sig) == 2*sbits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(mul_exp) == ebits + 2);

    // The product has the form [-1][0].[2*sbits - 2].

    // Extend c
    expr_ref c_sig_ext(m);
    c_sig_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(1, m_bv_util.mk_concat(c_sig, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits+2)));
    c_exp_ext = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(c_exp_ext, c_lz_ext);
    mul_sig = m_bv_util.mk_concat(mul_sig, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 3));

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(mul_sig) == 2*sbits+3);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(c_sig_ext) == 2*sbits+3);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_c_sig_ext", c_sig_ext);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_c_exp_ext", c_exp_ext);

    expr_ref swap_cond(m);
    swap_cond = m_bv_util.mk_sle(mul_exp, c_exp_ext);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, swap_cond));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_swap_cond", swap_cond);

    expr_ref e_sgn(m), e_sig(m), e_exp(m), f_sgn(m), f_sig(m), f_exp(m);
    m_simp.mk_ite(swap_cond, c_sgn, mul_sgn, e_sgn);
    m_simp.mk_ite(swap_cond, c_sig_ext, mul_sig, e_sig); // has 2 * sbits + 3
    m_simp.mk_ite(swap_cond, c_exp_ext, mul_exp, e_exp); // has ebits + 2
    m_simp.mk_ite(swap_cond, mul_sgn, c_sgn, f_sgn);
    m_simp.mk_ite(swap_cond, mul_sig, c_sig_ext, f_sig); // has 2 * sbits + 3
    m_simp.mk_ite(swap_cond, mul_exp, c_exp_ext, f_exp); // has ebits + 2

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, e_sgn));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, e_sig));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, e_exp));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, f_sgn));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, f_sig));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, f_exp));

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(e_sig) == 2*sbits+3);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(f_sig) == 2*sbits+3);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(e_exp) == ebits + 2);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(f_exp) == ebits + 2);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_e_sig", e_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_e_exp", e_exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_f_sig", f_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_f_exp", f_exp);

    expr_ref res_sgn(m), res_sig(m), res_exp(m);

    expr_ref exp_delta(m);
    exp_delta = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(e_exp, f_exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_add_exp_delta", exp_delta);

    // cap the delta
    expr_ref cap(m), cap_le_delta(m);
    cap = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(2*sbits+3, ebits+2);
    cap_le_delta = m_bv_util.mk_ule(cap, exp_delta);
    m_simp.mk_ite(cap_le_delta, cap, exp_delta, exp_delta);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp_delta) == ebits+2);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, exp_delta));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_add_exp_delta_capped", exp_delta);

    // Alignment shift with sticky bit computation.
    expr_ref shifted_big(m), shifted_f_sig(m);
    expr_ref alignment_sticky_raw(m), alignment_sticky(m);
    shifted_big = m_bv_util.mk_bv_lshr(
        m_bv_util.mk_concat(f_sig, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits)),
        m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend((3*sbits+3)-(ebits+2), exp_delta));
    shifted_f_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(3*sbits+2, sbits, shifted_big);
    alignment_sticky_raw = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-1, 0, shifted_big);
    alignment_sticky = m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BREDOR, alignment_sticky_raw.get());
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_shifted_f_sig", shifted_f_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_f_sig_alignment_sticky", alignment_sticky);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, alignment_sticky));
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(shifted_f_sig) == 2*sbits+3);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, shifted_f_sig));

    // Significant addition.
    // Two extra bits for the sign and for catching overflows.
    e_sig = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, e_sig);
    shifted_f_sig = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, shifted_f_sig);

    expr_ref eq_sgn(m);
    m_simp.mk_eq(e_sgn, f_sgn, eq_sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_eq_sgn", eq_sgn);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(e_sig) == 2*sbits+5);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(shifted_f_sig) == 2*sbits+5);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_add_e_sig", e_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_add_shifted_f_sig", shifted_f_sig);

    expr_ref sum(m), e_plus_f(m), e_minus_f(m), sticky_wide(m);
    sticky_wide = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2*sbits+4, alignment_sticky);
    e_plus_f = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(e_sig, shifted_f_sig);
    e_plus_f = m.mk_ite(m.mk_eq(m_bv_util.mk_extract(0, 0, e_plus_f), zero_1),
                        m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(e_plus_f, sticky_wide),
                        e_plus_f);
    e_minus_f = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(e_sig, shifted_f_sig);
    e_minus_f = m.mk_ite(m.mk_eq(m_bv_util.mk_extract(0, 0, e_minus_f), zero_1),
                         m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(e_minus_f, sticky_wide),
                         e_minus_f);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, shifted_f_sig));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_f_sig_or_sticky", shifted_f_sig);

    m_simp.mk_ite(eq_sgn, e_plus_f, e_minus_f, sum);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sum) == 2*sbits+5);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sum));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_add_sum", sum);

    expr_ref sign_bv(m), n_sum(m);
    sign_bv = m_bv_util.mk_extract(2*sbits+4, 2*sbits+4, sum);
    n_sum = m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(sum);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_add_sign_bv", sign_bv);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_add_n_sum", n_sum);

    expr_ref res_sig_eq(m), sig_abs(m);
    m_simp.mk_eq(sign_bv, one_1, res_sig_eq);
    m_simp.mk_ite(res_sig_eq, n_sum, sum, sig_abs);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_add_sig_abs", sig_abs);

    family_id bvfid = m_bv_util.get_fid();
    expr_ref res_sgn_c1(m), res_sgn_c2(m), res_sgn_c3(m);
    expr_ref not_e_sgn(m), not_f_sgn(m), not_sign_bv(m);
    not_e_sgn = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(e_sgn);
    not_f_sgn = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(f_sgn);
    not_sign_bv = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(sign_bv);
    res_sgn_c1 = m.mk_app(bvfid, OP_BAND, not_e_sgn, f_sgn, sign_bv);
    res_sgn_c2 = m.mk_app(bvfid, OP_BAND, e_sgn, not_f_sgn, not_sign_bv);
    res_sgn_c3 = m.mk_app(bvfid, OP_BAND, e_sgn, f_sgn);
    expr * res_sgn_or_args[3] = { res_sgn_c1, res_sgn_c2, res_sgn_c3 };
    res_sgn = m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(3, res_sgn_or_args);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_res_sgn", res_sgn);

    expr_ref is_sig_neg(m);
    is_sig_neg = m.mk_eq(one_1, m_bv_util.mk_extract(2*sbits+4, 2*sbits+4, sig_abs));
    sig_abs = m.mk_ite(is_sig_neg, m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(sig_abs), sig_abs);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_is_sig_neg", is_sig_neg);

    // Result could have overflown into 4.xxx.
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig_abs) == 2*sbits+5);
    expr_ref extra(m), extra_is_zero(m);
    extra = m_bv_util.mk_extract(2*sbits+4, 2*sbits+3, sig_abs);
    extra_is_zero = m.mk_eq(extra, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 2));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_extra", extra);

    res_exp = m.mk_ite(extra_is_zero, e_exp, m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(e_exp, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, ebits + 2)));

    // Renormalize
    expr_ref zero_e2(m), min_exp(m), sig_lz(m), max_exp_delta(m), sig_lz_capped(m), renorm_delta(m);
    zero_e2 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, ebits + 2);
    mk_min_exp(ebits, min_exp);
    min_exp = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, min_exp);
    mk_leading_zeros(sig_abs, ebits+2, sig_lz);
    sig_lz = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(sig_lz, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(2, ebits+2));
    max_exp_delta = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(res_exp, min_exp);
    sig_lz_capped = m.mk_ite(m_bv_util.mk_sle(sig_lz, max_exp_delta), sig_lz, max_exp_delta);
    renorm_delta = m.mk_ite(m_bv_util.mk_sle(zero_e2, sig_lz_capped), sig_lz_capped, zero_e2);
    res_exp = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(res_exp, renorm_delta);
    sig_abs = m_bv_util.mk_bv_shl(sig_abs, m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2*sbits+3-ebits, renorm_delta));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_min_exp", min_exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_max_exp_delta", max_exp_delta);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_sig_lz", sig_lz);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_sig_lz_capped", sig_lz_capped);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_renorm_delta", renorm_delta);

    unsigned too_short = 0;
    if (sbits < 5) {
        too_short = 6 - sbits + 1;
        sig_abs = m_bv_util.mk_concat(sig_abs, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, too_short));
    }

    expr_ref sig_abs_h1(m), sticky_h1(m), sticky_h1_red(m), sig_abs_h1_f(m), res_sig_1(m);
    sticky_h1 = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+too_short-2, 0, sig_abs);
    sig_abs_h1 = m_bv_util.mk_extract(2*sbits+too_short+4, sbits-1+too_short, sig_abs);
    sticky_h1_red = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(sbits+5, m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BREDOR, sticky_h1.get()));
    expr * sticky_h1_red_args[2] = { sig_abs_h1, sticky_h1_red };
    sig_abs_h1_f = m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(2, sticky_h1_red_args);
    res_sig_1 = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+3, 0, sig_abs_h1_f);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sticky_h1) == sbits+too_short-1);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig_abs_h1) == sbits+6);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sticky_h1_red) == sbits+6);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig_abs_h1_f) == sbits+6);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_sig_1) == sbits+4);

    expr_ref sig_abs_h2(m), sticky_h2(m), sticky_h2_red(m), sig_abs_h2_f(m), res_sig_2(m);
    sticky_h2 = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+too_short-1, 0, sig_abs);
    sig_abs_h2 = m_bv_util.mk_extract(2*sbits+too_short+4, sbits+too_short, sig_abs);
    sticky_h2_red = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(sbits+4, m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BREDOR, sticky_h1.get()));
    expr * sticky_h2_red_args[2] = { sig_abs_h2, sticky_h2_red };
    sig_abs_h2_f = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(1, m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(2, sticky_h2_red_args));
    res_sig_2 = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+3, 0, sig_abs_h2_f);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sticky_h2) == sbits+too_short);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig_abs_h2) == sbits+5);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sticky_h2_red) == sbits+5);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig_abs_h2_f) == sbits+6);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_sig_2) == sbits+4);

    res_sig = m.mk_ite(extra_is_zero, res_sig_1, res_sig_2);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_res_sig", res_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_res_exp", res_exp);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_sig) == sbits + 4);

    expr_ref is_zero_sig(m), nil_sbits4(m);
    nil_sbits4 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits+4);
    m_simp.mk_eq(res_sig, nil_sbits4, is_zero_sig);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, is_zero_sig));

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_fma_is_zero_sig", is_zero_sig);

    expr_ref zero_case(m);
    mk_ite(rm_is_to_neg, nzero, pzero, zero_case);

    expr_ref rounded(m);
    round(f->get_range(), rm, res_sgn, res_sig, res_exp, rounded);

    mk_ite(is_zero_sig, zero_case, rounded, v8);

    // And finally, we tie them together.
    mk_ite(c7, v7, v8, result);
    mk_ite(c6, v6, result, result);
    mk_ite(c5, v5, result, result);
    mk_ite(c4, v4, result, result);
    mk_ite(c3, v3, result, result);
    mk_ite(c2, v2, result, result);
    mk_ite(c1, v1, result, result);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));

    TRACE("fpa2bv_fma_", tout << "FMA = " << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl; );
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_sqrt(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 2);
    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(args[0]));

    expr_ref rm(m), x(m);
    rm = to_app(args[0])->get_arg(0);
    x = args[1];

    expr_ref nan(m), nzero(m), pzero(m), ninf(m), pinf(m);
    mk_nan(f, nan);
    mk_nzero(f, nzero);
    mk_pzero(f, pzero);
    mk_ninf(f, ninf);
    mk_pinf(f, pinf);

    expr_ref x_is_nan(m), x_is_zero(m), x_is_pos(m), x_is_inf(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(x, x_is_pos);
    mk_is_inf(x, x_is_inf);

    expr_ref zero1(m), one1(m);
    zero1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);
    one1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1);

    expr_ref c1(m), c2(m), c3(m), c4(m), c5(m), c6(m);
    expr_ref v1(m), v2(m), v3(m), v4(m), v5(m), v6(m), v7(m);

    // (x is NaN) -> NaN
    c1 = x_is_nan;
    v1 = x;

    // (x is +oo) -> +oo
    mk_is_pinf(x, c2);
    v2 = x;

    // (x is +-0) -> +-0
    mk_is_zero(x, c3);
    v3 = x;

    // (x < 0) -> NaN
    mk_is_neg(x, c4);
    v4 = nan;

    // else comes the actual square root.
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(f->get_range());
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(f->get_range());

    expr_ref a_sgn(m), a_sig(m), a_exp(m), a_lz(m);
    unpack(x, a_sgn, a_sig, a_exp, a_lz, true);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_sqrt_sig", a_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_sqrt_exp", a_exp);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(a_sig) == sbits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(a_exp) == ebits);

    expr_ref res_sgn(m), res_sig(m), res_exp(m);

    res_sgn = zero1;

    expr_ref real_exp(m);
    real_exp = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(1, a_exp), m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(1, a_lz));
    res_exp = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits, 1, real_exp));

    expr_ref e_is_odd(m);
    e_is_odd = m.mk_eq(m_bv_util.mk_extract(0, 0, real_exp), one1);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_sqrt_e_is_odd", e_is_odd);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_sqrt_real_exp", real_exp);

    expr_ref sig_prime(m), a_z(m), z_a(m);
    a_z = m_bv_util.mk_concat(a_sig, zero1);
    z_a = m_bv_util.mk_concat(zero1, a_sig);
    m_simp.mk_ite(e_is_odd, a_z, z_a, sig_prime);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig_prime) == sbits+1);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_sqrt_sig_prime", sig_prime);

    // This is algorithm 10.2 in the Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic
    expr_ref Q(m), R(m), S(m), T(m);

    const mpz & p2 = fu().fm().m_powers2(sbits+3);
    Q = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(p2, sbits+5);
    R = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(m_bv_util.mk_concat(sig_prime, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 4)), Q);
    S = Q;

    for (unsigned i = 0; i < sbits + 3; i++) {
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_sqrt_Q", Q);
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_sqrt_R", R);

        S = m_bv_util.mk_concat(zero1, m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+4, 1, S));

        expr_ref twoQ_plus_S(m);
        twoQ_plus_S = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(m_bv_util.mk_concat(Q, zero1), m_bv_util.mk_concat(zero1, S));
        T = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(m_bv_util.mk_concat(R, zero1), twoQ_plus_S);

        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_sqrt_T", T);

        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(Q) == sbits + 5);
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(R) == sbits + 5);
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(S) == sbits + 5);
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(T) == sbits + 6);

        expr_ref t_lt_0(m), T_lsds5(m);
        T_lsds5 = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits + 5, sbits + 5, T);
        m_simp.mk_eq(T_lsds5, one1, t_lt_0);

        expr * or_args[2] = { Q, S };
        expr_ref Q_or_S(m), R_shftd(m), T_lsds4(m);
        Q_or_S = m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(2, or_args);
        m_simp.mk_ite(t_lt_0, Q, Q_or_S, Q);
        R_shftd = m_bv_util.mk_concat(m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits + 3, 0, R), zero1);
        T_lsds4 = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits + 4, 0, T);
        m_simp.mk_ite(t_lt_0, R_shftd, T_lsds4, R);
    }

    expr_ref is_exact(m), zero_sbits5(m);
    zero_sbits5 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits + 5);
    m_simp.mk_eq(R, zero_sbits5, is_exact);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_sqrt_is_exact", is_exact);

    expr_ref rest(m), last(m), q_is_odd(m), rest_ext(m);
    last = m_bv_util.mk_extract(0, 0, Q);
    rest = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+3, 1, Q);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_sqrt_last", last);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_sqrt_rest", rest);
    rest_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(1, rest);
    expr_ref sticky(m), last_ext(m), one_sbits4(m);
    last_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(sbits + 3, last);
    one_sbits4 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, sbits + 4);
    m_simp.mk_ite(is_exact, last_ext, one_sbits4, sticky);
    expr * or_args[2] = { rest_ext, sticky };
    res_sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(2, or_args);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_sig) == sbits + 4);

    expr_ref rounded(m);
    round(f->get_range(), rm, res_sgn, res_sig, res_exp, rounded);
    v5 = rounded;

