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Maybe<T> is a monadic wrapper similar java.util.Optional, but with a different intention. By leveraging Optional<T> benefits, it provides a functional API that safely allows us to perform operations that may or may not throw checked and unchecked exceptions. The wrapper intends to help us avoid the imperative try/catch syntax, while promoting safe exception handling and functional programming principles.

Maybe<T> is a monadic wrapper similar java.util.Optional, but with a different intention. By leveraging Optional<T> benefits, it provides a functional API that safely allows us to perform operations that may or may not throw checked and unchecked exceptions. The wrapper intends to help us avoid the imperative try/catch syntax, while promoting safe exception handling and functional programming principles.

Automatic Groovy parameter checker. How to use: 1. Annotate your Groovy classes with @ParamsNotNullNotEmpty; 2. At compile time, code will be added into each of your methods to check each parameter to make sure it is not null and in the case of Collections, Maps and Strings, it is not empty; 3. At run time, if a parameter is null or empty, it will throw an IllegalArgumentException with details about the null or empty parameter. To disable the annotation at compile time, set the ParamsNotNullNotEmpty.NoOpMode flag to true.

<p>Generates a unique Exception ID, that can be used in Java source code.</p> <p>In order to use this plugin type <code>Ctrl+Space</code> inside empty String literal. This will generate new unique identifier as a <i>Code Completion</i>. That generated EID can be used, for example, to identify your exceptions.</p> <p> Example usage (This is technical runtime exception, a posible bug. This plugin can be used to quickly fill unique bug id.):<br /> <code>try {<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shuldWorkIfNoBugsExists();<br /> } catch (IOException ex) {<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;throw new EidRuntimeException("20140218:161429", "Something wrong with HDD, permissions?", ex);<br /> }</code> </p>

POJava DateTime is a simple, light-weight Java-based API for parsing and manipulating dates. It parses dates from most languages and formats out of the box without having to specify which format is expected. Defaults such as time zones, and whether to interpret an internationally ambiguous date like "03/06/2014" as DMY order or MDY order are inferred by system time zone and locale and stored in a default config object that can be replaced or overridden. Multiple languages for month names are supported without any additional configuration needed. The net effect the default parser for a server in Paris would have a different automatic configuration from a server in New York. Throw a random local date at either, and it'll parse it as expected. If your server supports customers from multiple locales and time zones, then each can be specified when parsing a date/time to resolve any ambiguities.

# Pact Spring/JUnit runner ## Overview Library provides ability to play contract tests against a provider using Spring &amp; JUnit. This library is based on and references the JUnit package, so see the [Pact JUnit 4](../pact-jvm-provider-junit) or [Pact JUnit 5](../pact-jvm-provider-junit5) providers for more details regarding configuration using JUnit. Supports: - Standard ways to load pacts from folders and broker - Easy way to change assertion strategy - Spring Test MockMVC Controllers and ControllerAdvice using MockMvc standalone setup. - MockMvc debugger output - Multiple @State runs to test a particular Provider State multiple times - **au.com.dius.pact.provider.junit.State** custom annotation - before each interaction that requires a state change, all methods annotated by `@State` with appropriate the state listed will be invoked. **NOTE:** For publishing provider verification results to a pact broker, make sure the Java system property `pact.provider.version` is set with the version of your provider. ## Example of MockMvc test ```java @RunWith(RestPactRunner.class) // Custom pact runner, child of PactRunner which runs only REST tests @Provider(&quot;myAwesomeService&quot;) // Set up name of tested provider @PactFolder(&quot;pacts&quot;) // Point where to find pacts (See also section Pacts source in documentation) public class ContractTest { //Create an instance of your controller. We cannot autowire this as we&apos;re not using (and don&apos;t want to use) a Spring test runner. @InjectMocks private AwesomeController awesomeController = new AwesomeController(); //Mock your service logic class. We&apos;ll use this to create scenarios for respective provider states. @Mock private AwesomeBusinessLogic awesomeBusinessLogic; //Create an instance of your controller advice (if you have one). This will be passed to the MockMvcTarget constructor to be wired up with MockMvc. @InjectMocks private AwesomeControllerAdvice awesomeControllerAdvice = new AwesomeControllerAdvice(); //Create a new instance of the MockMvcTarget and annotate it as the TestTarget for PactRunner @TestTarget public final MockMvcTarget target = new MockMvcTarget(); @Before //Method will be run before each test of interaction public void before() { //initialize your mocks using your mocking framework MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this); //configure the MockMvcTarget with your controller and controller advice target.setControllers(awesomeController); target.setControllerAdvice(awesomeControllerAdvice); } @State(&quot;default&quot;, &quot;no-data&quot;) // Method will be run before testing interactions that require &quot;default&quot; or &quot;no-data&quot; state public void toDefaultState() { target.setRunTimes(3); //let&apos;s loop through this state a few times for a 3 data variants when(awesomeBusinessLogic.getById(any(UUID.class))) .thenReturn(myTestHelper.generateRandomReturnData(UUID.randomUUID(), ExampleEnum.ONE)) .thenReturn(myTestHelper.generateRandomReturnData(UUID.randomUUID(), ExampleEnum.TWO)) .thenReturn(myTestHelper.generateRandomReturnData(UUID.randomUUID(), ExampleEnum.THREE)); } @State(&quot;error-case&quot;) public void SingleUploadExistsState_Success() { target.setRunTimes(1); //tell the runner to only loop one time for this state //you might want to throw exceptions to be picked off by your controller advice when(awesomeBusinessLogic.getById(any(UUID.class))) .then(i -&gt; { throw new NotCoolException(i.getArgumentAt(0, UUID.class).toString()); }); } } ``` ## Using a Spring runner (version 3.5.7+) You can use `SpringRestPactRunner` instead of the default Pact runner to use the Spring test annotations. This will allow you to inject or mock spring beans. For example: ```java @RunWith(SpringRestPactRunner.class) @Provider(&quot;pricing&quot;) @PactBroker(protocol = &quot;https&quot;, host = &quot;${pactBrokerHost}&quot;, port = &quot;443&quot;, authentication = @PactBrokerAuth(username = &quot;${pactBrokerUser}&quot;, password = &quot;${pactBrokerPassword}&quot;)) @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.DEFINED_PORT) public class PricingServiceProviderPactTest { @MockBean private ProductClient productClient; // This will replace the bean with a mock in the application context @TestTarget @SuppressWarnings(value = &quot;VisibilityModifier&quot;) public final Target target = new HttpTarget(8091); @State(&quot;Product X010000021 exists&quot;) public void setupProductX010000021() throws IOException { reset(productClient); ProductBuilder product = new ProductBuilder() .withProductCode(&quot;X010000021&quot;); when(productClient.fetch((Set&lt;String&gt;) argThat(contains(&quot;X010000021&quot;)), any())).thenReturn(product); } @State(&quot;the product code X00001 can be priced&quot;) public void theProductCodeX00001CanBePriced() throws IOException { reset(productClient); ProductBuilder product = new ProductBuilder() .withProductCode(&quot;X00001&quot;); when(productClient.find((Set&lt;String&gt;) argThat(contains(&quot;X00001&quot;)), any())).thenReturn(product); } } ``` ### Using Spring Context Properties (version 3.5.14+) From version 3.5.14 onwards, the SpringRestPactRunner will look up any annotation expressions (like `${pactBrokerHost}`) above) from the Spring context. For Springboot, this will allow you to define the properties in the application test properties. For instance, if you create the following `application.yml` in the test resources: ```yaml pactbroker: host: &quot;your.broker.local&quot; port: &quot;443&quot; protocol: &quot;https&quot; auth: username: &quot;&lt;your broker username&gt;&quot; password: &quot;&lt;your broker password&gt;&quot; ``` Then you can use the defaults on the `@PactBroker` annotation. ```java @RunWith(SpringRestPactRunner.class) @Provider(&quot;My Service&quot;) @PactBroker( authentication = @PactBrokerAuth(username = &quot;${pactbroker.auth.username}&quot;, password = &quot;${pactbroker.auth.password}&quot;) ) @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) public class PactVerificationTest { ``` ### Using a random port with a Springboot test (version 3.5.14+) If you use a random port in a springboot test (by setting `SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT`), you can use the `SpringBootHttpTarget` which will get the application port from the spring application context. For example: ```java @RunWith(SpringRestPactRunner.class) @Provider(&quot;My Service&quot;) @PactBroker @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) public class PactVerificationTest { @TestTarget public final Target target = new SpringBootHttpTarget(); } ```

# Pact Spring/JUnit runner ## Overview Library provides ability to play contract tests against a provider using Spring &amp; JUnit. This library is based on and references the JUnit package, so see [junit provider support](pact-jvm-provider-junit) for more details regarding configuration using JUnit. Supports: - Standard ways to load pacts from folders and broker - Easy way to change assertion strategy - Spring Test MockMVC Controllers and ControllerAdvice using MockMvc standalone setup. - MockMvc debugger output - Multiple @State runs to test a particular Provider State multiple times - **au.com.dius.pact.provider.junit.State** custom annotation - before each interaction that requires a state change, all methods annotated by `@State` with appropriate the state listed will be invoked. **NOTE:** For publishing provider verification results to a pact broker, make sure the Java system property `pact.provider.version` is set with the version of your provider. ## Example of MockMvc test ```java @RunWith(RestPactRunner.class) // Custom pact runner, child of PactRunner which runs only REST tests @Provider(&quot;myAwesomeService&quot;) // Set up name of tested provider @PactFolder(&quot;pacts&quot;) // Point where to find pacts (See also section Pacts source in documentation) public class ContractTest { //Create an instance of your controller. We cannot autowire this as we&apos;re not using (and don&apos;t want to use) a Spring test runner. @InjectMocks private AwesomeController awesomeController = new AwesomeController(); //Mock your service logic class. We&apos;ll use this to create scenarios for respective provider states. @Mock private AwesomeBusinessLogic awesomeBusinessLogic; //Create an instance of your controller advice (if you have one). This will be passed to the MockMvcTarget constructor to be wired up with MockMvc. @InjectMocks private AwesomeControllerAdvice awesomeControllerAdvice = new AwesomeControllerAdvice(); //Create a new instance of the MockMvcTarget and annotate it as the TestTarget for PactRunner @TestTarget public final MockMvcTarget target = new MockMvcTarget(); @Before //Method will be run before each test of interaction public void before() { //initialize your mocks using your mocking framework MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this); //configure the MockMvcTarget with your controller and controller advice target.setControllers(awesomeController); target.setControllerAdvice(awesomeControllerAdvice); } @State(&quot;default&quot;, &quot;no-data&quot;) // Method will be run before testing interactions that require &quot;default&quot; or &quot;no-data&quot; state public void toDefaultState() { target.setRunTimes(3); //let&apos;s loop through this state a few times for a 3 data variants when(awesomeBusinessLogic.getById(any(UUID.class))) .thenReturn(myTestHelper.generateRandomReturnData(UUID.randomUUID(), ExampleEnum.ONE)) .thenReturn(myTestHelper.generateRandomReturnData(UUID.randomUUID(), ExampleEnum.TWO)) .thenReturn(myTestHelper.generateRandomReturnData(UUID.randomUUID(), ExampleEnum.THREE)); } @State(&quot;error-case&quot;) public void SingleUploadExistsState_Success() { target.setRunTimes(1); //tell the runner to only loop one time for this state //you might want to throw exceptions to be picked off by your controller advice when(awesomeBusinessLogic.getById(any(UUID.class))) .then(i -&gt; { throw new NotCoolException(i.getArgumentAt(0, UUID.class).toString()); }); } } ``` ## Using