    // And finally, we tie them together.
    mk_ite(c4, v4, v5, result);
    mk_ite(c3, v3, result, result);
    mk_ite(c2, v2, result, result);
    mk_ite(c1, v1, result, result);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_round_to_integral(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 2);
    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(args[0]));

    expr_ref rm(m), x(m);
    rm = to_app(args[0])->get_arg(0);
    x = args[1];
    mk_round_to_integral(f->get_range(), rm, x, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_round_to_integral(sort * s, expr_ref & rm, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref rm_is_rta(m), rm_is_rte(m), rm_is_rtp(m), rm_is_rtn(m), rm_is_rtz(m);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TIES_TO_AWAY, rm_is_rta);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TIES_TO_EVEN, rm_is_rte);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TO_POSITIVE, rm_is_rtp);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE, rm_is_rtn);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TO_ZERO, rm_is_rtz);

    expr_ref nan(m), nzero(m), pzero(m), ninf(m), pinf(m);
    mk_nan(s, nan);
    mk_nzero(s, nzero);
    mk_pzero(s, pzero);

    expr_ref x_is_zero(m), x_is_pos(m), x_is_neg(m);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_pos(x, x_is_pos);
    mk_is_neg(x, x_is_neg);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_x_is_zero", x_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_x_is_pos", x_is_pos);

    expr_ref c1(m), c2(m), c3(m), c4(m), c5(m);
    expr_ref v1(m), v2(m), v3(m), v4(m), v5(m), v6(m);

    // (x is NaN) -> NaN
    mk_is_nan(x, c1);
    v1 = nan;

    // (x is +-oo) -> x
    mk_is_inf(x, c2);
    v2 = x;

    // (x is +-0) -> x ; -0.0 -> -0.0, says IEEE754, Sec 5.9.
    mk_is_zero(x, c3);
    v3 = x;


    expr_ref one_1(m), zero_1(m);
    one_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1);
    zero_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);

    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);

    expr_ref a_sgn(m), a_sig(m), a_exp(m), a_lz(m);
    unpack(x, a_sgn, a_sig, a_exp, a_lz, true);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_unpacked_sgn", a_sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_unpacked_exp", a_exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_unpacked_sig", a_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_unpacked_lz", a_lz);

    expr_ref xzero(m), sgn_eq_1(m);
    sgn_eq_1 = m.mk_eq(a_sgn, one_1);
    mk_ite(sgn_eq_1, nzero, pzero, xzero);

    // exponent < 0 -> 0/1
    expr_ref exp_lt_zero(m), exp_h(m), x_is_denormal(m);
    mk_is_denormal(x, x_is_denormal);
    exp_h = m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits-1, ebits-1, a_exp);
    m_simp.mk_eq(exp_h, one_1, exp_lt_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_exp_lt_zero", exp_lt_zero);
    c4 = m.mk_or(exp_lt_zero, x_is_denormal);

    expr_ref pone(m), none(m), xone(m), c421(m), c422(m), c423(m), t1(m), t2(m), tie(m), v42(m), exp_lt_m1(m);
    mk_one(s, zero_1, pone);
    mk_one(s, one_1, none);
    mk_ite(sgn_eq_1, none, pone, xone);

    expr_ref pow_2_sbitsm1(m), m1(m);
    pow_2_sbitsm1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(fu().fm().m_powers2(sbits - 1), sbits);
    m1 = m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, ebits));
    m_simp.mk_eq(a_sig, pow_2_sbitsm1, t1);
    m_simp.mk_eq(a_exp, m1, t2);
    m_simp.mk_and(t1, t2, tie);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c42_tie", tie);

    m_simp.mk_and(tie, rm_is_rte, c421);
    m_simp.mk_and(tie, rm_is_rta, c422);
    c423 = m_bv_util.mk_sle(a_exp, m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(2, ebits)));

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c421", c421);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c422", c422);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c423", c423);

    v42 = xone;
    mk_ite(c423, xzero, v42, v42);
    mk_ite(c422, xone, v42, v42);
    mk_ite(c421, xzero, v42, v42);

    expr_ref v4_rtn(m), v4_rtp(m);
    mk_ite(x_is_neg, nzero, pone, v4_rtp);
    mk_ite(x_is_neg, none, pzero, v4_rtn);

    mk_ite(rm_is_rtp, v4_rtp, v42, v4);
    mk_ite(rm_is_rtn, v4_rtn, v4, v4);
    mk_ite(rm_is_rtz, xzero, v4, v4);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, v4));

    // exponent >= sbits-1 -> x
    expr_ref exp_is_large(m);
    exp_is_large = log2(sbits-1)+1 <= ebits-1 ?
                        m_bv_util.mk_sle(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(sbits-1, ebits), a_exp) :
                        m.mk_false();
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_exp_is_large", exp_is_large);
    c5 = exp_is_large;
    v5 = x;

    // Actual conversion with rounding.
    // exponent >= 0 && exponent < sbits - 1

    expr_ref res_sgn(m), res_sig(m), res_exp(m);
    res_sgn = a_sgn;
    res_exp = a_exp;

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(a_sig) == sbits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(a_exp) == ebits);

    expr_ref zero_s(m);
    zero_s = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits);

    expr_ref shift(m), shifted_sig(m), div(m), rem(m);
    shift = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(sbits - 1, sbits),
                                m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(sbits-ebits, a_exp));
    shifted_sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_lshr(m_bv_util.mk_concat(a_sig, zero_s),
                                       m_bv_util.mk_concat(zero_s, shift));
    div = m_bv_util.mk_extract(2*sbits-1, sbits, shifted_sig);
    rem = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-1, 0, shifted_sig);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, div));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, rem));
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(shift) == sbits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(div) == sbits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(rem) == sbits);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_shifted_sig", shifted_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_shift", shift);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_div", div);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_rem", rem);

    expr_ref div_p1(m);
    div_p1 = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(div, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, sbits));

    expr_ref tie_pttrn(m), tie2(m), tie2_c(m), div_last(m), v51(m);
    tie_pttrn = m_bv_util.mk_concat(one_1, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits-1));
    m_simp.mk_eq(rem, tie_pttrn, tie2);
    div_last = m_bv_util.mk_extract(0, 0, div);
    expr_ref div_last_eq_1(m), rte_and_dl_eq_1(m), rte_and_dl_eq_1_or_rta(m), tie_pttrn_ule_rem(m);
    div_last_eq_1 = m.mk_eq(div_last, one_1);
    rte_and_dl_eq_1 = m.mk_and(rm_is_rte, div_last_eq_1);
    rte_and_dl_eq_1_or_rta = m.mk_or(rte_and_dl_eq_1, rm_is_rta);
    tie_pttrn_ule_rem = m_bv_util.mk_ule(tie_pttrn, rem);
    tie2_c = m.mk_ite(tie2, rte_and_dl_eq_1_or_rta, tie_pttrn_ule_rem);
    m_simp.mk_ite(tie2_c, div_p1, div, v51);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_v51", v51);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_tie2", tie2);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_tie2_c", tie2_c);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, tie2));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, tie2_c));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, v51));

    expr_ref c521(m), v52(m), rem_eq_0(m), sgn_eq_zero(m);
    rem_eq_0 = m.mk_eq(rem, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits));
    sgn_eq_zero = m.mk_eq(res_sgn, zero_1);
    m_simp.mk_not(rem_eq_0, c521);
    m_simp.mk_and(c521, sgn_eq_zero, c521);
    m_simp.mk_ite(c521, div_p1, div, v52);

    expr_ref c531(m), v53(m), sgn_eq_one(m);
    sgn_eq_one = m.mk_eq(res_sgn, one_1);
    m_simp.mk_not(rem_eq_0, c531);
    m_simp.mk_and(c531, sgn_eq_one, c531);
    m_simp.mk_ite(c531, div_p1, div, v53);

    expr_ref c51(m), c52(m), c53(m);
    c51 = m.mk_or(rm_is_rte, rm_is_rta);
    c52 = rm_is_rtp;
    c53 = rm_is_rtn;

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c51", c51);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c52", c52);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c53", c53);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c531", c531);

    res_sig = div;
    m_simp.mk_ite(c53, v53, res_sig, res_sig);
    m_simp.mk_ite(c52, v52, res_sig, res_sig);
    m_simp.mk_ite(c51, v51, res_sig, res_sig);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_exp) == ebits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(shift) == sbits);

    expr_ref e_shift(m);
    e_shift = (ebits + 2 <= sbits + 1) ? m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits + 1, 0, shift) :
                                         m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend((ebits + 2) - (sbits), shift);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(e_shift) == ebits + 2);
    res_exp = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, res_exp), e_shift);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_sgn) == 1);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_sig) == sbits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_exp) == ebits + 2);

    // Renormalize
    expr_ref zero_e2(m), min_exp(m), sig_lz(m), max_exp_delta(m), sig_lz_capped(m), renorm_delta(m);
    zero_e2 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, ebits+2);
    mk_min_exp(ebits, min_exp);
    min_exp = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, min_exp);
    mk_leading_zeros(res_sig, ebits+2, sig_lz);
    max_exp_delta = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(res_exp, min_exp);
    sig_lz_capped = m.mk_ite(m_bv_util.mk_ule(sig_lz, max_exp_delta), sig_lz, max_exp_delta);
    renorm_delta = m.mk_ite(m_bv_util.mk_ule(zero_e2, sig_lz_capped), sig_lz_capped, zero_e2);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(renorm_delta) == ebits + 2);
    res_exp = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(res_exp, renorm_delta);
    if (sbits >= ebits+2)
        res_sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_shl(res_sig, m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(sbits-ebits-2, renorm_delta));
    else {
        // should not overflow because renorm_delta is logarithmic to the size of the leading zero bits
        res_sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_shl(m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(ebits+2-sbits, res_sig), renorm_delta);
        res_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-1, 0, res_sig);
    }
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_renorm_delta", renorm_delta);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_sig_lz", sig_lz);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_sig_lz_capped", sig_lz_capped);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_max_exp_delta", max_exp_delta);

    res_exp = m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits-1, 0, res_exp);
    mk_bias(res_exp, res_exp);
    res_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-2, 0, res_sig);
    v6 = m_util.mk_fp(res_sgn, res_exp, res_sig);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_res_sgn", res_sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_res_sig", res_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_res_exp", res_exp);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c1", c1);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c2", c2);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c3", c3);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c4", c4);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_r2i_c5", c5);

    // And finally, we tie them together.
    mk_ite(c5, v5, v6, result);
    mk_ite(c4, v4, result, result);
    mk_ite(c3, v3, result, result);
    mk_ite(c2, v2, result, result);
    mk_ite(c1, v1, result, result);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));

    TRACE("fpa2bv_round_to_integral", tout << "ROUND2INTEGRAL = " << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl; );
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_float_eq(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 2);
    expr_ref x(m), y(m);
    x = args[0];
    y = args[1];
    mk_float_eq(f->get_range(), x, y, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_float_eq(sort * s, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & y, expr_ref & result) {
    TRACE("fpa2bv_float_eq", tout << "X = " << mk_ismt2_pp(x, m) << std::endl;
                             tout << "Y = " << mk_ismt2_pp(y, m) << std::endl;);

    expr_ref c1(m), c2(m), x_is_nan(m), y_is_nan(m), x_is_zero(m), y_is_zero(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_nan(y, y_is_nan);
    m_simp.mk_or(x_is_nan, y_is_nan, c1);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_zero(y, y_is_zero);
    m_simp.mk_and(x_is_zero, y_is_zero, c2);

    expr_ref x_sgn(m), x_sig(m), x_exp(m);
    expr_ref y_sgn(m), y_sig(m), y_exp(m);
    split_fp(x, x_sgn, x_exp, x_sig);
    split_fp(y, y_sgn, y_exp, y_sig);

    expr_ref x_eq_y_sgn(m), x_eq_y_exp(m), x_eq_y_sig(m);
    m_simp.mk_eq(x_sgn, y_sgn, x_eq_y_sgn);
    m_simp.mk_eq(x_exp, y_exp, x_eq_y_exp);
    m_simp.mk_eq(x_sig, y_sig, x_eq_y_sig);

    expr_ref c3(m), t4(m);
    m_simp.mk_not(x_eq_y_sgn, c3);
    m_simp.mk_and(x_eq_y_exp, x_eq_y_sig, t4);

    expr_ref c3t4(m), c2else(m);
    m_simp.mk_ite(c3, m.mk_false(), t4, c3t4);
    m_simp.mk_ite(c2, m.mk_true(), c3t4, c2else);
    m_simp.mk_ite(c1, m.mk_false(), c2else, result);

    TRACE("fpa2bv_float_eq", tout << "FLOAT_EQ = " << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl; );
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_float_lt(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 2);
    expr_ref x(m), y(m);
    x = args[0];
    y = args[1];
    mk_float_lt(f->get_range(), x, y, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_float_lt(sort * s, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & y, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref c1(m), c2(m), x_is_nan(m), y_is_nan(m), x_is_zero(m), y_is_zero(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_nan(y, y_is_nan);
    m_simp.mk_or(x_is_nan, y_is_nan, c1);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_zero(y, y_is_zero);
    m_simp.mk_and(x_is_zero, y_is_zero, c2);

    expr_ref x_sgn(m), x_sig(m), x_exp(m);
    expr_ref y_sgn(m), y_sig(m), y_exp(m);
    split_fp(x, x_sgn, x_exp, x_sig);
    split_fp(y, y_sgn, y_exp, y_sig);

    expr_ref c3(m), t3(m), t4(m), one_1(m), nil_1(m);
    one_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1);
    nil_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);
    m_simp.mk_eq(x_sgn, one_1, c3);

    expr_ref y_sgn_eq_0(m), y_lt_x_exp(m), y_lt_x_sig(m), y_eq_x_exp(m), y_le_x_sig_exp(m), t3_or(m);
    m_simp.mk_eq(y_sgn, nil_1, y_sgn_eq_0);
    BVULT(y_exp, x_exp, y_lt_x_exp);
    BVULT(y_sig, x_sig, y_lt_x_sig);
    m_simp.mk_eq(y_exp, x_exp, y_eq_x_exp);
    m_simp.mk_and(y_eq_x_exp, y_lt_x_sig, y_le_x_sig_exp);
    m_simp.mk_or(y_lt_x_exp, y_le_x_sig_exp, t3_or);
    m_simp.mk_ite(y_sgn_eq_0, m.mk_true(), t3_or, t3);

    expr_ref y_sgn_eq_1(m), x_lt_y_exp(m), x_eq_y_exp(m), x_lt_y_sig(m), x_le_y_sig_exp(m), t4_or(m);
    m_simp.mk_eq(y_sgn, one_1, y_sgn_eq_1);
    BVULT(x_exp, y_exp, x_lt_y_exp);
    m_simp.mk_eq(x_exp, y_exp, x_eq_y_exp);
    BVULT(x_sig, y_sig, x_lt_y_sig);
    m_simp.mk_and(x_eq_y_exp, x_lt_y_sig, x_le_y_sig_exp);
    m_simp.mk_or(x_lt_y_exp, x_le_y_sig_exp, t4_or);
    m_simp.mk_ite(y_sgn_eq_1, m.mk_false(), t4_or, t4);

    expr_ref c3t3t4(m), c2else(m);
    m_simp.mk_ite(c3, t3, t4, c3t3t4);
    m_simp.mk_ite(c2, m.mk_false(), c3t3t4, c2else);
    m_simp.mk_ite(c1, m.mk_false(), c2else, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_float_gt(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 2);
    expr_ref x(m), y(m);
    x = args[0];
    y = args[1];
    mk_float_gt(f->get_range(), x, y, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_float_gt(sort * s, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & y, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref t3(m);
    mk_float_le(s, x, y, t3);

    expr_ref nan_or(m), xy_zero(m), not_t3(m), r_else(m);
    expr_ref x_is_nan(m), y_is_nan(m), x_is_zero(m), y_is_zero(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_nan(y, y_is_nan);
    m_simp.mk_or(x_is_nan, y_is_nan, nan_or);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_zero(y, y_is_zero);
    m_simp.mk_and(x_is_zero, y_is_zero, xy_zero);
    m_simp.mk_not(t3, not_t3);
    m_simp.mk_ite(xy_zero, m.mk_false(), not_t3, r_else);
    m_simp.mk_ite(nan_or, m.mk_false(), r_else, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_float_le(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 2);
    expr_ref x(m), y(m);
    x = args[0];
    y = args[1];
    mk_float_le(f->get_range(), x, y, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_float_le(sort * s, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & y, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref a(m), b(m);
    mk_float_lt(s, x, y, a);
    mk_float_eq(s, x, y, b);
    m_simp.mk_or(a, b, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_float_ge(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 2);
    expr_ref x(m), y(m);
    x = args[0];
    y = args[1];
    mk_float_ge(f->get_range(), x, y, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_float_ge(sort * s, expr_ref & x, expr_ref & y, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref a(m), b(m);
    mk_float_gt(s, x, y, a);
    mk_float_eq(s, x, y, b);
    m_simp.mk_or(a, b, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_zero(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    mk_is_zero(args[0], result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_nzero(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    expr_ref a0_is_neg(m), a0_is_zero(m);
    mk_is_neg(args[0], a0_is_neg);
    mk_is_zero(args[0], a0_is_zero);
    m_simp.mk_and(a0_is_neg, a0_is_zero, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_pzero(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    expr_ref a0_is_pos(m), a0_is_zero(m);
    mk_is_pos(args[0], a0_is_pos);
    mk_is_zero(args[0], a0_is_zero);
    m_simp.mk_and(a0_is_pos, a0_is_zero, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_nan(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    mk_is_nan(args[0], result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_inf(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    mk_is_inf(args[0], result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_normal(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    mk_is_normal(args[0], result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_subnormal(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    mk_is_denormal(args[0], result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_negative(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    expr_ref t1(m), t2(m), nt1(m);
    mk_is_nan(args[0], t1);
    mk_is_neg(args[0], t2);
    nt1 = m.mk_not(t1);
    result = m.mk_and(nt1, t2);
    TRACE("fpa2bv_is_negative", tout << "result = " << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl;);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_positive(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    expr_ref t1(m), t2(m), nt1(m);
    mk_is_nan(args[0], t1);
    mk_is_pos(args[0], t2);
    nt1 = m.mk_not(t1);
    result = m.mk_and(nt1, t2);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_fp(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_fp", for (unsigned i=0; i < num; i++)
        tout << "arg" << i << " = " << mk_ismt2_pp(args[i], m) << std::endl; );

    if (num == 1 &&
        m_bv_util.is_bv(args[0])) {
        sort * s = f->get_range();
        unsigned to_sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);
        unsigned to_ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);

        expr * bv = args[0];
        int sz = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(bv);
        (void)to_sbits;
        SASSERT((unsigned)sz == to_sbits + to_ebits);

        result = m_util.mk_fp(m_bv_util.mk_extract(sz - 1, sz - 1, bv),
                              m_bv_util.mk_extract(sz - 2, sz - to_ebits - 1, bv),
                              m_bv_util.mk_extract(sz - to_ebits - 2, 0, bv));
    }
    else if (num == 2 &&
        m_util.is_rm(args[0]) &&
        m_util.is_float(args[1]->get_sort())) {
        // rm + float -> float
        mk_to_fp_float(f, f->get_range(), args[0], args[1], result);
    }
    else if (num == 2 &&
        m_util.is_rm(args[0]) &&
        (m_arith_util.is_int(args[1]) ||
            m_arith_util.is_real(args[1]))) {
        // rm + real -> float
        mk_to_fp_real(f, f->get_range(), args[0], args[1], result);
    }
    else if (num == 2 &&
        m_util.is_rm(args[0]) &&
        m_bv_util.is_bv(args[1])) {
        // rm + signed bv -> float
        mk_to_fp_signed(f, num, args, result);
    }
    else if (num == 3 &&
        m_bv_util.is_bv(args[0]) &&
        m_bv_util.is_bv(args[1]) &&
        m_bv_util.is_bv(args[2])) {
        // 3 BV -> float
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(args[0]) == 1);
        SASSERT(m_util.get_ebits(f->get_range()) == m_bv_util.get_bv_size(args[1]));
        SASSERT(m_util.get_sbits(f->get_range()) == m_bv_util.get_bv_size(args[2])+1);
        result = m_util.mk_fp(args[0], args[1], args[2]);
    }
    else if (num == 3 &&
        m_util.is_rm(args[0]) &&
        m_arith_util.is_numeral(args[1]) &&
        m_arith_util.is_numeral(args[2]))
    {
        // rm + real + int -> float
        mk_to_fp_real_int(f, num, args, result);
    }
    else if (num == 3 &&
        m_util.is_rm(args[0]) &&
        m_arith_util.is_int_real(args[1]) &&
        m_arith_util.is_int_real(args[2]))
    {
        expr_ref sig(m), exp(m), two(m), v(m);
        sig = args[1];
        exp = args[2];
        two = m_arith_util.mk_numeral(rational(2), true);
        v = m_arith_util.mk_mul(sig, m_arith_util.mk_power(two, exp));
        mk_to_fp_real(f, f->get_range(), args[0], v, result);
    }
    else
        UNREACHABLE();

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}


void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_fp_float(func_decl * f, sort * s, expr * rm, expr * x, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(rm));
    mk_to_fp_float(s, to_app(rm)->get_arg(0), x, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_fp_float(sort * to_srt, expr * rm, expr * x, expr_ref & result) {
    unsigned from_sbits = m_util.get_sbits(x->get_sort());
    unsigned from_ebits = m_util.get_ebits(x->get_sort());
    unsigned to_sbits = m_util.get_sbits(to_srt);
    unsigned to_ebits = m_util.get_ebits(to_srt);

    if (from_sbits == to_sbits && from_ebits == to_ebits)
        result = x;
    else {
        expr_ref c1(m), c2(m), c3(m), c4(m), c5(m);
        expr_ref v1(m), v2(m), v3(m), v4(m), v5(m), v6(m);
        expr_ref one1(m);

        one1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1);
        expr_ref ninf(m), pinf(m);
        mk_pinf(to_srt, pinf);
        mk_ninf(to_srt, ninf);

        // NaN -> NaN
        mk_is_nan(x, c1);
        mk_nan(to_srt, v1);

        // +0 -> +0
        mk_is_pzero(x, c2);
        mk_pzero(to_srt, v2);

        // -0 -> -0
        mk_is_nzero(x, c3);
        mk_nzero(to_srt, v3);

        // +oo -> +oo
        mk_is_pinf(x, c4);
        v4 = pinf;

        // -oo -> -oo
        mk_is_ninf(x, c5);
        v5 = ninf;

        // otherwise: the actual conversion with rounding.
        expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m), lz(m);
        unpack(x, sgn, sig, exp, lz, true);

        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_x_sgn", sgn);
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_x_sig", sig);
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_x_exp", exp);
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_lz", lz);

        expr_ref res_sgn(m), res_sig(m), res_exp(m);

        res_sgn = sgn;

        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sgn) == 1);
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) == from_sbits);
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp) == from_ebits);
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(lz) == from_ebits);

        if (from_sbits < (to_sbits + 3)) {
            // make sure that sig has at least to_sbits + 3
            res_sig = m_bv_util.mk_concat(sig, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, to_sbits + 3 - from_sbits));
        }
        else if (from_sbits > (to_sbits + 3)) {
            // collapse the extra bits into a sticky bit.
            expr_ref sticky(m), low(m), high(m);
            high = m_bv_util.mk_extract(from_sbits - 1, from_sbits - to_sbits - 2, sig);
            SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(high) == to_sbits + 2);
            low = m_bv_util.mk_extract(from_sbits - to_sbits - 3, 0, sig);
            sticky = m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BREDOR, low.get());
            SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sticky) == 1);
            dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_sticky", sticky);
            res_sig = m_bv_util.mk_concat(high, sticky);
            SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_sig) == to_sbits + 3);
        }
        else
            res_sig = sig;

        res_sig = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(1, res_sig); // extra zero in the front for the rounder.
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_sig) == to_sbits + 4);

        expr_ref exponent_overflow(m), exponent_underflow(m);
        exponent_overflow = m.mk_false();
        exponent_underflow = m.mk_false();

        if (from_ebits < (to_ebits + 2)) {
            res_exp = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(to_ebits - from_ebits + 2, exp);

            // subtract lz for subnormal numbers.
            expr_ref lz_ext(m);
            lz_ext = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(to_ebits - from_ebits + 2, lz);
            res_exp = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(res_exp, lz_ext);
        }
        else if (from_ebits >= (to_ebits + 2)) {
            unsigned ebits_diff = from_ebits - (to_ebits + 2);

            // subtract lz for subnormal numbers.
            expr_ref exp_sub_lz(m);
            exp_sub_lz = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, exp), m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, lz));
            dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_exp_sub_lz", exp_sub_lz);

            // check whether exponent is within roundable (to_ebits+2) range.
            expr_ref max_exp(m), min_exp(m), exp_in_range(m);
            const mpz & z = m_mpf_manager.m_powers2(to_ebits + 1, true);
            max_exp = m_bv_util.mk_concat(
                m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_mpf_manager.m_powers2.m1(to_ebits, false), to_ebits + 1),
                m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1));
            min_exp = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(z + mpz(2), to_ebits+2);
            dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_max_exp", max_exp);
            dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_min_exp", min_exp);

            expr_ref first_ovf_exp(m), first_udf_exp(m);
            const mpz & ovft = m_mpf_manager.m_powers2.m1(to_ebits+1, false);
            first_ovf_exp = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(ovft, from_ebits+2);
            first_udf_exp = m_bv_util.mk_concat(
                m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, ebits_diff + 3)),
                m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, to_ebits + 1));
            dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_first_ovf_exp", first_ovf_exp);
            dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_first_udf_exp", first_udf_exp);

            exp_in_range = m_bv_util.mk_extract(to_ebits + 1, 0, exp_sub_lz);
            SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp_in_range) == to_ebits + 2);

            expr_ref ovf_cond(m), udf_cond(m);
            ovf_cond = m_bv_util.mk_sle(first_ovf_exp, exp_sub_lz);
            udf_cond = m_bv_util.mk_sle(exp_sub_lz, first_udf_exp);
            dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_exp_ovf", ovf_cond);
            dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_exp_udf", udf_cond);

            res_exp = exp_in_range;
            res_exp = m.mk_ite(ovf_cond, max_exp, res_exp);
            res_exp = m.mk_ite(udf_cond, min_exp, res_exp);
        }

        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_exp) == to_ebits + 2);
        SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, res_exp));

        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_res_sig", res_sig);
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_float_res_exp", res_exp);

        expr_ref rounded(m);
        expr_ref rm_e(rm, m);
        round(to_srt, rm_e, res_sgn, res_sig, res_exp, rounded);

        expr_ref is_neg(m), sig_inf(m);
        m_simp.mk_eq(sgn, one1, is_neg);
        mk_ite(is_neg, ninf, pinf, sig_inf);

        mk_ite(exponent_overflow, sig_inf, rounded, v6);

        // And finally, we tie them together.
        mk_ite(c5, v5, v6, result);
        mk_ite(c4, v4, result, result);
        mk_ite(c3, v3, result, result);
        mk_ite(c2, v2, result, result);
        mk_ite(c1, v1, result, result);
    }

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_fp_real(func_decl * f, sort * s, expr * rm, expr * x, expr_ref & result) {
    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_fp_real", tout << "rm: " << mk_ismt2_pp(rm, m) << std::endl <<
        "x: " << mk_ismt2_pp(x, m) << std::endl;);
    SASSERT(m_util.is_float(s));
    SASSERT(au().is_real(x) || au().is_int(x));
    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(rm));

    expr * bv_rm = to_app(rm)->get_arg(0);
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);

    if (m_bv_util.is_numeral(bv_rm) && m_util.au().is_numeral(x)) {
        rational tmp_rat;
        unsigned sz;
        m_bv_util.is_numeral(to_expr(bv_rm), tmp_rat, sz);
        SASSERT(tmp_rat.is_int32());
        SASSERT(sz == 3);

        mpf_rounding_mode mrm;
        switch ((BV_RM_VAL)tmp_rat.get_unsigned()) {
        case BV_RM_TIES_TO_AWAY: mrm = MPF_ROUND_NEAREST_TAWAY; break;
        case BV_RM_TIES_TO_EVEN: mrm = MPF_ROUND_NEAREST_TEVEN; break;
        case BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE: mrm = MPF_ROUND_TOWARD_NEGATIVE; break;
        case BV_RM_TO_POSITIVE: mrm = MPF_ROUND_TOWARD_POSITIVE; break;
        case BV_RM_TO_ZERO: mrm = MPF_ROUND_TOWARD_ZERO; break;
        default: UNREACHABLE();
        }

        rational q;
        bool is_int;
        m_util.au().is_numeral(x, q, is_int);

        if (q.is_zero())
            return mk_pzero(f, result);
        else {
            scoped_mpf v(m_mpf_manager);
            m_util.fm().set(v, ebits, sbits, mrm, q.to_mpq());

            expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m), unbiased_exp(m);
            sgn = m_bv_util.mk_numeral((m_util.fm().sgn(v)) ? 1 : 0, 1);
            sig = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_util.fm().sig(v), sbits - 1);
            unbiased_exp = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_util.fm().exp(v), ebits);
            mk_bias(unbiased_exp, exp);

            result = m_util.mk_fp(sgn, exp, sig);
        }
    }
    else if (m_util.au().is_numeral(x)) {
        rational q;
        bool is_int;
        m_util.au().is_numeral(x, q, is_int);