a Spring runner (version 3.5.7+) You can use `SpringRestPactRunner` instead of the default Pact runner to use the Spring test annotations. This will allow you to inject or mock spring beans. For example: ```java @RunWith(SpringRestPactRunner.class) @Provider(&quot;pricing&quot;) @PactBroker(protocol = &quot;https&quot;, host = &quot;${pactBrokerHost}&quot;, port = &quot;443&quot;, authentication = @PactBrokerAuth(username = &quot;${pactBrokerUser}&quot;, password = &quot;${pactBrokerPassword}&quot;)) @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.DEFINED_PORT) public class PricingServiceProviderPactTest { @MockBean private ProductClient productClient; // This will replace the bean with a mock in the application context @TestTarget @SuppressWarnings(value = &quot;VisibilityModifier&quot;) public final Target target = new HttpTarget(8091); @State(&quot;Product X010000021 exists&quot;) public void setupProductX010000021() throws IOException { reset(productClient); ProductBuilder product = new ProductBuilder() .withProductCode(&quot;X010000021&quot;); when(productClient.fetch((Set&lt;String&gt;) argThat(contains(&quot;X010000021&quot;)), any())).thenReturn(product); } @State(&quot;the product code X00001 can be priced&quot;) public void theProductCodeX00001CanBePriced() throws IOException { reset(productClient); ProductBuilder product = new ProductBuilder() .withProductCode(&quot;X00001&quot;); when(productClient.find((Set&lt;String&gt;) argThat(contains(&quot;X00001&quot;)), any())).thenReturn(product); } } ``` ### Using Spring Context Properties (version 3.5.14+) From version 3.5.14 onwards, the SpringRestPactRunner will look up any annotation expressions (like `${pactBrokerHost}`) above) from the Spring context. For Springboot, this will allow you to define the properties in the application test properties. For instance, if you create the following `application.yml` in the test resources: ```yaml pactbroker: host: &quot;your.broker.local&quot; port: &quot;443&quot; protocol: &quot;https&quot; auth: username: &quot;&lt;your broker username&gt;&quot; password: &quot;&lt;your broker password&gt;&quot; ``` Then you can use the defaults on the `@PactBroker` annotation. ```java @RunWith(SpringRestPactRunner.class) @Provider(&quot;My Service&quot;) @PactBroker( authentication = @PactBrokerAuth(username = &quot;${pactbroker.auth.username}&quot;, password = &quot;${pactbroker.auth.password}&quot;) ) @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) public class PactVerificationTest { ``` ### Using a random port with a Springboot test (version 3.5.14+) If you use a random port in a springboot test (by setting `SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT`), you can use the `SpringBootHttpTarget` which will get the application port from the spring application context. For example: ```java @RunWith(SpringRestPactRunner.class) @Provider(&quot;My Service&quot;) @PactBroker @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) public class PactVerificationTest { @TestTarget public final Target target = new SpringBootHttpTarget(); } ```

# Pact Spring/JUnit runner ## Overview Library provides ability to play contract tests against a provider using Spring &amp; JUnit. This library is based on and references the JUnit package, so see the [Pact JUnit 4](../pact-jvm-provider-junit) or [Pact JUnit 5](../pact-jvm-provider-junit5) providers for more details regarding configuration using JUnit. Supports: - Standard ways to load pacts from folders and broker - Easy way to change assertion strategy - Spring Test MockMVC Controllers and ControllerAdvice using MockMvc standalone setup. - MockMvc debugger output - Multiple @State runs to test a particular Provider State multiple times - **au.com.dius.pact.provider.junit.State** custom annotation - before each interaction that requires a state change, all methods annotated by `@State` with appropriate the state listed will be invoked. **NOTE:** For publishing provider verification results to a pact broker, make sure the Java system property `pact.provider.version` is set with the version of your provider. ## Example of MockMvc test ```java @RunWith(RestPactRunner.class) // Custom pact runner, child of PactRunner which runs only REST tests @Provider(&quot;myAwesomeService&quot;) // Set up name of tested provider @PactFolder(&quot;pacts&quot;) // Point where to find pacts (See also section Pacts source in documentation) public class ContractTest { //Create an instance of your controller. We cannot autowire this as we&apos;re not using (and don&apos;t want to use) a Spring test runner. @InjectMocks private AwesomeController awesomeController = new AwesomeController(); //Mock your service logic class. We&apos;ll use this to create scenarios for respective provider states. @Mock private AwesomeBusinessLogic awesomeBusinessLogic; //Create an instance of your controller advice (if you have one). This will be passed to the MockMvcTarget constructor to be wired up with MockMvc. @InjectMocks private AwesomeControllerAdvice awesomeControllerAdvice = new AwesomeControllerAdvice(); //Create a new instance of the MockMvcTarget and annotate it as the TestTarget for PactRunner @TestTarget public final MockMvcTarget target = new MockMvcTarget(); @Before //Method will be run before each test of interaction public void before() { //initialize your mocks using your mocking framework MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this); //configure the MockMvcTarget with your controller and controller advice target.setControllers(awesomeController); target.setControllerAdvice(awesomeControllerAdvice); } @State(&quot;default&quot;, &quot;no-data&quot;) // Method will be run before testing interactions that require &quot;default&quot; or &quot;no-data&quot; state public void toDefaultState() { target.setRunTimes(3); //let&apos;s loop through this state a few times for a 3 data variants when(awesomeBusinessLogic.getById(any(UUID.class))) .thenReturn(myTestHelper.generateRandomReturnData(UUID.randomUUID(), ExampleEnum.ONE)) .thenReturn(myTestHelper.generateRandomReturnData(UUID.randomUUID(), ExampleEnum.TWO)) .thenReturn(myTestHelper.generateRandomReturnData(UUID.randomUUID(), ExampleEnum.THREE)); } @State(&quot;error-case&quot;) public void SingleUploadExistsState_Success() { target.setRunTimes(1); //tell the runner to only loop one time for this state //you might want to throw exceptions to be picked off by your controller advice when(awesomeBusinessLogic.getById(any(UUID.class))) .then(i -&gt; { throw new