        if (m_util.au().is_zero(x))
            mk_pzero(f, result);
        else {
            expr_ref rm_nta(m), rm_nte(m), rm_tp(m), rm_tn(m), rm_tz(m);
            mk_is_rm(bv_rm, BV_RM_TIES_TO_AWAY, rm_nta);
            mk_is_rm(bv_rm, BV_RM_TIES_TO_EVEN, rm_nte);
            mk_is_rm(bv_rm, BV_RM_TO_POSITIVE, rm_tp);
            mk_is_rm(bv_rm, BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE, rm_tn);
            mk_is_rm(bv_rm, BV_RM_TO_ZERO, rm_tz);

            scoped_mpf v_nta(m_mpf_manager), v_nte(m_mpf_manager), v_tp(m_mpf_manager);
            scoped_mpf v_tn(m_mpf_manager), v_tz(m_mpf_manager);
            m_util.fm().set(v_nta, ebits, sbits, MPF_ROUND_NEAREST_TAWAY, q.to_mpq());
            m_util.fm().set(v_nte, ebits, sbits, MPF_ROUND_NEAREST_TEVEN, q.to_mpq());
            m_util.fm().set(v_tp, ebits, sbits, MPF_ROUND_TOWARD_POSITIVE, q.to_mpq());
            m_util.fm().set(v_tn, ebits, sbits, MPF_ROUND_TOWARD_NEGATIVE, q.to_mpq());
            m_util.fm().set(v_tz, ebits, sbits, MPF_ROUND_TOWARD_ZERO, q.to_mpq());

            expr_ref v1(m), v2(m), v3(m), v4(m);

            expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m), unbiased_exp(m);
            sgn = m_bv_util.mk_numeral((m_util.fm().sgn(v_nta)) ? 1 : 0, 1);
            sig = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_util.fm().sig(v_nta), sbits - 1);
            unbiased_exp = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_util.fm().exp(v_nta), ebits);
            mk_bias(unbiased_exp, exp);
            v1 = m_util.mk_fp(sgn, exp, sig);

            sgn = m_bv_util.mk_numeral((m_util.fm().sgn(v_nte)) ? 1 : 0, 1);
            sig = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_util.fm().sig(v_nte), sbits - 1);
            unbiased_exp = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_util.fm().exp(v_nte), ebits);
            mk_bias(unbiased_exp, exp);
            v2 = m_util.mk_fp(sgn, exp, sig);

            sgn = m_bv_util.mk_numeral((m_util.fm().sgn(v_tp)) ? 1 : 0, 1);
            sig = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_util.fm().sig(v_tp), sbits - 1);
            unbiased_exp = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_util.fm().exp(v_tp), ebits);
            mk_bias(unbiased_exp, exp);
            v3 = m_util.mk_fp(sgn, exp, sig);

            sgn = m_bv_util.mk_numeral((m_util.fm().sgn(v_tn)) ? 1 : 0, 1);
            sig = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_util.fm().sig(v_tn), sbits - 1);
            unbiased_exp = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_util.fm().exp(v_tn), ebits);
            mk_bias(unbiased_exp, exp);
            v4 = m_util.mk_fp(sgn, exp, sig);

            sgn = m_bv_util.mk_numeral((m_util.fm().sgn(v_tz)) ? 1 : 0, 1);
            sig = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_util.fm().sig(v_tz), sbits - 1);
            unbiased_exp = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_util.fm().exp(v_tz), ebits);
            mk_bias(unbiased_exp, exp);

            result = m_util.mk_fp(sgn, exp, sig);
            mk_ite(rm_tn, v4, result, result);
            mk_ite(rm_tp, v3, result, result);
            mk_ite(rm_nte, v2, result, result);
            mk_ite(rm_nta, v1, result, result);
        }
    }
    else {
        SASSERT(!m_arith_util.is_numeral(x));
        bv_util & bu = m_bv_util;
        arith_util & au = m_arith_util;

        expr_ref bv0(m), bv1(m), zero(m), two(m);
        bv0 = bu.mk_numeral(0, 1);
        bv1 = bu.mk_numeral(1, 1);
        zero = au.mk_numeral(rational(0), false);
        two = au.mk_numeral(rational(2), false);

        expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m);
        sgn = mk_fresh_const("fpa2bv_to_fp_real_sgn", 1);
        sig = mk_fresh_const("fpa2bv_to_fp_real_sig", sbits + 4);
        exp = mk_fresh_const("fpa2bv_to_fp_real_exp", ebits + 2);

        expr_ref rme(bv_rm, m);
        round(s, rme, sgn, sig, exp, result);

        expr * e = m.mk_eq(m_util.mk_to_real(result), x);
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(e);

        expr_ref r_is_nan(m);
        mk_is_nan(result, r_is_nan);
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(m.mk_not(r_is_nan));

        rational min_real, max_real;
        const mpz& max_exp_z = m_mpf_manager.m_powers2.m1(ebits-1);
        SASSERT(m_mpz_manager.is_uint(max_exp_z));
        unsigned max_exp = m_mpz_manager.get_uint(max_exp_z);
        rational max_sig = m_mpf_manager.m_powers2.m1(sbits) / m_mpf_manager.m_powers2(sbits-1);
        max_real = max_sig * rational(m_mpf_manager.m_powers2(max_exp));
        TRACE("fpa2bv_to_real", tout << "max exp: " << max_exp << " max real: " << max_real << std::endl;);

        expr_ref r_is_pinf(m), r_is_ninf(m);
        mk_is_pinf(result, r_is_pinf);
        mk_is_ninf(result, r_is_ninf);

        expr_ref e_max_real(m), e_max_real_neg(m);
        e_max_real = m_arith_util.mk_numeral(max_real, false);
        e_max_real_neg = m_arith_util.mk_numeral(-max_real, false);

        expr_ref rm_nta(m), rm_nte(m), rm_tp(m), rm_tn(m), rm_tz(m);
        mk_is_rm(bv_rm, BV_RM_TIES_TO_AWAY, rm_nta);
        mk_is_rm(bv_rm, BV_RM_TIES_TO_EVEN, rm_nte);
        mk_is_rm(bv_rm, BV_RM_TO_POSITIVE, rm_tp);
        mk_is_rm(bv_rm, BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE, rm_tn);
        mk_is_rm(bv_rm, BV_RM_TO_ZERO, rm_tz);

        expr_ref implies_gt_max_real(m), implies_lt_min_real(m);
        implies_gt_max_real = m.mk_implies(r_is_pinf, m.mk_and(rm_tp, m_arith_util.mk_gt(x, e_max_real)));
        implies_lt_min_real = m.mk_implies(r_is_ninf, m.mk_and(rm_tn, m_arith_util.mk_lt(x, e_max_real_neg)));

        m_extra_assertions.push_back(implies_gt_max_real);
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(implies_lt_min_real);

        // x = 0 -> result = +0/-0
        expr_ref pzero(m), nzero(m);
        mk_pzero(result->get_sort(), pzero);
        mk_nzero(result->get_sort(), nzero);
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(m.mk_implies(m.mk_eq(x, zero), m.mk_or(m.mk_eq(result, pzero), m.mk_eq(result, nzero))));
    }

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_fp_real_int(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    // rm + real + int -> float
    SASSERT(m_util.is_float(f->get_range()));
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(f->get_range());
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(f->get_range());

    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(args[0]));
    expr * bv_rm = to_app(args[0])->get_arg(0);

    SASSERT((m_arith_util.is_int(args[1]) && m_arith_util.is_real(args[2])) ||
            (m_arith_util.is_real(args[1]) && m_arith_util.is_int(args[2])));

    rational q, e;

    if (m_arith_util.is_int(args[1]) && m_arith_util.is_real(args[2])) {
        if (!m_arith_util.is_numeral(args[1], e) ||
            !m_arith_util.is_numeral(args[2], q))
            UNREACHABLE();
    }
    else {
        if (!m_arith_util.is_numeral(args[2], e) ||
            !m_arith_util.is_numeral(args[1], q))
            UNREACHABLE();
    }

    SASSERT(e.is_int64());
    SASSERT(m_mpz_manager.eq(e.to_mpq().denominator(), 1));

    if (q.is_zero())
        return mk_pzero(f, result);
    else {
        scoped_mpf nte(m_mpf_manager), nta(m_mpf_manager), tp(m_mpf_manager), tn(m_mpf_manager), tz(m_mpf_manager);
        m_mpf_manager.set(nte, ebits, sbits, MPF_ROUND_NEAREST_TEVEN, e.to_mpq().numerator(), q.to_mpq());
        m_mpf_manager.set(nta, ebits, sbits, MPF_ROUND_NEAREST_TAWAY, e.to_mpq().numerator(), q.to_mpq());
        m_mpf_manager.set(tp, ebits, sbits, MPF_ROUND_TOWARD_POSITIVE, e.to_mpq().numerator(), q.to_mpq());
        m_mpf_manager.set(tn, ebits, sbits, MPF_ROUND_TOWARD_NEGATIVE, e.to_mpq().numerator(), q.to_mpq());
        m_mpf_manager.set(tz, ebits, sbits, MPF_ROUND_TOWARD_ZERO, e.to_mpq().numerator(), q.to_mpq());

        expr_ref bv_nte(m), bv_nta(m), bv_tp(m), bv_tn(m), bv_tz(m);
        sort *s = f->get_range();
        mk_numeral(s, nte, bv_nte);
        mk_numeral(s, nta, bv_nta);
        mk_numeral(s, tp, bv_tp);
        mk_numeral(s, tn, bv_tn);
        mk_numeral(s, tz, bv_tz);

        expr_ref c1(m), c2(m), c3(m), c4(m);
        c1 = m.mk_eq(bv_rm, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TO_POSITIVE, 3));
        c2 = m.mk_eq(bv_rm, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TO_POSITIVE, 3));
        c3 = m.mk_eq(bv_rm, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TIES_TO_AWAY, 3));
        c4 = m.mk_eq(bv_rm, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TIES_TO_EVEN, 3));

        mk_ite(c1, bv_tn, bv_tz, result);
        mk_ite(c2, bv_tp, result, result);
        mk_ite(c3, bv_nta, result, result);
        mk_ite(c4, bv_nte, result, result);
    }
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_real(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_real", for (unsigned i = 0; i < num; i++)
        tout << "arg" << i << " = " << mk_ismt2_pp(args[i], m) << std::endl;);
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    SASSERT(f->get_num_parameters() == 0);
    SASSERT(is_app_of(args[0], m_plugin->get_family_id(), OP_FPA_FP));

    expr * x = args[0];
    sort * s = x->get_sort();
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);

    sort * rs = m_arith_util.mk_real();
    expr_ref x_is_nan(m), x_is_inf(m), x_is_zero(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_inf(x, x_is_inf);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);

    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m), lz(m);
    unpack(x, sgn, sig, exp, lz, true);
    // sig is of the form [1].[sigbits]

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sgn) == 1);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) == sbits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp) == ebits);

    expr_ref rsig(m), bit(m), bit_eq_1(m), rsig_mul_2(m), zero(m), one(m), two(m), bv0(m), bv1(m);
    zero = m_arith_util.mk_numeral(rational(0), rs);
    one = m_arith_util.mk_numeral(rational(1), rs);
    two = m_arith_util.mk_numeral(rational(2), rs);
    bv0 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);
    bv1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1);
    rsig = one;
    for (unsigned i = sbits - 2; i != (unsigned)-1; i--) {
        bit = m_bv_util.mk_extract(i, i, sig);
        bit_eq_1 = m.mk_eq(bit, bv1);
        rsig_mul_2 = m_arith_util.mk_mul(rsig, two);
        rsig = m_arith_util.mk_add(rsig_mul_2,
            m.mk_ite(bit_eq_1, one, zero));
    }

    const mpz & p2 = fu().fm().m_powers2(sbits - 1);
    expr_ref ep2(m);
    ep2 = m_arith_util.mk_numeral(rational(p2), false);
    rsig = m_arith_util.mk_div(rsig, ep2);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_real_ep2", ep2);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_real_rsig", rsig);

    expr_ref exp_n(m), exp_p(m), exp_is_neg(m), exp_abs(m);
    exp_is_neg = m.mk_eq(m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits - 1, ebits - 1, exp), bv1);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_real_exp_is_neg", exp_is_neg);
    exp_p = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(1, exp);
    exp_n = m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(exp_p);
    exp_abs = m.mk_ite(exp_is_neg, exp_n, exp_p);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_real_exp_abs", exp);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp_abs) == ebits + 1);

    expr_ref exp2(m), exp2_mul_2(m), prev_bit(m);
    exp2 = zero;
    for (unsigned i = ebits; i != (unsigned)-1; i--) {
        bit = m_bv_util.mk_extract(i, i, exp_abs);
        bit_eq_1 = m.mk_eq(bit, bv1);
        exp2_mul_2 = m_arith_util.mk_mul(exp2, two);
        exp2 = m_arith_util.mk_add(exp2_mul_2,
            m.mk_ite(bit_eq_1, one, zero));
        prev_bit = bit;
    }

    expr_ref one_div_exp2(m);
    one_div_exp2 = m_arith_util.mk_div(one, exp2);
    exp2 = m.mk_ite(exp_is_neg, one_div_exp2, exp2);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_real_exp2", exp2);

    expr_ref res(m), two_exp2(m), minus_res(m), sgn_is_1(m);
    two_exp2 = m_arith_util.mk_power(two, exp2);
    res = m_arith_util.mk_mul(rsig, two_exp2);
    minus_res = m_arith_util.mk_uminus(res);
    sgn_is_1 = m.mk_eq(sgn, bv1);
    res = m.mk_ite(sgn_is_1, minus_res, res);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_real_sig_times_exp2", res);

    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_real", tout << "rsig = " << mk_ismt2_pp(rsig, m) << std::endl;
    tout << "exp2 = " << mk_ismt2_pp(exp2, m) << std::endl;);

    expr_ref unspec(m);
    mk_to_real_unspecified(f, num, args, unspec);
    result = m.mk_ite(x_is_zero, zero, res);
    result = m.mk_ite(x_is_inf, unspec, result);
    result = m.mk_ite(x_is_nan, unspec, result);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_fp_signed(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed", for (unsigned i = 0; i < num; i++)
        tout << "arg" << i << " = " << mk_ismt2_pp(args[i], m) << std::endl;);

    // This is a conversion from signed bitvector to float:
    // ; from signed machine integer, represented as a 2's complement bit vector
    // ((_ to_fp eb sb) RoundingMode (_ BitVec m) (_ FloatingPoint eb sb))
    // Semantics:
    //    Let b in[[(_ BitVec m)]] and let n be the signed integer represented by b (in 2's complement format).
    //    [[(_ to_fp eb sb)]](r, b) = +/ -infinity if n is too large / too small to be represented as a finite
    //    number of [[(_ FloatingPoint eb sb)]]; [[(_ to_fp eb sb)]](r, x) = y otherwise, where y is the finite
    //    number such that [[fp.to_real]](y) is closest to n according to rounding mode r.