NotCoolException(i.getArgumentAt(0, UUID.class).toString()); }); } } ``` ## Using Spring runners You can use `SpringRestPactRunner` or `SpringMessagePactRunner` instead of the default Pact runner to use the Spring test annotations. This will allow you to inject or mock spring beans. `SpringRestPactRunner` is for restful webapps and `SpringMessagePactRunner` is for async message tests. For example: ```java @RunWith(SpringRestPactRunner.class) @Provider(&quot;pricing&quot;) @PactBroker(protocol = &quot;https&quot;, host = &quot;${pactBrokerHost}&quot;, port = &quot;443&quot;, authentication = @PactBrokerAuth(username = &quot;${pactBrokerUser}&quot;, password = &quot;${pactBrokerPassword}&quot;)) @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.DEFINED_PORT) public class PricingServiceProviderPactTest { @MockBean private ProductClient productClient; // This will replace the bean with a mock in the application context @TestTarget @SuppressWarnings(value = &quot;VisibilityModifier&quot;) public final Target target = new HttpTarget(8091); @State(&quot;Product X010000021 exists&quot;) public void setupProductX010000021() throws IOException { reset(productClient); ProductBuilder product = new ProductBuilder() .withProductCode(&quot;X010000021&quot;); when(productClient.fetch((Set&lt;String&gt;) argThat(contains(&quot;X010000021&quot;)), any())).thenReturn(product); } @State(&quot;the product code X00001 can be priced&quot;) public void theProductCodeX00001CanBePriced() throws IOException { reset(productClient); ProductBuilder product = new ProductBuilder() .withProductCode(&quot;X00001&quot;); when(productClient.find((Set&lt;String&gt;) argThat(contains(&quot;X00001&quot;)), any())).thenReturn(product); } } ``` ### Using Spring Context Properties The SpringRestPactRunner will look up any annotation expressions (like `${pactBrokerHost}`) above) from the Spring context. For Springboot, this will allow you to define the properties in the application test properties. For instance, if you create the following `application.yml` in the test resources: ```yaml pactbroker: host: &quot;your.broker.local&quot; port: &quot;443&quot; protocol: &quot;https&quot; auth: username: &quot;&lt;your broker username&gt;&quot; password: &quot;&lt;your broker password&gt;&quot; ``` Then you can use the defaults on the `@PactBroker` annotation. ```java @RunWith(SpringRestPactRunner.class) @Provider(&quot;My Service&quot;) @PactBroker( authentication = @PactBrokerAuth(username = &quot;${pactbroker.auth.username}&quot;, password = &quot;${pactbroker.auth.password}&quot;) ) @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) public class PactVerificationTest { ``` ### Using a random port with a Springboot test If you use a random port in a springboot test (by setting `SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT`), you need to set it to the `TestTarget`. How this works is different for JUnit4 and JUnit5. #### JUnit4 You can use the `SpringBootHttpTarget` which will get the application port from the spring application context. For example: ```java @RunWith(SpringRestPactRunner.class) @Provider(&quot;My Service&quot;) @PactBroker @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) public class PactVerificationTest { @TestTarget public final Target target = new SpringBootHttpTarget(); } ``` #### JUnit5 You actually don&apos;t need to dependend on `pact-jvm-provider-spring` for this. It&apos;s sufficient to depend on `pact-jvm-provider-junit5`. You can set the port to the `HttpTestTarget` object in the before method. ```java @Provider(&quot;My Service&quot;) @PactBroker @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) public class PactVerificationTest { @LocalServerPort private int port; @BeforeEach void before(PactVerificationContext context) { context.setTarget(new HttpTestTarget(&quot;localhost&quot;, port)); } } ```

Pact consumer ============= Pact Consumer is used by projects that are consumers of an API. Most projects will want to use pact-consumer via one of the test framework specific projects. If your favourite framework is not implemented, this module should give you all the hooks you need. Provides a DSL for use with Java to build consumer pacts. ## Dependency The library is available on maven central using: * group-id = `au.com.dius` * artifact-id = `pact-jvm-consumer_2.11` ## DSL Usage Example in a JUnit test: ```java import au.com.dius.pact.model.MockProviderConfig; import au.com.dius.pact.model.PactFragment; import org.junit.Test; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; public class PactTest { @Test public void testPact() { PactFragment pactFragment = ConsumerPactBuilder .consumer(&quot;Some Consumer&quot;) .hasPactWith(&quot;Some Provider&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;a request to say Hello&quot;) .path(&quot;/hello&quot;) .method(&quot;POST&quot;) .body(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(&quot;{\&quot;hello\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .toFragment(); MockProviderConfig config = MockProviderConfig.createDefault(); VerificationResult result = pactFragment.runConsumer(config, new TestRun() { @Override public void run(MockProviderConfig config) { Map expectedResponse = new HashMap(); expectedResponse.put(&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;harry&quot;); try { assertEquals(new ProviderClient(config.url()).hello(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;), expectedResponse); } catch (IOException e) {} } }); if (result instanceof PactError) { throw new RuntimeException(((PactError)result).error()); } assertEquals(ConsumerPactTest.PACT_VERIFIED, result); } } ``` The DSL has the following pattern: ```java .consumer(&quot;Some Consumer&quot;) .hasPactWith(&quot;Some Provider&quot;) .given(&quot;a certain state on the provider&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;a request for something&quot;) .path(&quot;/hello&quot;) .method(&quot;POST&quot;) .body(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(&quot;{\&quot;hello\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;another request for something&quot;) .path(&quot;/hello&quot;) .method(&quot;POST&quot;) .body(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(&quot;{\&quot;hello\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) . . . .toFragment() ``` You can define as many interactions as required. Each interaction starts with `uponReceiving` followed by `willRespondWith`. The test state setup with `given` is a mechanism to describe what the state of the provider should be in before the provider is verified. It is only recorded in the consumer tests and used by the provider verification tasks. ### Building JSON bodies with PactDslJsonBody DSL The body method of the ConsumerPactBuilder can accept a PactDslJsonBody, which can construct a JSON body as well as define regex and type matchers. For example: ```java PactDslJsonBody body = new PactDslJsonBody() .stringType(&quot;name&quot;) .booleanType(&quot;happy&quot;) .hexValue(&quot;hexCode&quot;) .id() .ipAddress(&quot;localAddress&quot;) .numberValue(&quot;age&quot;, 100) .timestamp(); ``` #### DSL Matching methods The following matching methods are provided with the DSL. In most cases, they take an optional value parameter which will be used to generate example values (i.e. when returning a mock response). If no example value is given, a random one will be generated. | method | description | |--------|-------------| | string, stringValue | Match a string value (using string equality) | | number, numberValue | Match a number value (using Number.equals)\* | | booleanValue | Match a boolean value (using equality) | | stringType | Will match all Strings | | numberType | Will match all numbers\* | | integerType | Will match all numbers that are integers (both ints and longs)\* | | decimalType | Will match all real numbers (floating point and decimal)\* | | booleanType | Will match all boolean values (true and false) | | stringMatcher | Will match strings using the provided regular expression | | timestamp | Will match string containing timestamps. If a timestamp format is not given, will match an ISO timestamp format | | date | Will match string containing dates. If a date format is not given, will match an ISO date format | | time | Will match string containing times. If a time format is not given, will match an ISO time format | | ipAddress | Will match string containing IP4 formatted address. | | id | Will match all numbers by type | | hexValue | Will match all hexadecimal encoded strings | | uuid | Will match strings containing UUIDs | _\* Note:_ JSON only supports double precision floating point values. Depending on the language implementation, they may parsed as integer, floating point or decimal numbers. #### Ensuring all items in a list match an example (2.2.0+) Lots of the time you might not know the number of items that will be in a list, but you want to ensure that the list has a minimum or maximum size and that each item in the list matches a given example. You can do this with the `arrayLike`, `minArrayLike` and `maxArrayLike` functions. | function | description | |----------|-------------| | `eachLike` | Ensure that each item in the list matches the provided example | | `maxArrayLike` | Ensure that each item in the list matches the provided example and the list is no bigger than the provided max | | `minArrayLike` | Ensure that each item in the list matches the provided example and the list is no smaller than the provided min | For example: ```java DslPart body = new PactDslJsonBody() .minArrayLike(&quot;users&quot;) .id() .stringType(&quot;name&quot;) .closeObject() .closeArray(); ``` This will ensure that the users list is never empty and that each user has an identifier that is a number and a name that is a string. #### Matching JSON values at the root (Version 3.2.2/2.4.3+) For cases where you are expecting basic JSON values (strings, numbers, booleans and null) at the root level of the body and need to use matchers, you can use the `PactDslJsonRootValue` class. It has all the DSL matching methods for basic values that you can use. For example: ```java .consumer(&quot;Some Consumer&quot;) .hasPactWith(&quot;Some Provider&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;a request for a basic JSON value&quot;) .path(&quot;/hello&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(PactDslJsonRootValue.integerType()) ``` #### Root level arrays that match all items (version 2.2.11+) If the root of the body is an array, you can create PactDslJsonArray classes with the following methods: | function | description | |----------|-------------| | `arrayEachLike` | Ensure that each item in the list matches the provided example | | `arrayMinLike` | Ensure that each item in the list matches the provided example and the list is no bigger than the provided max | | `arrayMaxLike` | Ensure that each item in the list matches the provided example and the list is no smaller than the provided min | For example: ```java PactDslJsonArray.arrayEachLike() .date(&quot;clearedDate&quot;, &quot;mm/dd/yyyy&quot;, date) .stringType(&quot;status&quot;, &quot;STATUS&quot;) .decimalType(&quot;amount&quot;, 100.0) .closeObject() ``` This will then match a body like: ```json [ { &quot;clearedDate&quot; : &quot;07/22/2015&quot;, &quot;status&quot; : &quot;C&quot;, &quot;amount&quot; : 15.0 }, { &quot;clearedDate&quot; : &quot;07/22/2015&quot;, &quot;status&quot; : &quot;C&quot;, &quot;amount&quot; : 15.0 }, { &quot;clearedDate&quot; : &quot;07/22/2015&quot;, &quot;status&quot; : &quot;C&quot;, &quot;amount&quot; : 15.0 } ] ``` #### Matching arrays of arrays (version 3.2.12/2.4.14+) For the case where you have arrays of arrays (GeoJSON is an example), the following methods have been provided: | function | description | |----------|-------------| | `eachArrayLike` | Ensure that each item in the array is an array that matches the provided example | | `eachArrayWithMaxLike` | Ensure that each item in the array is an array that matches the provided example and the array is no bigger than the provided max | | `eachArrayWithMinLike` | Ensure that each item in the array is an array that matches the provided example and the array is no smaller than the provided min | For example (with GeoJSON structure): ```java new PactDslJsonBody() .stringType(&quot;type&quot;,&quot;FeatureCollection&quot;) .eachLike(&quot;features&quot;) .stringType(&quot;type&quot;,&quot;Feature&quot;) .object(&quot;geometry&quot;) .stringType(&quot;type&quot;,&quot;Point&quot;) .eachArrayLike(&quot;coordinates&quot;) // coordinates is an array of arrays .decimalType(-7.55717) .decimalType(49.766896) .closeArray() .closeArray() .closeObject() .object(&quot;properties&quot;) .stringType(&quot;prop0&quot;,&quot;value0&quot;) .closeObject() .closeObject() .closeArray() ``` This generated the following JSON: ```json { &quot;features&quot;: [ { &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;coordinates&quot;: [[-7.55717, 49.766896]], &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot; }, &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;, &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;prop0&quot;: &quot;value0&quot; } } ], &quot;type&quot;: &quot;FeatureCollection&quot; } ``` and will be able to match all coordinates regardless of the number of coordinates. #### Matching any key in a map (3.3.1/2.5.0+) The DSL has been extended for cases where the keys in a map are IDs. For an example of this, see [#313](https://github.com/DiUS/pact-jvm/issues/131). In this case you can use the `eachKeyLike` method, which takes an example key as a parameter. For example: ```java DslPart body = new PactDslJsonBody() .object(&quot;one&quot;) .eachKeyLike(&quot;001&quot;, PactDslJsonRootValue.id(12345L)) // key like an id mapped to a matcher .closeObject() .object(&quot;two&quot;) .eachKeyLike(&quot;001-A&quot;) // key like an id where the value is matched by the following example .stringType(&quot;description&quot;, &quot;Some Description&quot;) .closeObject() .closeObject() .object(&quot;three&quot;) .eachKeyMappedToAnArrayLike(&quot;001&quot;) // key like an id mapped to an array where each item is matched by the following example .id(&quot;someId&quot;, 23456L) .closeObject() .closeArray() .closeObject(); ``` For an example, have a look at [WildcardKeysTest](src/test/java/au/com/dius/pact/consumer/WildcardKeysTest.java). **NOTE:** The `eachKeyLike` method adds a `*` to the matching path, so the matching definition will be applied to all keys of the map if there is not a more specific matcher defined for a particular key. Having more than one `eachKeyLike` condition applied to a map will result in only one being applied when the pact is verified (probably the last). ### Matching on paths (version 2.1.5+) You can use regular expressions to match incoming requests. The DSL has a `matchPath` method for this. You can provide a real path as a second value to use when generating requests, and if you leave it out it will generate a random one from the regular expression. For example: ```java .given(&quot;test state&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;a test interaction&quot;) .matchPath(&quot;/transaction/[0-9]+&quot;) // or .matchPath(&quot;/transaction/[0-9]+&quot;, &quot;/transaction/1234567890&quot;) .method(&quot;POST&quot;) .body(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(&quot;{\&quot;hello\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) ``` ### Matching on headers (version 2.2.2+) You can use regular expressions to match request and response headers. The DSL has a `matchHeader` method for this. You can provide an example header value to use when generating requests and responses, and if you leave it out it will generate a random one from the regular expression. For example: ```java .given(&quot;test state&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;a test interaction&quot;) .path(&quot;/hello&quot;) .method(&quot;POST&quot;) .matchHeader(&quot;testreqheader&quot;, &quot;test.*value&quot;) .body(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(&quot;{\&quot;hello\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .matchHeader(&quot;Location&quot;, &quot;.*/hello/[0-9]+&quot;, &quot;/hello/1234&quot;) ``` ### Matching on query parameters (version 3.3.7+) You can use regular expressions to match request query parameters. The DSL has a `matchQuery` method for this. You can provide an example value to use when generating requests, and if you leave it out it will generate a random one from the regular expression. For example: ```java .given(&quot;test state&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;a test interaction&quot;) .path(&quot;/hello&quot;) .method(&quot;POST&quot;) .matchQuery(&quot;a&quot;, &quot;\\d+&quot;, &quot;100&quot;) .matchQuery(&quot;b&quot;, &quot;[A-Z]&quot;, &quot;X&quot;) .body(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(&quot;{\&quot;hello\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) ```

Pact consumer ============= Pact Consumer is used by projects that are consumers of an API. Most projects will want to use pact-consumer via one of the test framework specific projects. If your favourite framework is not implemented, this module should give you all the hooks you need. Provides a DSL for use with Java to build consumer pacts. ## Dependency The library is available on maven central using: * group-id = `au.com.dius` * artifact-id = `pact-jvm-consumer_2.11` ## DSL Usage Example in a JUnit test: ```java import au.com.dius.pact.model.MockProviderConfig; import au.com.dius.pact.model.RequestResponsePact; import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType; import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull; import org.junit.Test; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; import static au.com.dius.pact.consumer.ConsumerPactRunnerKt.runConsumerTest; import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; public class PactTest { @Test public void testPact() { RequestResponsePact pact = ConsumerPactBuilder .consumer(&quot;Some Consumer&quot;) .hasPactWith(&quot;Some Provider&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;a request to say Hello&quot;) .path(&quot;/hello&quot;) .method(&quot;POST&quot;) .body(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(&quot;{\&quot;hello\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .toPact(); MockProviderConfig config = MockProviderConfig.createDefault(); PactVerificationResult result = runConsumerTest(pact, config, new PactTestRun() { @Override public void run(@NotNull MockServer mockServer) throws IOException { Map expectedResponse = new HashMap(); expectedResponse.put(&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;harry&quot;); assertEquals(expectedResponse, new ConsumerClient(mockServer.getUrl()).post(&quot;/hello&quot;, &quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;, ContentType.APPLICATION_JSON)); } }); if (result instanceof PactVerificationResult.Error) { throw new RuntimeException(((PactVerificationResult.Error)result).getError()); } assertEquals(PactVerificationResult.Ok.INSTANCE, result); } } ``` The DSL has the following pattern: ```java .consumer(&quot;Some Consumer&quot;) .hasPactWith(&quot;Some Provider&quot;) .given(&quot;a certain state on the provider&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;a request for something&quot;) .path(&quot;/hello&quot;) .method(&quot;POST&quot;) .body(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(&quot;{\&quot;hello\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;another request for