    SASSERT(num == 2);
    SASSERT(m_util.is_float(f->get_range()));
    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(args[0]));
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.is_bv(args[1]));

    expr_ref rm(m), x(m);
    rm = to_app(args[0])->get_arg(0);
    x = args[1];

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed_x", x);

    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(f->get_range());
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(f->get_range());
    unsigned bv_sz = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(x);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(rm) == 3);

    expr_ref rm_is_to_neg(m);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE, rm_is_to_neg);

    expr_ref bv1_1(m), bv0_sz(m);
    bv1_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1);
    bv0_sz = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, bv_sz);

    expr_ref is_zero(m), pzero(m), nzero(m);
    is_zero = m.mk_eq(x, bv0_sz);
    mk_pzero(f, pzero);
    mk_nzero(f, nzero);

    // Special case: x == 0 -> +zero
    expr_ref c1(m), v1(m);
    c1 = is_zero;
    v1 = pzero; // No -zero (IEEE754)

    // Special case: x != 0
    expr_ref sign_bit(m), exp_too_large(m), sig_4(m), exp_2(m), rest(m);
    expr_ref is_neg(m), x_abs(m), neg_x(m);
    sign_bit = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz - 1, bv_sz - 1, x);
    rest = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz - 2, 0, x);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed_rest", rest);
    is_neg = m.mk_eq(sign_bit, bv1_1);
    neg_x = m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(x); // overflow ok, x_abs is now unsigned.
    x_abs = m.mk_ite(is_neg, neg_x, x);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed_is_neg", is_neg);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed_x_abs", x_abs);
    // x_abs has an extra bit in the front.
    // x_abs is [bv_sz-1, bv_sz-2] . [bv_sz-3 ... 0] * 2^(bv_sz-2)
    // bv_sz-2 is the "1.0" bit for the rounder.

    expr_ref lz(m);
    mk_leading_zeros(x_abs, bv_sz, lz);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(lz) == bv_sz);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed_lz", lz);
    expr_ref shifted_sig(m);
    shifted_sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_shl(x_abs, lz);

    expr_ref sticky(m);
    // shifted_sig is [bv_sz-1, bv_sz-2] . [bv_sz-3 ... 0] * 2^(bv_sz-2) * 2^(-lz)
    unsigned sig_sz = sbits + 4; // we want extra rounding bits.
    if (sig_sz <= bv_sz) {
        expr_ref sig_rest(m);
        sig_4 = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz - 1, bv_sz - sig_sz + 1, shifted_sig); // one short
        sig_rest = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz - sig_sz, 0, shifted_sig);
        sticky = m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BREDOR, sig_rest.get());
        sig_4 = m_bv_util.mk_concat(sig_4, sticky);
    }
    else {
        unsigned extra_bits = sig_sz - bv_sz;
        expr_ref extra_zeros(m);
        extra_zeros = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, extra_bits);
        sig_4 = m_bv_util.mk_concat(shifted_sig, extra_zeros);
        lz = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(m_bv_util.mk_concat(extra_zeros, lz),
            m_bv_util.mk_numeral(extra_bits, sig_sz));
        bv_sz = bv_sz + extra_bits;
        SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, lz));
    }
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig_4) == sig_sz);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed_sig_4", sig_4);

    expr_ref s_exp(m), exp_rest(m);
    s_exp = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(bv_sz - 2, bv_sz), lz);
    // s_exp = (bv_sz-2) + (-lz) signed
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(s_exp) == bv_sz);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed_s_exp", s_exp);

    unsigned exp_sz = ebits + 2; // (+2 for rounder)
    exp_2 = m_bv_util.mk_extract(exp_sz - 1, 0, s_exp);
    // the remaining bits are 0 if ebits is large enough.
    exp_too_large = m.mk_false();

    // The exponent is at most bv_sz, i.e., we need ld(bv_sz)+1 ebits.
    // exp < bv_sz (+sign bit which is [0])
    unsigned exp_worst_case_sz = (unsigned)((log((double)bv_sz) / log((double)2)) + 1.0);

    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed", tout << "exp worst case sz: " << exp_worst_case_sz << std::endl;);

    if (exp_sz <= exp_worst_case_sz) {
        // exp_sz < exp_worst_case_sz and exp >= 0.
        // Take the maximum legal exponent; this
        // allows us to keep the most precision.
        expr_ref max_exp(m), max_exp_bvsz(m), zero_sig_sz(m);
        mk_max_exp(exp_sz, max_exp);
        max_exp_bvsz = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(bv_sz - exp_sz, max_exp);

        exp_too_large = m_bv_util.mk_sle(
                            m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(max_exp_bvsz, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, bv_sz)),
                            s_exp);
        zero_sig_sz = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sig_sz);
        sig_4 = m.mk_ite(exp_too_large, zero_sig_sz, sig_4);
        exp_2 = m.mk_ite(exp_too_large, max_exp, exp_2);
    }
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed_exp_too_large", exp_too_large);

    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m);
    sgn = sign_bit;
    sig = sig_4;
    exp = exp_2;

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed_sgn", sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed_sig", sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_signed_exp", exp);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) == sbits + 4);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp) == ebits + 2);

    expr_ref v2(m);
    round(f->get_range(), rm, sgn, sig, exp, v2);

    mk_ite(c1, v1, v2, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_fp_unsigned(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_fp_unsigned", for (unsigned i = 0; i < num; i++)
        tout << "arg" << i << " = " << mk_ismt2_pp(args[i], m) << std::endl;);

    // This is a conversion from unsigned bitvector to float:
    // ((_ to_fp_unsigned eb sb) RoundingMode (_ BitVec m) (_ FloatingPoint eb sb))
    // Semantics:
    //    Let b in[[(_ BitVec m)]] and let n be the unsigned integer represented by b.
    //    [[(_ to_fp_unsigned eb sb)]](r, x) = +infinity if n is too large to be
    //    represented as a finite number of[[(_ FloatingPoint eb sb)]];
    //    [[(_ to_fp_unsigned eb sb)]](r, x) = y otherwise, where y is the finite number
    //    such that[[fp.to_real]](y) is closest to n according to rounding mode r.

    SASSERT(num == 2);
    SASSERT(m_util.is_float(f->get_range()));
    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(args[0]));
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.is_bv(args[1]));

    expr_ref rm(m), x(m);
    rm = to_app(args[0])->get_arg(0);
    x = args[1];

    expr_ref rm_is_to_neg(m);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE, rm_is_to_neg);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_unsigned_x", x);

    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(f->get_range());
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(f->get_range());
    unsigned bv_sz = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(x);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(rm) == 3);

    expr_ref bv0_1(m), bv0_sz(m);
    bv0_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);
    bv0_sz = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, bv_sz);

    expr_ref is_zero(m), pzero(m), nzero(m);
    is_zero = m.mk_eq(x, bv0_sz);
    mk_pzero(f, pzero);
    mk_nzero(f, nzero);

    // Special case: x == 0 -> +zero
    expr_ref c1(m), v1(m);
    c1 = is_zero;
    v1 = pzero; // No -zero (IEEE754)

    // Special case: x != 0
    expr_ref exp_too_large(m), sig_4(m), exp_2(m);
    // x is [bv_sz-1] . [bv_sz-2 ... 0] * 2^(bv_sz-1)
    // bv_sz-1 is the "1.0" bit for the rounder.

    expr_ref lz(m);
    mk_leading_zeros(x, bv_sz, lz);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(lz) == bv_sz);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_unsigned_lz", lz);
    expr_ref shifted_sig(m);
    shifted_sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_shl(x, lz);

    expr_ref sticky(m);
    // shifted_sig is [bv_sz-1] . [bv_sz-2 ... 0] * 2^(bv_sz-1) * 2^(-lz)
    unsigned sig_sz = sbits + 4; // we want extra rounding bits.
    if (sig_sz <= bv_sz) {
        expr_ref sig_rest(m);
        sig_4 = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz - 1, bv_sz - sig_sz + 1, shifted_sig); // one short
        sig_rest = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz - sig_sz, 0, shifted_sig);
        sticky = m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BREDOR, sig_rest.get());
        sig_4 = m_bv_util.mk_concat(sig_4, sticky);
    }
    else {
        unsigned extra_bits = sig_sz - bv_sz;
        expr_ref extra_zeros(m);
        extra_zeros = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, extra_bits);
        sig_4 = m_bv_util.mk_concat(shifted_sig, extra_zeros);
        lz = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(m_bv_util.mk_concat(extra_zeros, lz),
            m_bv_util.mk_numeral(extra_bits, sig_sz));
        bv_sz = bv_sz + extra_bits;
        SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, lz));
    }
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig_4) == sig_sz);

    expr_ref s_exp(m), exp_rest(m);
    s_exp = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(bv_sz - 2, bv_sz), lz);
    // s_exp = (bv_sz-2) + (-lz) signed
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(s_exp) == bv_sz);

    unsigned exp_sz = ebits + 2; // (+2 for rounder)
    exp_2 = m_bv_util.mk_extract(exp_sz - 1, 0, s_exp);
    // the remaining bits are 0 if ebits is large enough.
    exp_too_large = m.mk_false();

                                  // The exponent is at most bv_sz, i.e., we need ld(bv_sz)+1 ebits.
                                  // exp < bv_sz (+sign bit which is [0])
    unsigned exp_worst_case_sz = (unsigned)((log((double)bv_sz) / log((double)2)) + 1.0);

    if (exp_sz < exp_worst_case_sz) {
        // exp_sz < exp_worst_case_sz and exp >= 0.
        // Take the maximum legal exponent; this
        // allows us to keep the most precision.
        expr_ref max_exp(m), max_exp_bvsz(m), zero_sig_sz(m);
        mk_max_exp(exp_sz, max_exp);
        max_exp_bvsz = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(bv_sz - exp_sz, max_exp);

        exp_too_large = m_bv_util.mk_sle(m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(
            max_exp_bvsz,
            m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, bv_sz)),
            s_exp);
        zero_sig_sz = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sig_sz);
        sig_4 = m.mk_ite(exp_too_large, zero_sig_sz, sig_4);
        exp_2 = m.mk_ite(exp_too_large, max_exp, exp_2);
    }
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_unsigned_exp_too_large", exp_too_large);

    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m);
    sgn = bv0_1;
    sig = sig_4;
    exp = exp_2;

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_unsigned_sgn", sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_unsigned_sig", sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_fp_unsigned_exp", exp);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) == sbits + 4);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp) == ebits + 2);

    expr_ref v2(m);
    round(f->get_range(), rm, sgn, sig, exp, v2);

    mk_ite(c1, v1, v2, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_ieee_bv(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    expr_ref x(m), x_is_nan(m);
    expr_ref sgn(m), s(m), e(m);
    x = args[0];
    split_fp(x, sgn, e, s);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);

    expr_ref unspec(m);
    mk_to_ieee_bv_unspecified(f, num, args, unspec);

    expr_ref sgn_e_s(m);
    join_fp(x, sgn_e_s);
    m_simp.mk_ite(x_is_nan, unspec, sgn_e_s, result);

    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_ieee_bv", tout << "result=" << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl;);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_ieee_bv_unspecified(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);
    SASSERT(m_util.is_float(args[0]));
    unsigned ebits = f->get_domain()[0]->get_parameter(0).get_int();
    unsigned sbits = f->get_domain()[0]->get_parameter(1).get_int();

    if (m_hi_fp_unspecified) {
        mk_nan(f->get_domain()[0], result);
        join_fp(result, result);
    }
    else {
        expr_ref nw = nan_wrap(args[0]);

        sort * domain[1] = { nw->get_sort() };
        func_decl * f_bv = mk_bv_uf(f, domain, f->get_range());
        result = m.mk_app(f_bv, nw);

        expr_ref exp_bv(m), exp_all_ones(m);
        exp_bv = m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits+sbits-2, sbits-1, result);
        exp_all_ones = m.mk_eq(exp_bv, m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, ebits)));
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(std::move(exp_all_ones));

        expr_ref sig_bv(m), sig_is_non_zero(m);
        sig_bv = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-2, 0, result);
        sig_is_non_zero = m.mk_not(m.mk_eq(sig_bv, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits-1)));
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(std::move(sig_is_non_zero));
    }

    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_ieee_bv_unspecified", tout << "result=" << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl;);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_ieee_bv_i(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result)
{
    func_decl_ref fu(m.mk_func_decl(f->get_family_id(), OP_FPA_TO_IEEE_BV, 0, nullptr, num, args), m);
    mk_to_ieee_bv(fu, num, args, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_bv(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, bool is_signed, expr_ref & result) {
    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_bv", for (unsigned i = 0; i < num; i++)
        tout << "arg" << i << " = " << mk_ismt2_pp(args[i], m) << std::endl;);

    SASSERT(num == 2);
    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(args[0]));
    SASSERT(m_util.is_float(args[1]));

    expr * rm = to_app(args[0])->get_arg(0);
    expr * x = args[1];
    sort * xs = x->get_sort();
    sort * bv_srt = f->get_range();

    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m), lz(m);
    unpack(x, sgn, sig, exp, lz, true);

    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(xs);
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(xs);
    unsigned bv_sz = (unsigned)f->get_parameter(0).get_int();

    expr_ref bv0(m), bv1(m);
    bv0 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);
    bv1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1);

    expr_ref x_is_nan(m), x_is_inf(m), x_is_zero(m), x_is_neg(m), x_is_nzero(m);
    mk_is_nan(x, x_is_nan);
    mk_is_inf(x, x_is_inf);
    mk_is_zero(x, x_is_zero);
    mk_is_neg(x, x_is_neg);
    mk_is_nzero(x, x_is_nzero);

    // NaN, Inf, or negative (except -0) -> unspecified
    expr_ref c1(m), v1(m), unspec_v(m);
    c1 = m.mk_or(x_is_nan, x_is_inf);
    mk_to_bv_unspecified(f, num, args, unspec_v);
    v1 = unspec_v;
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_c1", c1);

    // +-0 -> 0
    expr_ref c2(m), v2(m);
    c2 = x_is_zero;
    v2 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(rational(0), bv_srt);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_c2", c2);

    // Otherwise...