something&quot;) .path(&quot;/hello&quot;) .method(&quot;POST&quot;) .body(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(&quot;{\&quot;hello\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) . . . .toPact() ``` You can define as many interactions as required. Each interaction starts with `uponReceiving` followed by `willRespondWith`. The test state setup with `given` is a mechanism to describe what the state of the provider should be in before the provider is verified. It is only recorded in the consumer tests and used by the provider verification tasks. ### Building JSON bodies with PactDslJsonBody DSL The body method of the ConsumerPactBuilder can accept a PactDslJsonBody, which can construct a JSON body as well as define regex and type matchers. For example: ```java PactDslJsonBody body = new PactDslJsonBody() .stringType(&quot;name&quot;) .booleanType(&quot;happy&quot;) .hexValue(&quot;hexCode&quot;) .id() .ipAddress(&quot;localAddress&quot;) .numberValue(&quot;age&quot;, 100) .timestamp(); ``` #### DSL Matching methods The following matching methods are provided with the DSL. In most cases, they take an optional value parameter which will be used to generate example values (i.e. when returning a mock response). If no example value is given, a random one will be generated. | method | description | |--------|-------------| | string, stringValue | Match a string value (using string equality) | | number, numberValue | Match a number value (using Number.equals)\* | | booleanValue | Match a boolean value (using equality) | | stringType | Will match all Strings | | numberType | Will match all numbers\* | | integerType | Will match all numbers that are integers (both ints and longs)\* | | decimalType | Will match all real numbers (floating point and decimal)\* | | booleanType | Will match all boolean values (true and false) | | stringMatcher | Will match strings using the provided regular expression | | timestamp | Will match string containing timestamps. If a timestamp format is not given, will match an ISO timestamp format | | date | Will match string containing dates. If a date format is not given, will match an ISO date format | | time | Will match string containing times. If a time format is not given, will match an ISO time format | | ipAddress | Will match string containing IP4 formatted address. | | id | Will match all numbers by type | | hexValue | Will match all hexadecimal encoded strings | | uuid | Will match strings containing UUIDs | | includesStr | Will match strings containing the provided string | | equalsTo | Will match using equals | | matchUrl | Defines a matcher for URLs, given the base URL path and a sequence of path fragments. The path fragments could be strings or regular expression matchers | _\* Note:_ JSON only supports double precision floating point values. Depending on the language implementation, they may parsed as integer, floating point or decimal numbers. #### Ensuring all items in a list match an example (2.2.0+) Lots of the time you might not know the number of items that will be in a list, but you want to ensure that the list has a minimum or maximum size and that each item in the list matches a given example. You can do this with the `arrayLike`, `minArrayLike` and `maxArrayLike` functions. | function | description | |----------|-------------| | `eachLike` | Ensure that each item in the list matches the provided example | | `maxArrayLike` | Ensure that each item in the list matches the provided example and the list is no bigger than the provided max | | `minArrayLike` | Ensure that each item in the list matches the provided example and the list is no smaller than the provided min | For example: ```java DslPart body = new PactDslJsonBody() .minArrayLike(&quot;users&quot;) .id() .stringType(&quot;name&quot;) .closeObject() .closeArray(); ``` This will ensure that the users list is never empty and that each user has an identifier that is a number and a name that is a string. #### Matching JSON values at the root (Version 3.2.2/2.4.3+) For cases where you are expecting basic JSON values (strings, numbers, booleans and null) at the root level of the body and need to use matchers, you can use the `PactDslJsonRootValue` class. It has all the DSL matching methods for basic values that you can use. For example: ```java .consumer(&quot;Some Consumer&quot;) .hasPactWith(&quot;Some Provider&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;a request for a basic JSON value&quot;) .path(&quot;/hello&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(PactDslJsonRootValue.integerType()) ``` #### Root level arrays that match all items (version 2.2.11+) If the root of the body is an array, you can create PactDslJsonArray classes with the following methods: | function | description | |----------|-------------| | `arrayEachLike` | Ensure that each item in the list matches the provided example | | `arrayMinLike` | Ensure that each item in the list matches the provided example and the list is no bigger than the provided max | | `arrayMaxLike` | Ensure that each item in the list matches the provided example and the list is no smaller than the provided min | For example: ```java PactDslJsonArray.arrayEachLike() .date(&quot;clearedDate&quot;, &quot;mm/dd/yyyy&quot;, date) .stringType(&quot;status&quot;, &quot;STATUS&quot;) .decimalType(&quot;amount&quot;, 100.0) .closeObject() ``` This will then match a body like: ```json [ { &quot;clearedDate&quot; : &quot;07/22/2015&quot;, &quot;status&quot; : &quot;C&quot;, &quot;amount&quot; : 15.0 }, { &quot;clearedDate&quot; : &quot;07/22/2015&quot;, &quot;status&quot; : &quot;C&quot;, &quot;amount&quot; : 15.0 }, { &quot;clearedDate&quot; : &quot;07/22/2015&quot;, &quot;status&quot; : &quot;C&quot;, &quot;amount&quot; : 15.0 } ] ``` #### Matching arrays of arrays (version 3.2.12/2.4.14+) For the case where you have arrays of arrays (GeoJSON is an example), the following methods have been provided: | function | description | |----------|-------------| | `eachArrayLike` | Ensure that each item in the array is an array that matches the provided example | | `eachArrayWithMaxLike` | Ensure that each item in the array is an array that matches the provided example and the array is no bigger than the provided max | | `eachArrayWithMinLike` | Ensure that each item in the array is an array that matches the provided example and the array is no smaller than the provided min | For example (with GeoJSON structure): ```java new