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_sgn", sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_sig", sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_exp", exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_lz", lz);

    // sig is of the form +- [1].[sig] * 2^(exp-lz)
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sgn) == 1);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) == sbits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp) == ebits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(lz) == ebits);

    unsigned sig_sz = sbits;
    if (sig_sz < (bv_sz + 3))
        sig = m_bv_util.mk_concat(sig, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, bv_sz-sig_sz+3));
    sig_sz = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig);
    SASSERT(sig_sz >= (bv_sz + 3));

    // x is of the form +- [1].[sig][r][g][s] ... and at least bv_sz + 3 long

    expr_ref exp_m_lz(m), e_m_lz_m_bv_sz(m), shift(m), is_neg_shift(m), big_sig(m);
    exp_m_lz = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, exp),
                                   m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, lz));

    // big_sig is +- [... bv_sz+2 bits ...][1].[r][ ... sbits-1  ... ]
    big_sig = m_bv_util.mk_concat(m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(bv_sz + 2, sig), bv0);
    unsigned big_sig_sz = sig_sz+1+bv_sz+2;
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(big_sig) == big_sig_sz);

    is_neg_shift = m_bv_util.mk_sle(exp_m_lz, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, ebits+2));
    shift = m.mk_ite(is_neg_shift, m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(exp_m_lz), exp_m_lz);
    if (ebits+2 < big_sig_sz)
        shift = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(big_sig_sz-ebits-2, shift);
    else if (ebits+2 > big_sig_sz) {
        expr_ref upper(m);
        upper = m_bv_util.mk_extract(big_sig_sz, ebits+2, shift);
        shift = m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits+1, 0, shift);
        shift = m.mk_ite(m.mk_eq(upper, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, m_bv_util.get_bv_size(upper))),
                         shift,
                         m_bv_util.mk_numeral(big_sig_sz-1, ebits+2));
    }
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_shift_uncapped", shift);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(shift) == m_bv_util.get_bv_size(big_sig));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_big_sig", big_sig);

    expr_ref shift_limit(m);
    shift_limit = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(bv_sz+2, m_bv_util.get_bv_size(shift));
    shift = m.mk_ite(m_bv_util.mk_ule(shift, shift_limit), shift, shift_limit);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_shift_limit", shift_limit);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_is_neg_shift", is_neg_shift);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_shift", shift);

    expr_ref big_sig_shifted(m), int_part(m), last(m), round(m), stickies(m), sticky(m);
    big_sig_shifted = m.mk_ite(is_neg_shift, m_bv_util.mk_bv_lshr(big_sig, shift),
                                             m_bv_util.mk_bv_shl(big_sig, shift));
    int_part = m_bv_util.mk_extract(big_sig_sz-1, big_sig_sz-(bv_sz+3), big_sig_shifted);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(int_part) == bv_sz+3);
    last     = m_bv_util.mk_extract(big_sig_sz-(bv_sz+3), big_sig_sz-(bv_sz+3), big_sig_shifted);
    round    = m_bv_util.mk_extract(big_sig_sz-(bv_sz+4), big_sig_sz-(bv_sz+4), big_sig_shifted);
    stickies = m_bv_util.mk_extract(big_sig_sz-(bv_sz+5), 0, big_sig_shifted);
    sticky = m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BREDOR, stickies.get());
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_big_sig_shifted", big_sig_shifted);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_int_part", int_part);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_last", last);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_round", round);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_sticky", sticky);

    expr_ref rounding_decision(m);
    rounding_decision = mk_rounding_decision(rm, sgn, last, round, sticky);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(rounding_decision) == 1);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_rounding_decision", rounding_decision);

    expr_ref inc(m), pre_rounded(m);
    inc = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(bv_sz+2, rounding_decision);
    pre_rounded = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(int_part, inc);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_inc", inc);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_pre_rounded", pre_rounded);

    expr_ref incd(m), pr_is_zero(m), ovfl(m);
    incd = m.mk_eq(rounding_decision, bv1);
    pr_is_zero = m.mk_eq(pre_rounded, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, bv_sz + 3));
    ovfl = m.mk_and(incd, pr_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_incd", incd);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_ovfl", ovfl);

    expr_ref ul(m), in_range(m);
    if (!is_signed) {
        ul = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(3, m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, bv_sz)));
        in_range = m.mk_and(m.mk_or(m.mk_not(x_is_neg),
                                    m.mk_eq(pre_rounded, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, bv_sz+3))),
                            m.mk_not(ovfl),
                            m_bv_util.mk_ule(pre_rounded, ul));
    }
    else {
        expr_ref ll(m);
        ll = bv1;
        if (bv_sz > 1)
            ll = m_bv_util.mk_concat(bv1, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, bv_sz - 1));
        ll = m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(3, ll);
        if (bv_sz > 1)
            ul = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(4, m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, bv_sz - 1)));
        else
            ul = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 4);
        ovfl = m.mk_or(ovfl, m_bv_util.mk_sle(pre_rounded, m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, bv_sz + 3))));
        pre_rounded = m.mk_ite(x_is_neg, m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(pre_rounded), pre_rounded);
        in_range = m.mk_and(m.mk_not(ovfl),
                            m_bv_util.mk_sle(ll, pre_rounded),
                            m_bv_util.mk_sle(pre_rounded, ul));
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_in_range_ll", ll);
    }
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_in_range_ovfl", ovfl);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_in_range_ul", ul);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_in_range", in_range);

    expr_ref rounded(m);
    rounded = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz-1, 0, pre_rounded);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_to_bv_rounded", rounded);

    result = m.mk_ite(m.mk_not(in_range), unspec_v, rounded);
    result = m.mk_ite(c2, v2, result);
    result = m.mk_ite(c1, v1, result);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_ubv(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_ubv", for (unsigned i = 0; i < num; i++)
        tout << "arg" << i << " = " << mk_ismt2_pp(args[i], m) << std::endl;);
    mk_to_bv(f, num, args, false, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_sbv(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_sbv", for (unsigned i = 0; i < num; i++)
        tout << "arg" << i << " = " << mk_ismt2_pp(args[i], m) << std::endl;);
    mk_to_bv(f, num, args, true, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_ubv_i(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    func_decl_ref fu(m.mk_func_decl(f->get_family_id(), OP_FPA_TO_UBV, 0, nullptr, num, args), m);
    mk_to_bv(fu, num, args, false, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_sbv_i(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    func_decl_ref fu(m.mk_func_decl(f->get_family_id(), OP_FPA_TO_SBV, 0, nullptr, num, args), m);
    mk_to_bv(fu, num, args, true, result);
}

expr_ref fpa2bv_converter::nan_wrap(expr * n) {
    expr_ref n_bv(m), arg_is_nan(m), nan(m), nan_bv(m), res(m);
    mk_is_nan(n, arg_is_nan);
    mk_nan(n->get_sort(), nan);
    join_fp(nan, nan_bv);
    join_fp(n, n_bv);
    res = expr_ref(m.mk_ite(arg_is_nan, nan_bv, n_bv), m);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, res));
    return res;
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_bv_unspecified(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 2);
    SASSERT(m_util.is_bv2rm(args[0]));
    SASSERT(m_util.is_float(args[1]));

    if (m_hi_fp_unspecified)
        result = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, m_bv_util.get_bv_size(f->get_range()));
    else {
        expr * rm_bv = to_app(args[0])->get_arg(0);
        expr_ref nw = nan_wrap(args[1]);
        sort * domain[2] = { rm_bv->get_sort(), nw->get_sort() };
        func_decl * f_bv = mk_bv_uf(f, domain, f->get_range());
        result = m.mk_app(f_bv, rm_bv, nw);
    }

    TRACE("fpa2bv_to_bv_unspecified", tout << "result=" << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl;);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_real_unspecified(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 1);

    if (m_hi_fp_unspecified)
        result = m_arith_util.mk_numeral(rational(0), false);
    else {
        expr * n = args[0];
        expr_ref nw = nan_wrap(n);
        sort * domain[1] = { nw->get_sort() };
        func_decl * f_bv = mk_bv_uf(f, domain, f->get_range());
        result = m.mk_app(f_bv, nw);
    }
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_to_real_i(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    func_decl_ref fu(m.mk_func_decl(f->get_family_id(), OP_FPA_TO_REAL, 0, nullptr, num, args), m);
    mk_to_real(fu, num, args, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_fp(func_decl * f, unsigned num, expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(num == 3);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(args[0]) == 1);
    SASSERT(m_util.get_sbits(f->get_range()) == m_bv_util.get_bv_size(args[2]) + 1);
    SASSERT(m_util.get_ebits(f->get_range()) == m_bv_util.get_bv_size(args[1]));
    result = m_util.mk_fp(args[0], args[1], args[2]);
    TRACE("fpa2bv_mk_fp", tout << "mk_fp result = " << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl;);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::split_fp(expr * e, expr_ref & sgn, expr_ref & exp, expr_ref & sig) const {
    expr* e_sgn = nullptr, *e_exp = nullptr, *e_sig = nullptr;
    VERIFY(m_util.is_fp(e, e_sgn, e_exp, e_sig));
    sgn = e_sgn;
    exp = e_exp;
    sig = e_sig;
}

void fpa2bv_converter::join_fp(expr * e, expr_ref & res) {
    expr_ref sgn(m), exp(m), sig(m);
    split_fp(e, sgn, exp, sig);
    res = m_bv_util.mk_concat(m_bv_util.mk_concat(sgn, exp), sig);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_nan(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m);
    split_fp(e, sgn, exp, sig);

    // exp == 1^n , sig != 0
    expr_ref sig_is_zero(m), sig_is_not_zero(m), exp_is_top(m), top_exp(m), zero(m);
    mk_top_exp(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp), top_exp);

    zero = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig));
    m_simp.mk_eq(sig, zero, sig_is_zero);
    m_simp.mk_not(sig_is_zero, sig_is_not_zero);
    m_simp.mk_eq(exp, top_exp, exp_is_top);
    m_simp.mk_and(exp_is_top, sig_is_not_zero, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_inf(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m);
    split_fp(e, sgn, exp, sig);
    expr_ref eq1(m), eq2(m), top_exp(m), zero(m);
    mk_top_exp(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp), top_exp);
    zero = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig));
    m_simp.mk_eq(sig, zero, eq1);
    m_simp.mk_eq(exp, top_exp, eq2);
    m_simp.mk_and(eq1, eq2, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_pinf(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref e_is_pos(m), e_is_inf(m);
    mk_is_pos(e, e_is_pos);
    mk_is_inf(e, e_is_inf);
    m_simp.mk_and(e_is_pos, e_is_inf, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_ninf(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref e_is_neg(m), e_is_inf(m);
    mk_is_neg(e, e_is_neg);
    mk_is_inf(e, e_is_inf);
    m_simp.mk_and(e_is_neg, e_is_inf, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_pos(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(m_util.is_fp(e));
    SASSERT(to_app(e)->get_num_args() == 3);
    expr * a0 = to_app(e)->get_arg(0);
    expr_ref zero(m);
    zero = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, m_bv_util.get_bv_size(a0));
    m_simp.mk_eq(a0, zero, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_neg(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(m_util.is_fp(e));
    SASSERT(to_app(e)->get_num_args() == 3);
    expr * a0 = to_app(e)->get_arg(0);
    expr_ref one(m);
    one = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, m_bv_util.get_bv_size(a0));
    m_simp.mk_eq(a0, one, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_zero(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m);
    split_fp(e, sgn, exp, sig);
    expr_ref eq1(m), eq2(m), bot_exp(m), zero(m);
    mk_bot_exp(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp), bot_exp);
    zero = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig));
    m_simp.mk_eq(sig, zero, eq1);
    m_simp.mk_eq(exp, bot_exp, eq2);
    m_simp.mk_and(eq1, eq2, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_nzero(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m);
    split_fp(e, sgn, exp, sig);
    expr_ref e_is_zero(m), eq(m), one_1(m);
    mk_is_zero(e, e_is_zero);
    one_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1);
    m_simp.mk_eq(sgn, one_1, eq);
    m_simp.mk_and(eq, e_is_zero, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_pzero(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m);
    split_fp(e, sgn, exp, sig);
    expr_ref e_is_zero(m), eq(m), nil_1(m);
    mk_is_zero(e, e_is_zero);
    nil_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);
    m_simp.mk_eq(sgn, nil_1, eq);
    m_simp.mk_and(eq, e_is_zero, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_denormal(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m);
    split_fp(e, sgn, exp, sig);

    expr_ref zero(m), zexp(m), is_zero(m), n_is_zero(m);
    zero = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp));
    m_simp.mk_eq(exp, zero, result);
    m_simp.mk_eq(exp, zero, zexp);
    mk_is_zero(e, is_zero);
    m_simp.mk_not(is_zero, n_is_zero);
    m_simp.mk_and(n_is_zero, zexp, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_normal(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref sgn(m), sig(m), exp(m);
    split_fp(e, sgn, exp, sig);

    expr_ref is_special(m), is_denormal(m), p(m), is_zero(m);
    mk_is_denormal(e, is_denormal);
    mk_is_zero(e, is_zero);
    unsigned ebits = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp);
    p = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(fu().fm().m_powers2.m1(ebits), ebits);
    m_simp.mk_eq(exp, p, is_special);

    expr_ref or_ex(m);
    m_simp.mk_or(is_special, is_denormal, or_ex);
    m_simp.mk_or(is_zero, or_ex, or_ex);
    m_simp.mk_not(or_ex, result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_is_rm(expr * rme, BV_RM_VAL rm, expr_ref & result) {
    expr_ref rm_num(m);
    rm_num = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(rm, 3);

    switch(rm)
    {
    case BV_RM_TIES_TO_AWAY:
    case BV_RM_TIES_TO_EVEN:
    case BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE:
    case BV_RM_TO_POSITIVE:
    case BV_RM_TO_ZERO:
        return m_simp.mk_eq(rme, rm_num, result);
    default:
        UNREACHABLE();
    }
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_top_exp(unsigned sz, expr_ref & result) {
    result = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(fu().fm().m_powers2.m1(sz), sz);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_bot_exp(unsigned sz, expr_ref & result) {
    result = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sz);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_min_exp(unsigned ebits, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(ebits >= 2);
    const mpz & z = m_mpf_manager.m_powers2.m1(ebits-1, true);
    result = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(z + mpz(1), ebits);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_max_exp(unsigned ebits, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(ebits >= 2);
    result = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(m_mpf_manager.m_powers2.m1(ebits-1, false), ebits);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_leading_zeros(expr * e, unsigned max_bits, expr_ref & result) {
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.is_bv(e));
    unsigned bv_sz = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(e);

    if (bv_sz == 0)
        result = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, max_bits);
    else if (bv_sz == 1) {
        expr_ref eq(m), nil_1(m), one_m(m), nil_m(m);
        nil_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);
        one_m = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, max_bits);
        nil_m = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, max_bits);
        m_simp.mk_eq(e, nil_1, eq);
        m_simp.mk_ite(eq, one_m, nil_m, result);
    }
    else {
        expr_ref H(m), L(m);
        H = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz-1, bv_sz/2, e);
        L = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz/2-1, 0, e);

        unsigned H_size = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(H);
        // unsigned L_size = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(L);

        expr_ref lzH(m), lzL(m);
        mk_leading_zeros(H, max_bits, lzH); /* recursive! */
        mk_leading_zeros(L, max_bits, lzL);

        expr_ref H_is_zero(m), nil_h(m);
        nil_h = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, H_size);
        m_simp.mk_eq(H, nil_h, H_is_zero);

        expr_ref sum(m), h_m(m);
        h_m = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(H_size, max_bits);
        sum = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(h_m, lzL);
        m_simp.mk_ite(H_is_zero, sum, lzH, result);
    }

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, result));
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_bias(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    unsigned ebits = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(e);
    SASSERT(ebits >= 2);

    expr_ref bias(m);
    bias = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(fu().fm().m_powers2.m1(ebits-1), ebits);
    result = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(e, bias);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_unbias(expr * e, expr_ref & result) {
    unsigned ebits = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(e);
    SASSERT(ebits >= 2);

    expr_ref e_plus_one(m);
    e_plus_one = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(e, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, ebits));

    expr_ref leading(m), n_leading(m), rest(m);
    leading = m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits-1, ebits-1, e_plus_one);
    n_leading = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(leading);
    rest = m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits-2, 0, e_plus_one);

    result = m_bv_util.mk_concat(n_leading, rest);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::unpack(expr * e, expr_ref & sgn, expr_ref & sig, expr_ref & exp, expr_ref & lz, bool normalize) {
    SASSERT(m_util.is_fp(e));
    SASSERT(to_app(e)->get_num_args() == 3);

    sort * srt = to_app(e)->get_decl()->get_range();
    SASSERT(is_float(srt));
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(srt);
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(srt);

    split_fp(e, sgn, exp, sig);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sgn) == 1);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp) == ebits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) == sbits-1);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_unpack_sgn", sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_unpack_exp", exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_unpack_sig", sig);

    expr_ref is_normal(m);
    mk_is_normal(e, is_normal);

    expr_ref normal_sig(m), normal_exp(m);
    normal_sig = m_bv_util.mk_concat(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1), sig);
    mk_unbias(exp, normal_exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_unpack_normal_exp", normal_exp);

    expr_ref denormal_sig(m), denormal_exp(m);
    denormal_sig = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(1, sig);
    denormal_exp = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, ebits);
    mk_unbias(denormal_exp, denormal_exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_unpack_denormal_exp", denormal_exp);

    expr_ref zero_e(m);
    zero_e = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, ebits);

    if (normalize) {
        expr_ref is_sig_zero(m), zero_s(m);
        zero_s = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits);
        m_simp.mk_eq(zero_s, denormal_sig, is_sig_zero);

        expr_ref lz_d(m), norm_or_zero(m);
        mk_leading_zeros(denormal_sig, ebits, lz_d);
        norm_or_zero = m.mk_or(is_normal, is_sig_zero);
        m_simp.mk_ite(norm_or_zero, zero_e, lz_d, lz);
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_unpack_lz", lz);

        expr_ref shift(m);
        m_simp.mk_ite(is_sig_zero, zero_e, lz, shift);
        dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_unpack_shift", shift);
        SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, is_sig_zero));
        SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, shift));
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(shift) == ebits);
        if (ebits <= sbits) {
            expr_ref q(m);
            q = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(sbits-ebits, shift);
            denormal_sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_shl(denormal_sig, q);
        }
        else {
            // the maximum shift is `sbits', because after that the mantissa
            // would be zero anyways. So we can safely cut the shift variable down,
            // as long as we check the higher bits.
            expr_ref zero_ems(m), sh(m), is_sh_zero(m), sl(m), sbits_s(m), short_shift(m);
            zero_ems = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, ebits - sbits);
            sbits_s = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(sbits, sbits);
            sh = m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits-1, sbits, shift);
            m_simp.mk_eq(zero_ems, sh, is_sh_zero);
            short_shift = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-1, 0, shift);
            m_simp.mk_ite(is_sh_zero, short_shift, sbits_s, sl);
            denormal_sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_shl(denormal_sig, sl);
        }
    }
    else
        lz = zero_e;

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, normal_sig));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, denormal_sig));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, normal_exp));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, denormal_exp));

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_unpack_is_normal", is_normal);

    m_simp.mk_ite(is_normal, normal_sig, denormal_sig, sig);
    m_simp.mk_ite(is_normal, normal_exp, denormal_exp, exp);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sgn));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sig));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, exp));

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sgn) == 1);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) == sbits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp) == ebits);

    TRACE("fpa2bv_unpack", tout << "UNPACK SGN = " << mk_ismt2_pp(sgn, m) << std::endl; );
    TRACE("fpa2bv_unpack", tout << "UNPACK SIG = " << mk_ismt2_pp(sig, m) << std::endl; );
    TRACE("fpa2bv_unpack", tout << "UNPACK EXP = " << mk_ismt2_pp(exp, m) << std::endl; );
}

void fpa2bv_converter::mk_rounding_mode(decl_kind k, expr_ref & result)
{
    switch(k)
    {
    case OP_FPA_RM_NEAREST_TIES_TO_EVEN: result = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TIES_TO_EVEN, 3); break;
    case OP_FPA_RM_NEAREST_TIES_TO_AWAY: result = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TIES_TO_AWAY, 3); break;
    case OP_FPA_RM_TOWARD_POSITIVE: result = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TO_POSITIVE, 3); break;
    case OP_FPA_RM_TOWARD_NEGATIVE: result = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE, 3); break;
    case OP_FPA_RM_TOWARD_ZERO: result = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TO_ZERO, 3); break;
    default: UNREACHABLE();
    }

    result = m_util.mk_bv2rm(result);
}

void fpa2bv_converter::dbg_decouple(const char * prefix, expr_ref & e) {
#ifdef Z3DEBUG_FPA2BV_NAMES
    return;
    // CMW: This works only for quantifier-free formulas.
    if (m_util.is_fp(e)) {
        expr_ref new_bv(m);
        expr_ref e_sgn(m), e_sig(m), e_exp(m);
        split_fp(e, e_sgn, e_exp, e_sig);
        unsigned ebits = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(e_exp);
        unsigned sbits = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(e_sig) + 1;
        unsigned bv_sz = ebits + sbits;
        new_bv = m.mk_fresh_const(prefix, m_bv_util.mk_sort(bv_sz));
        expr_ref bv_sgn(m), bv_exp(m), bv_sig(m);
        bv_sgn = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz-1, bv_sz-1, new_bv);
        bv_exp = m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz-2, bv_sz-ebits-1, new_bv);
        bv_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-2, 0, new_bv);

        expr_ref e_sgn_eq_bv_sgn(m), e_exp_eq_bv_exp(m), e_sig_eq_bv_sig(m);
        e_sgn_eq_bv_sgn = m.mk_eq(e_sgn, bv_sgn);
        e_exp_eq_bv_exp = m.mk_eq(e_exp, bv_exp);
        e_sig_eq_bv_sig = m.mk_eq(e_sig, bv_sig);
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(e_sgn_eq_bv_sgn);
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(e_exp_eq_bv_exp);
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(e_sig_eq_bv_sig);
        e = m_util.mk_fp(bv_sgn, bv_exp, bv_sig);
    }
    else {
        expr_ref new_e(m), new_e_eq_e(m);
        new_e = m.mk_fresh_const(prefix, e->get_sort());
        new_e_eq_e = m.mk_eq(new_e, e);
        m_extra_assertions.push_back(new_e_eq_e);
        e = new_e;
    }
#endif
}

expr_ref fpa2bv_converter::mk_rounding_decision(expr * rm, expr * sgn, expr * last, expr * round, expr * sticky) {
    expr_ref rmr(rm, m);
    expr_ref sgnr(sgn, m);
    expr_ref lastr(last, m);
    expr_ref roundr(round, m);
    expr_ref stickyr(sticky, m);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_dec_rm", rmr);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_dec_sgn", sgnr);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_dec_last", lastr);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_dec_round", roundr);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_dec_sticky", stickyr);

    expr_ref last_or_sticky(m), round_or_sticky(m), not_last(m), not_round(m), not_sticky(m), not_lors(m), not_rors(m), not_sgn(m);
    expr * last_sticky[2] = { last, sticky };
    expr * round_sticky[2] = { round, sticky };
    last_or_sticky = m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(2, last_sticky);
    round_or_sticky = m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(2, round_sticky);
    not_last = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(last);
    not_round = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(round);
    not_sticky = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(sticky);
    not_lors = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(last_or_sticky);
    not_rors = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(round_or_sticky);
    not_sgn = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(sgn);
    expr * nround_lors[2] = { not_round, not_lors };
    expr * pos_args[2] = { sgn, not_rors };
    expr * neg_args[2] = { not_sgn, not_rors };

    expr_ref inc_teven(m), inc_taway(m), inc_pos(m), inc_neg(m);
    inc_teven = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(2, nround_lors));
    inc_taway = round;
    inc_pos = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(2, pos_args));
    inc_neg = m_bv_util.mk_bv_not(m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(2, neg_args));

    expr_ref res(m), inc_c2(m), inc_c3(m), inc_c4(m);
    expr_ref rm_is_to_neg(m), rm_is_to_pos(m), rm_is_away(m), rm_is_even(m), nil_1(m);
    nil_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE, rm_is_to_neg);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TO_POSITIVE, rm_is_to_pos);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TIES_TO_AWAY, rm_is_away);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TIES_TO_EVEN, rm_is_even);
    m_simp.mk_ite(rm_is_to_neg, inc_neg, nil_1, inc_c4);
    m_simp.mk_ite(rm_is_to_pos, inc_pos, inc_c4, inc_c3);
    m_simp.mk_ite(rm_is_away, inc_taway, inc_c3, inc_c2);
    m_simp.mk_ite(rm_is_even, inc_teven, inc_c2, res);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_dec_res", res);
    return res;
}

void fpa2bv_converter::round(sort * s, expr_ref & rm, expr_ref & sgn, expr_ref & sig, expr_ref & exp, expr_ref & result) {
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_rm", rm);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sgn", sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sig", sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_exp", exp);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, rm));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sgn));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sig));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, exp));

    TRACE("fpa2bv_dbg", tout << "RND: " << std::endl <<
        "ebits = " << ebits << std::endl <<
        "sbits = " << sbits << std::endl <<
        "sgn = " << mk_ismt2_pp(sgn, m) << std::endl <<
        "sig = " << mk_ismt2_pp(sig, m) << std::endl <<
        "exp = " << mk_ismt2_pp(exp, m) << std::endl; );

    // Assumptions: sig is of the form f[-1:0] . f[1:sbits-1] [guard,round,sticky],
    // i.e., it has 2 + (sbits-1) + 3 = sbits + 4 bits, where the first one is in sgn.
    // Furthermore, note that sig is an unsigned bit-vector, while exp is signed.

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.is_bv(rm) && m_bv_util.get_bv_size(rm) == 3);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.is_bv(sgn) && m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sgn) == 1);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.is_bv(sig) && m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) >= 5);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.is_bv(exp) && m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp) >= 4);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) == sbits+4);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp) == ebits+2);

    expr_ref e_min(m), e_max(m);
    mk_min_exp(ebits, e_min);
    mk_max_exp(ebits, e_max);

    TRACE("fpa2bv_dbg", tout << "e_min = " << mk_ismt2_pp(e_min, m) << std::endl;
                        tout << "e_max = " << mk_ismt2_pp(e_max, m) << std::endl;);

    expr_ref OVF1(m), e_top_three(m), sigm1(m), e_eq_emax_and_sigm1(m), e_eq_emax(m);
    expr_ref e3(m), ne3(m), e2(m), e1(m), e21(m), one_1(m), h_exp(m), sh_exp(m), th_exp(m);
    one_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, 1);
    h_exp = m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits+1, ebits+1, exp);
    sh_exp = m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits, ebits, exp);
    th_exp = m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits-1, ebits-1, exp);
    m_simp.mk_eq(h_exp, one_1, e3);
    m_simp.mk_eq(sh_exp, one_1, e2);
    m_simp.mk_eq(th_exp, one_1, e1);
    m_simp.mk_or(e2, e1, e21);
    m_simp.mk_not(e3, ne3);
    m_simp.mk_and(ne3, e21, e_top_three);

    expr_ref ext_emax(m), t_sig(m);
    ext_emax = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, e_max);
    t_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+3, sbits+3, sig);
    m_simp.mk_eq(ext_emax, exp, e_eq_emax);
    m_simp.mk_eq(t_sig, one_1, sigm1);
    m_simp.mk_and(e_eq_emax, sigm1, e_eq_emax_and_sigm1);
    m_simp.mk_or(e_top_three, e_eq_emax_and_sigm1, OVF1);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_OVF1", OVF1);

    TRACE("fpa2bv_dbg", tout << "OVF1 = " << mk_ismt2_pp(OVF1, m) << std::endl;);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, OVF1));

    expr_ref lz(m);
    mk_leading_zeros(sig, ebits+2, lz); // CMW: is this always large enough?

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_lz", lz);

    TRACE("fpa2bv_dbg", tout << "LZ = " << mk_ismt2_pp(lz, m) << std::endl;);

    expr_ref t(m);
    t = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(exp, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, ebits+2));
    t = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(t, lz);
    t = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(t, m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, e_min));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_t", t);
    expr_ref TINY(m);
    TINY = m_bv_util.mk_sle(t, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(rational(-1), ebits+2));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_TINY", TINY);
    TRACE("fpa2bv_dbg", tout << "TINY = " << mk_ismt2_pp(TINY, m) << std::endl;);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, TINY));

    expr_ref beta(m);
    beta = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(exp, lz), m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, ebits+2));

    TRACE("fpa2bv_dbg", tout << "beta = " << mk_ismt2_pp(beta, m) << std::endl; );
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, beta));

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_beta", beta);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_e_min", e_min);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_e_max", e_max);

    expr_ref sigma(m), sigma_add(m);
    sigma_add = m_bv_util.mk_bv_sub(exp, m_bv_util.mk_sign_extend(2, e_min));
    sigma_add = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(sigma_add, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, ebits+2));
    m_simp.mk_ite(TINY, sigma_add, lz, sigma);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sigma", sigma);

    TRACE("fpa2bv_dbg", tout << "Shift distance: " << mk_ismt2_pp(sigma, m) << std::endl;);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sigma));

    // Normalization shift
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sig_before_shift", sig);

    unsigned sig_size = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig);
    SASSERT(sig_size == sbits + 4);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sigma) == ebits+2);
    unsigned sigma_size = ebits + 2;

    expr_ref sigma_neg(m), sigma_cap(m), sigma_neg_capped(m), sigma_lt_zero(m), sig_ext(m),
        rs_sig(m), ls_sig(m), big_sh_sig(m), sigma_le_cap(m);
    sigma_neg = m_bv_util.mk_bv_neg(sigma);
    sigma_cap = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(sbits+2, sigma_size);
    sigma_le_cap = m_bv_util.mk_ule(sigma_neg, sigma_cap);
    m_simp.mk_ite(sigma_le_cap, sigma_neg, sigma_cap, sigma_neg_capped);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sigma_neg", sigma_neg);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sigma_cap", sigma_cap);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sigma_neg_capped", sigma_neg_capped);
    sigma_lt_zero = m_bv_util.mk_sle(sigma, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(rational(-1), sigma_size));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sigma_lt_zero", sigma_lt_zero);

    sig_ext = m_bv_util.mk_concat(sig, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sig_size));
    rs_sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_lshr(sig_ext, m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2*sig_size - sigma_size, sigma_neg_capped));
    ls_sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_shl(sig_ext, m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2*sig_size - sigma_size, sigma));
    m_simp.mk_ite(sigma_lt_zero, rs_sig, ls_sig, big_sh_sig);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(big_sh_sig) == 2*sig_size);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_big_sh_sig", big_sh_sig);

    unsigned sig_extract_low_bit = (2*sig_size-1)-(sbits+2)+1;
    sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(2*sig_size-1, sig_extract_low_bit, big_sh_sig);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) == sbits+2);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_shifted_sig", sig);

    expr_ref sticky(m);
    sticky = m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BREDOR, m_bv_util.mk_extract(sig_extract_low_bit-1, 0, big_sh_sig));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sticky));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sig));

    // put the sticky bit into the significand.
    expr_ref ext_sticky(m);
    ext_sticky = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(sbits+1, sticky);
    expr * tmp[2] = { sig, ext_sticky };
    sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_or(2, tmp);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sig));
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) == sbits+2);

    expr_ref ext_emin(m);
    ext_emin = m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(2, e_min);
    m_simp.mk_ite(TINY, ext_emin, beta, exp);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, exp));

    // Significand rounding
    expr_ref round(m), last(m);
    sticky = m_bv_util.mk_extract(0, 0, sig); // new sticky bit!
    round = m_bv_util.mk_extract(1, 1, sig);
    last = m_bv_util.mk_extract(2, 2, sig);

    TRACE("fpa2bv_dbg", tout << "sticky = " << mk_ismt2_pp(sticky, m) << std::endl;);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sticky", sticky);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_round", round);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_last", last);

    sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits+1, 2, sig);

    expr_ref inc(m);
    inc = mk_rounding_decision(rm, sgn, last, round, sticky);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(inc) == 1 && is_well_sorted(m, inc));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_inc", inc);

    sig = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(1, sig),
        m_bv_util.mk_zero_extend(sbits, inc));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sig));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sig_plus_inc", sig);