PactDslJsonBody() .stringType(&quot;type&quot;,&quot;FeatureCollection&quot;) .eachLike(&quot;features&quot;) .stringType(&quot;type&quot;,&quot;Feature&quot;) .object(&quot;geometry&quot;) .stringType(&quot;type&quot;,&quot;Point&quot;) .eachArrayLike(&quot;coordinates&quot;) // coordinates is an array of arrays .decimalType(-7.55717) .decimalType(49.766896) .closeArray() .closeArray() .closeObject() .object(&quot;properties&quot;) .stringType(&quot;prop0&quot;,&quot;value0&quot;) .closeObject() .closeObject() .closeArray() ``` This generated the following JSON: ```json { &quot;features&quot;: [ { &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;coordinates&quot;: [[-7.55717, 49.766896]], &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot; }, &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;, &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;prop0&quot;: &quot;value0&quot; } } ], &quot;type&quot;: &quot;FeatureCollection&quot; } ``` and will be able to match all coordinates regardless of the number of coordinates. #### Matching any key in a map (3.3.1/2.5.0+) The DSL has been extended for cases where the keys in a map are IDs. For an example of this, see [#313](https://github.com/DiUS/pact-jvm/issues/313). In this case you can use the `eachKeyLike` method, which takes an example key as a parameter. For example: ```java DslPart body = new PactDslJsonBody() .object(&quot;one&quot;) .eachKeyLike(&quot;001&quot;, PactDslJsonRootValue.id(12345L)) // key like an id mapped to a matcher .closeObject() .object(&quot;two&quot;) .eachKeyLike(&quot;001-A&quot;) // key like an id where the value is matched by the following example .stringType(&quot;description&quot;, &quot;Some Description&quot;) .closeObject() .closeObject() .object(&quot;three&quot;) .eachKeyMappedToAnArrayLike(&quot;001&quot;) // key like an id mapped to an array where each item is matched by the following example .id(&quot;someId&quot;, 23456L) .closeObject() .closeArray() .closeObject(); ``` For an example, have a look at [WildcardKeysTest](../pact-jvm-consumer-junit/src/test/java/au/com/dius/pact/consumer/WildcardKeysTest.java). **NOTE:** The `eachKeyLike` method adds a `*` to the matching path, so the matching definition will be applied to all keys of the map if there is not a more specific matcher defined for a particular key. Having more than one `eachKeyLike` condition applied to a map will result in only one being applied when the pact is verified (probably the last). **Further Note: From version 3.5.22 onwards pacts with wildcards applied to map keys will require the Java system property &quot;pact.matching.wildcard&quot; set to value &quot;true&quot; when the pact file is verified.** ### Matching on paths (version 2.1.5+) You can use regular expressions to match incoming requests. The DSL has a `matchPath` method for this. You can provide a real path as a second value to use when generating requests, and if you leave it out it will generate a random one from the regular expression. For example: ```java .given(&quot;test state&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;a test interaction&quot;) .matchPath(&quot;/transaction/[0-9]+&quot;) // or .matchPath(&quot;/transaction/[0-9]+&quot;, &quot;/transaction/1234567890&quot;) .method(&quot;POST&quot;) .body(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(&quot;{\&quot;hello\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) ``` ### Matching on headers (version 2.2.2+) You can use regular expressions to match request and response headers. The DSL has a `matchHeader` method for this. You can provide an example header value to use when generating requests and responses, and if you leave it out it will generate a random one from the regular expression. For example: ```java .given(&quot;test state&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;a test interaction&quot;) .path(&quot;/hello&quot;) .method(&quot;POST&quot;) .matchHeader(&quot;testreqheader&quot;, &quot;test.*value&quot;) .body(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(&quot;{\&quot;hello\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .matchHeader(&quot;Location&quot;, &quot;.*/hello/[0-9]+&quot;, &quot;/hello/1234&quot;) ``` ### Matching on query parameters (version 3.3.7+) You can use regular expressions to match request query parameters. The DSL has a `matchQuery` method for this. You can provide an example value to use when generating requests, and if you leave it out it will generate a random one from the regular expression. For example: ```java .given(&quot;test state&quot;) .uponReceiving(&quot;a test interaction&quot;) .path(&quot;/hello&quot;) .method(&quot;POST&quot;) .matchQuery(&quot;a&quot;, &quot;\\d+&quot;, &quot;100&quot;) .matchQuery(&quot;b&quot;, &quot;[A-Z]&quot;, &quot;X&quot;) .body(&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) .willRespondWith() .status(200) .body(&quot;{\&quot;hello\&quot;: \&quot;harry\&quot;}&quot;) ``` # Forcing pact files to be overwritten (3.6.5+) By default, when the pact file is written, it will be merged with any existing pact file. To force the file to be overwritten, set the Java system property `pact.writer.overwrite` to `true`. # Having values injected from provider state callbacks (3.6.11+) You can have values from the provider state callbacks be injected into most places (paths, query parameters, headers, bodies, etc.). This works by using the V3 spec generators with provider state callbacks that return values. One example of where this would be useful is API calls that require an ID which would be auto-generated by the database on the provider side, so there is no way to know what the ID would be beforehand. The following DSL methods allow you to set an expression that will be parsed with the values returned from the provider states: For JSON bodies, use `valueFromProviderState`.&lt;br/&gt; For headers, use `headerFromProviderState`.&lt;br/&gt; For query parameters, use `queryParameterFromProviderState`.&lt;br/&gt; For paths, use `pathFromProviderState`. For example, assume that an API call is made to get the details of a user by ID. A provider state can be defined that specifies that the user must be exist, but the ID will be created when the user is created. So we can then define an expression for the path where the ID will be replaced with the value returned from the provider state callback. ```java .pathFromProviderState(&quot;/api/users/${id}&quot;, &quot;/api/users/100&quot;) ``` You can also just use the key instead of an expression: ```java .valueFromProviderState(&apos;userId&apos;, &apos;userId&apos;, 100) // will look value using userId as the key ```