    // Post normalization
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) == sbits + 1);
    expr_ref SIGovf(m);
    t_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits, sbits, sig);
    m_simp.mk_eq(t_sig, one_1, SIGovf);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, SIGovf));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_SIGovf", SIGovf);

    expr_ref hallbut1_sig(m), lallbut1_sig(m);
    hallbut1_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits, 1, sig);
    lallbut1_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-1, 0, sig);
    m_simp.mk_ite(SIGovf, hallbut1_sig, lallbut1_sig, sig);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp) == ebits + 2);

    expr_ref exp_p1(m);
    exp_p1 = m_bv_util.mk_bv_add(exp, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(1, ebits+2));
    m_simp.mk_ite(SIGovf, exp_p1, exp, exp);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, sig));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, exp));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sig_postnormalized", sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_exp_postnormalized", exp);

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(sig) == sbits);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(exp) == ebits + 2);
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(e_max) == ebits);

    // Exponent adjustment and rounding
    expr_ref biased_exp(m);
    mk_bias(m_bv_util.mk_extract(ebits-1, 0, exp), biased_exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_unbiased_exp", exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_biased_exp", biased_exp);

    // AdjustExp
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, OVF1));
    SASSERT(m.is_bool(OVF1));

    expr_ref preOVF2(m), OVF2(m), OVF(m), exp_redand(m), pem2m1(m);
    exp_redand = m.mk_app(m_bv_util.get_fid(), OP_BREDAND, biased_exp.get());
    m_simp.mk_eq(exp_redand, one_1, preOVF2);
    m_simp.mk_and(SIGovf, preOVF2, OVF2);
    pem2m1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(fu().fm().m_powers2.m1(ebits-2), ebits);
    m_simp.mk_ite(OVF2, pem2m1, biased_exp, biased_exp);
    m_simp.mk_or(OVF1, OVF2, OVF);

    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, OVF2));
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, OVF));

    SASSERT(m.is_bool(OVF2));
    SASSERT(m.is_bool(OVF));
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_OVF2", OVF2);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_OVF", OVF);

    // ExpRnd
    expr_ref top_exp(m), bot_exp(m);
    mk_top_exp(ebits, top_exp);
    mk_bot_exp(ebits, bot_exp);

    expr_ref nil_1(m);
    nil_1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);

    expr_ref rm_is_to_zero(m), rm_is_to_neg(m), rm_is_to_pos(m), rm_zero_or_neg(m), rm_zero_or_pos(m);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TO_ZERO, rm_is_to_zero);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE, rm_is_to_neg);
    mk_is_rm(rm, BV_RM_TO_POSITIVE, rm_is_to_pos);
    m_simp.mk_or(rm_is_to_zero, rm_is_to_neg, rm_zero_or_neg);
    m_simp.mk_or(rm_is_to_zero, rm_is_to_pos, rm_zero_or_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_rm_is_to_zero", rm_is_to_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_rm_is_to_neg", rm_is_to_neg);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_rm_is_to_pos", rm_is_to_pos);

    expr_ref sgn_is_zero(m), zero1(m);
    zero1 = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1);
    m_simp.mk_eq(sgn, zero1, sgn_is_zero);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sgn_is_zero", sgn_is_zero);

    expr_ref max_sig(m), max_exp(m), inf_sig(m), inf_exp(m);
    max_sig = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(fu().fm().m_powers2.m1(sbits-1, false), sbits-1);
    max_exp = m_bv_util.mk_concat(m_bv_util.mk_numeral(fu().fm().m_powers2.m1(ebits-1, false), ebits-1),
        m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, 1));
    inf_sig = m_bv_util.mk_numeral(0, sbits-1);
    inf_exp = top_exp;

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_max_exp", max_exp);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_max_sig", max_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_inf_sig", inf_sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_inf_exp", inf_exp);

    expr_ref ovfl_exp(m), max_inf_exp_neg(m), max_inf_exp_pos(m), n_d_check(m), n_d_exp(m);
    m_simp.mk_ite(rm_zero_or_pos, max_exp, inf_exp, max_inf_exp_neg);
    m_simp.mk_ite(rm_zero_or_neg, max_exp, inf_exp, max_inf_exp_pos);
    m_simp.mk_ite(sgn_is_zero, max_inf_exp_pos, max_inf_exp_neg, ovfl_exp);
    t_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-1, sbits-1, sig);
    m_simp.mk_eq(t_sig, nil_1, n_d_check);
    m_simp.mk_ite(n_d_check, bot_exp /* denormal */, biased_exp, n_d_exp);
    m_simp.mk_ite(OVF, ovfl_exp, n_d_exp, exp);

    expr_ref max_inf_sig_neg(m), max_inf_sig_pos(m), ovfl_sig(m), rest_sig(m);
    m_simp.mk_ite(rm_zero_or_pos, max_sig, inf_sig, max_inf_sig_neg);
    m_simp.mk_ite(rm_zero_or_neg, max_sig, inf_sig, max_inf_sig_pos);
    m_simp.mk_ite(sgn_is_zero, max_inf_sig_pos, max_inf_sig_neg, ovfl_sig);
    rest_sig = m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits-2, 0, sig);
    m_simp.mk_ite(OVF, ovfl_sig, rest_sig, sig);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_max_inf_sig_neg", max_inf_sig_neg);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_max_inf_sig_pos", max_inf_sig_pos);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_rm_zero_or_neg", rm_zero_or_neg);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_rm_zero_or_pos", rm_zero_or_pos);

    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sgn_final", sgn);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_sig_final", sig);
    dbg_decouple("fpa2bv_rnd_exp_final", exp);

    expr_ref res_sgn(m), res_sig(m), res_exp(m);
    res_sgn = sgn;
    res_sig = sig;
    res_exp = exp;

    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_sgn) == 1);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, res_sgn));
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_sig) == sbits-1);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, res_sig));
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(res_exp) == ebits);
    SASSERT(is_well_sorted(m, res_exp));

    result = m_util.mk_fp(res_sgn, res_exp, res_sig);

    TRACE("fpa2bv_round", tout << "ROUND = " << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl; );
}

void fpa2bv_converter::reset() {
    dec_ref_map_key_values(m, m_const2bv);
    dec_ref_map_key_values(m, m_rm_const2bv);
    for (auto const& kv : m_uf2bvuf) {
        m.dec_ref(kv.m_key);
        m.dec_ref(kv.m_value);
    }
    for (auto const& kv : m_min_max_ufs) {
        m.dec_ref(kv.m_key);
        m.dec_ref(kv.m_value.first);
        m.dec_ref(kv.m_value.second);
    }
    m_uf2bvuf.reset();
    m_min_max_ufs.reset();
    m_extra_assertions.reset();
}

func_decl * fpa2bv_converter::mk_bv_uf(func_decl * f, sort * const * domain, sort * range) {
    func_decl* res;
    if (!m_uf2bvuf.find(f, res)) {
        res = m.mk_fresh_func_decl(nullptr, f->get_arity(), domain, range);
        m.inc_ref(f);
        m.inc_ref(res);
        m_uf2bvuf.insert(f, res);
        TRACE("fpa2bv", tout << "New UF func_decl: " << res->get_id() << std::endl << mk_ismt2_pp(res, m) << std::endl;);
    }
    return res;
}

void fpa2bv_converter_wrapped::mk_const(func_decl* f, expr_ref& result) {
    SASSERT(f->get_family_id() == null_family_id);
    SASSERT(f->get_arity() == 0);
    expr* r;
    if (m_const2bv.find(f, r)) {
        result = r;
    }
    else {
        sort* s = f->get_range();
        expr_ref bv(m);
        bv = wrap(m.mk_const(f));
        unsigned bv_sz = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(bv);
        unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);
        SASSERT(bv_sz == m_util.get_ebits(s) + sbits);
        result = m_util.mk_fp(m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz - 1, bv_sz - 1, bv),
            m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz - 2, sbits - 1, bv),
            m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits - 2, 0, bv));
        SASSERT(m_util.is_float(result));
        m_const2bv.insert(f, result);
        m.inc_ref(f);
        m.inc_ref(result);
    }
}

app_ref fpa2bv_converter_wrapped::wrap(expr* e) {
    SASSERT(m_util.is_float(e) || m_util.is_rm(e));
    SASSERT(!m_util.is_bvwrap(e));
    app_ref res(m);

    if (m_util.is_fp(e)) {
        expr* cargs[3] = { to_app(e)->get_arg(0), to_app(e)->get_arg(1), to_app(e)->get_arg(2) };
        expr_ref tmp(m_bv_util.mk_concat(3, cargs), m);
        m_rw(tmp);
        res = to_app(tmp);
    }
    else {
        sort* es = e->get_sort();

        sort_ref bv_srt(m);
        if (is_rm(es))
            bv_srt = m_bv_util.mk_sort(3);
        else {
            SASSERT(is_float(es));
            unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(es);
            unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(es);
            bv_srt = m_bv_util.mk_sort(ebits + sbits);
        }

        func_decl_ref wrap_fd(m);
        wrap_fd = m.mk_func_decl(m_util.get_family_id(), OP_FPA_BVWRAP, 0, nullptr, 1, &es, bv_srt);
        res = m.mk_app(wrap_fd, e);
    }

    return res;
}

app_ref fpa2bv_converter_wrapped::unwrap(expr* e, sort* s) {
    SASSERT(!m_util.is_fp(e));
    SASSERT(m_bv_util.is_bv(e));
    SASSERT(m_util.is_float(s) || m_util.is_rm(s));
    app_ref res(m);

    unsigned bv_sz = m_bv_util.get_bv_size(e);

    if (m_util.is_rm(s)) {
        SASSERT(bv_sz == 3);
        res = m.mk_ite(m.mk_eq(e, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TIES_TO_AWAY, 3)), m_util.mk_round_nearest_ties_to_away(),
            m.mk_ite(m.mk_eq(e, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TIES_TO_EVEN, 3)), m_util.mk_round_nearest_ties_to_even(),
                m.mk_ite(m.mk_eq(e, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE, 3)), m_util.mk_round_toward_negative(),
                    m.mk_ite(m.mk_eq(e, m_bv_util.mk_numeral(BV_RM_TO_POSITIVE, 3)), m_util.mk_round_toward_positive(),
                        m_util.mk_round_toward_zero()))));
    }
    else {
        SASSERT(m_util.is_float(s));
        unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);
        SASSERT(bv_sz == m_util.get_ebits(s) + sbits);
        res = m_util.mk_fp(m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz - 1, bv_sz - 1, e),
            m_bv_util.mk_extract(bv_sz - 2, sbits - 1, e),
            m_bv_util.mk_extract(sbits - 2, 0, e));
    }

    return res;
}


void fpa2bv_converter_wrapped::mk_rm_const(func_decl* f, expr_ref& result) {
    SASSERT(f->get_family_id() == null_family_id);
    SASSERT(f->get_arity() == 0);
    expr* r;
    if (m_rm_const2bv.find(f, r)) {
        result = r;
    }
    else {
        SASSERT(is_rm(f->get_range()));
        expr_ref bv(m);
        bv = wrap(m.mk_const(f));
        result = m_util.mk_bv2rm(bv);
        m_rm_const2bv.insert(f, result);
        m.inc_ref(f);
        m.inc_ref(result);
    }
}


expr* fpa2bv_converter_wrapped::bv2rm_value(expr* b) {
    app* result = nullptr;
    unsigned bv_sz;
    rational val(0);
    VERIFY(m_bv_util.is_numeral(b, val, bv_sz));
    SASSERT(bv_sz == 3);

    switch (val.get_uint64()) {
    case BV_RM_TIES_TO_AWAY: result = m_util.mk_round_nearest_ties_to_away(); break;
    case BV_RM_TIES_TO_EVEN: result = m_util.mk_round_nearest_ties_to_even(); break;
    case BV_RM_TO_NEGATIVE: result = m_util.mk_round_toward_negative(); break;
    case BV_RM_TO_POSITIVE: result = m_util.mk_round_toward_positive(); break;
    case BV_RM_TO_ZERO:
    default: result = m_util.mk_round_toward_zero();
    }

    TRACE("t_fpa", tout << "result: " << mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl;);
    return result;
}

expr* fpa2bv_converter_wrapped::bv2fpa_value(sort* s, expr* a, expr* b, expr* c) {
    mpf_manager& mpfm = m_util.fm();
    unsynch_mpz_manager& mpzm = mpfm.mpz_manager();
    app* result;
    unsigned ebits = m_util.get_ebits(s);
    unsigned sbits = m_util.get_sbits(s);

    scoped_mpz bias(mpzm);
    mpzm.power(mpz(2), ebits - 1, bias);
    mpzm.dec(bias);

    scoped_mpz sgn_z(mpzm), sig_z(mpzm), exp_z(mpzm);
    unsigned bv_sz;

    if (b == nullptr) {
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.is_bv(a));
        SASSERT(m_bv_util.get_bv_size(a) == (ebits + sbits));

        rational all_r(0);
        scoped_mpz all_z(mpzm);

        VERIFY(m_bv_util.is_numeral(a, all_r, bv_sz));
        SASSERT(bv_sz == (ebits + sbits));
        SASSERT(all_r.is_int());
        mpzm.set(all_z, all_r.to_mpq().numerator());

        mpzm.machine_div2k(all_z, ebits + sbits - 1, sgn_z);
        mpzm.mod(all_z, mpfm.m_powers2(ebits + sbits - 1), all_z);

        mpzm.machine_div2k(all_z, sbits - 1, exp_z);
        mpzm.mod(all_z, mpfm.m_powers2(sbits - 1), all_z);

        mpzm.set(sig_z, all_z);
    }
    else {
        SASSERT(b);
        SASSERT(c);
        rational sgn_r(0), exp_r(0), sig_r(0);

        bool r = m_bv_util.is_numeral(a, sgn_r, bv_sz);
        SASSERT(r && bv_sz == 1);
        r = m_bv_util.is_numeral(b, exp_r, bv_sz);
        SASSERT(r && bv_sz == ebits);
        r = m_bv_util.is_numeral(c, sig_r, bv_sz);
        SASSERT(r && bv_sz == sbits - 1);
        (void)r;

        SASSERT(mpzm.is_one(sgn_r.to_mpq().denominator()));
        SASSERT(mpzm.is_one(exp_r.to_mpq().denominator()));
        SASSERT(mpzm.is_one(sig_r.to_mpq().denominator()));

        mpzm.set(sgn_z, sgn_r.to_mpq().numerator());
        mpzm.set(exp_z, exp_r.to_mpq().numerator());
        mpzm.set(sig_z, sig_r.to_mpq().numerator());
    }

    scoped_mpz exp_u = exp_z - bias;
    SASSERT(mpzm.is_int64(exp_u));

    scoped_mpf f(mpfm);
    mpfm.set(f, ebits, sbits, mpzm.is_one(sgn_z), mpzm.get_int64(exp_u), sig_z);
    result = m_util.mk_value(f);

    TRACE("t_fpa", tout << mk_pp(a, m) << " " << mk_pp(b, m) << " " << mk_pp(c, m) << " result: [" <<
          mpzm.to_string(sgn_z) << "," <<
          mpzm.to_string(exp_z) << "," <<
          mpzm.to_string(sig_z) << "] --> " <<
          mk_ismt2_pp(result, m) << std::endl;);

    return result;
}